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Front Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary: The Elusive Promise of Productivity -- 1. Sources of Growth in Agriculture -- Improving Agricultural Productivity: Traversing the Last Mile toward Reducing Extreme Poverty -- Poverty Reduction, Productivity Growth, and Economic Transformation -- Trends in Land and Labor Productivity -- Conceptualizing Sources of Agricultural Growth -- The Increasing Importance of TFP in Driving Agricultural Output Growth -- What Will Accelerate Agricultural TFP? -- Annex 1A. Issues in Measuring Agricultural Productivity -- Notes -- References -- 2. Misallocation and Productivity Growth -- The Potential for Productivity Gains from Reallocation -- Insights on Farm Size and Productivity -- Labor Productivity and Structural Transformation -- Annex 2A. Microdata Sources for Measuring Labor Productivity in China and India -- Annex 2B. Distribution of Workdays by Farm and Nonfarm Activities in a Typical Month for an Average Adult Worker in India -- Annex 2C. Labor Productivity Differences by Farm Size -- Annex 2D. Labor Productivity Differences by Education Level -- Annex 2E. Drivers of Wage Differentials between Farm and Nonfarm Work in China -- Notes -- References -- 3. Investing in Innovation -- Agriculture Innovation Policy in a Changing Global Context -- Agriculture R& -- D Spending Worldwide: Increasing but Uneven -- Revitalizing Public Research -- Providing Incentives for Private Innovation -- Concluding Remarks -- Annex 3A. Market Liberalization in Africa's Maize Seed Industry -- Annex 3B. Do Plant Breeders' Rights Stimulate Investment in Crop Improvement? -- Annex 3C. Herbicide Demand and Regional Harmonization of Regulations in Africa -- Notes -- References -- 4. Improving the Enabling Environment for Technology Adoption.
Removing Constraints and Adopting Policies to Promote Diffusion of Technology -- The Technology Adoption Puzzle -- Removing Policy Bias against Agriculture -- Closing Education Gaps -- Securing Land Tenure Rights for Smallholders -- Providing Information Services -- Helping Farmers Manage Risk -- Improving Access to Financial Services -- Linking Farmers to Markets -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- 5. The Challenge of Agricultural Productivity Policy and the Promise of Modern Value Chains -- The Agricultural Productivity and Innovation System -- The Productivity Policy Dilemma in Agriculture and the Modern Value Chain -- The Emergence of High-Value Markets -- Value Chains and Agricultural Productivity: Some Conceptual Issues -- Models of Value Chain Innovations and Organization -- The Impact of Value Chain Transformations on Productivity -- Cultivating Value Chains -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Decomposing Sources of Agricultural Growth -- Box 1.2 New Data for Decomposing Agricultural Growth and Measuring Total Factor Productivity -- Box 1.3 Research, Technological Capabilities, and Knowledge Diffusion: Key to the Transformation of -- Box 2.1 Analytically Challenged? The Mechanics of the Agricultural Productivity Gap -- Box 2.2 High-Quality Microdata Sets Provide New Insights on Rural Labor -- Box 3.1 R& -- D Capital, R& -- D Elasticities, and the Rate of Return to Research -- Box 3.2 The Expansion of Animal Protein Industries in Nigeria and Bangladesh -- Box 3.3 Policies and Innovation in China's Agricultural Machinery Industry -- Box 4.1 Farmer Adoption of Flood-Tolerant Rice in Odisha, India -- Box 4.2 Ethiopia: An Emerging African Success Story in Agricultural-Led Development -- Box 5.1 The Agriculture for Development Sequence.
Box 5.2 Value Chain Innovations and Farm Productivity in Eastern Europe, 1990-2005 -- Box 5.3 Farm-Level Productivity Spillovers of Value Chain Innovations in Two African Countries in the 2000s -- Box 5.4 Examples of Multistakeholder Platforms to Stimulate Innovative Forms of Value Chain Organization -- Box 5.5 Blockchain at the Border: Exploring Whether Blockchain Can Help Rural Entrepreneurs and SMEs Boost Exports and Get Financing -- Box 5.6 Pilot of Distributed Ledger Technology for Traceability and Payment in Haiti's Fresh Fruits -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 An Increase in Agricultural Productivity Has Nearly Twice the Impact on Reducing Extreme Poverty as a Comparable Productivity Increase in Industry or Services -- Figure 1.2 Agricultural Output Has Dramatically Outstripped Population Growth, and Its Relative Price Has Fallen -- Figure 1.3 The Volatility of Agricultural Production, after Falling for Decades, Has Begun to Increase, while Food Output per Capita Is Falling -- Figure 1.4 Africa and South Asia Lag in Average Yield of Cereal Grains -- Figure 1.5 Fifty-Year Trends in Agricultural Land and Labor Productivity Reveal the Large Divergence in Regions and Countries, 1961-2015 -- Figure 1.6 Decomposing Agricultural Economic Growth -- Figure 1.7 Increases in Total Factor Productivity Have Become an Increasingly Important Source of Global Agricultural Growth -- Figure 1.8 As the Amount of Land and Labor Shrinks in the Agricultural Sector, Growth Has Been Entirely Due to Improved Total Factor Producitivity in Both Developed and Developing Countries -- Figure 1.9 A Framework for Raising Agricultural Productivity -- Figure B1.3.1 Technology Adoption in US Agriculture -- Figure B1.3.2 Mechanization in US Agriculture -- Figure 1.10 Half the Countries in Africa Have Zero or Negative Growth in Spending on Agricultural R& -- D.
Figure 1A.1 FAO versus Satellite-Based Estimates of Cropland -- Figure 1A.2 A Comparison of Estimates of the Global Agricultural Labor Force -- Figure 1A.3 Estimates of Global Agricultural Capital Based on the Current Inventory Method versus the Perpetual Inventory Method -- Figure 2.1 There Is No Optimal Farm Size: Both Large and Small Farms Can Be Equally Efficient -- Figure 2.2 Across World Regions, Macrostatistics Show That Labor Productivity Is Higher in Industry and Services Than in Agriculture, 2011-15 -- Figure 2.3 Different Measures Yield Different Estimates of the Share of Labor in Agriculture and Other Sectors in Four African Countries -- Figure 2.4 Only about One-Third of Rural Households' Total Work Time Is Spent on Farming Activities in China, 2003-13 -- Figure 2.5 Distribution of Workdays by Farm and Nonfarm Activities in a Typical Month for an Average Adult Worker in India -- Figure 2.6 The Seasonality of Farm Work Is an Important Factor in the Distribution of Workdays Each Month for Adult Rural Workers between Farm and Nonfarm Work -- Figure 2.7 Across the Six Countries Analyzed, Macrostatistics Show That Labor Productivity Is Higher in Industry and Services Than in Agriculture -- Figure 2.8 Gaps in Labor Productivity Observed across Sectors Diminish When a Measure Based on Hours Worked, Rather Than the Primary Sector of Work, Is Used -- Figure 2.9 Average Labor Productivity in China Is Significantly Higher Using Actual Labor Time Spent on Agriculture Instead of Assuming "Agricultural Workers" Spend All Their Work Time in Agriculture -- Figure 2.10 Returns to Labor from Farm and Nonfarm Activities in India Vary by How Labor Is Measured, 2010-14 -- Figure 2.11 How Labor Is Measured Completely Changes the Relative Attractiveness of Agriculture Work in India, 2010-14.
Figure 2.12 Trends in Farm and Nonfarm Wages in China: Agricultural Wage Workers Earn a Premium Wage, Which Has Risen over Time -- Figure 2.13 Wages for Farm Work Are Higher Than Casual Nonfarm Wages throughout the Year at the Village Level in India -- Figure 2.14 Wages Reported by Households Confirm the Reverse Wage Gap for Male Workers, but Not Female Workers -- Figure 2B.1 Workdays Spent on Different Activities in a Typical Month for an Average Adult Rural Worker -- Figure 2C.1 Average Earnings by Farm Size, India, 2010-15 -- Figure 2D.1 Annual Earnings by Education Level, India, 2010-14 -- Figure 3.1 Liberalization of Agricultural Input Markets Is Proceeeding in Different Ways in Brazil, India, and China -- Figure 3A.1 Seed Market Reforms Had Different Effects on Maize Yields in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia -- Figure 3B.1 One Company Came to Dominate Market Shares of Wheat Varieties Cultivated in South Africa -- Figure 4.1 Evidence That Policies Are Discriminating against Farmers and Lowering the Agricultural Terms of Trade Can Be Found in Negative Nominal and Relative Rates of Assistance -- Figure 4.2 In Many Developing Countries, Gender Gaps Persist in Labor Force Schooling Levels -- Figure 4.3 Agricultural Workers Get Less Schooling Than Nonagricultural Workers -- Figure 4.4 Access to Information and Communication Technologies Is Rapidly Gaining in Developing Countries -- Figure 4.5 In Niger, the Marginal (per Search) Cost of Obtaining Agricultural Information Varies Greatly by Communication Method -- Figure B4.1.1 The Yield Advantage of Swarna-Sub 1 Increases for Up to Two Weeks of Continuous Flooding -- Figure 4.6 High Travel Costs Constrain Crop Production in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 4.7 High Transport Costs Reduce the Use of Modern Agricultural Inputs in Ethiopia.
Figure B4.2.1 Ethiopian Agricultural Growth Soared between 2001 and 2015.
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About That Life : Barry Lopez and the Art of Community / / Matthew Cheney
