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Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Technical Contributions -- Peer Review Declaration -- Organisation of the Book -- Clarification of Concepts -- Barriers to Entrepreneurship -- Ecosystem -- Entrepreneurial Heartset -- Entrepreneurial Mindset -- Entrepreneurial Handset -- Intermediaries to Student Entrepreneurs -- Learning a Living -- SHAPE -- SHAPE YES Network -- Social Technology -- Student Entrepreneurs -- Systemic Action Learning and Action Research (SALAR) -- Systemic Approach -- Systemic Levels -- Systems Thinking -- Triple H of Entrepreneurship -- Youth Entrepreneurs -- Youth Entrepreneurship -- Youth Entrepreneurship Programmes -- References -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Connecting Systems -- 1 Introduction to Youth Entrepreneurship -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Systems and Ecosystems -- 1.2.1 Systems in Crisis -- 1.3 Youth Entrepreneurship -- 1.4 Shifting Hope, Activating Potential Youth Entrepreneurship (SHAPE) -- 1.5 SHAPE Ecosystem Strategy for Youth Entrepreneurs -- 1.6 Typologies of Youth Entrepreneurs in South Africa -- 1.7 Entrepreneurship Frameworks and Models -- 1.8 Youth Entrepreneurship: Enablers and Barriers -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Internal Domains Entrepreneurial Heartset, Mindset and Handset -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Entrepreneurial Heartset and Mindset -- 2.2.1 Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) -- 2.3 Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) -- 2.3.1 Individual Risk-Taking -- 2.3.2 Individual Innovation -- 2.3.3 Individual Proactiveness -- 2.3.4 The Illusion of External Opportunity Identification as an Act of Individual Proactivity -- 2.4 Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) -- 2.5 Entrepreneurial Action (EA) -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Youth Entrepreneur Ecosystem -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Context.
3.2 The SHAPE Ecosystem Strategy for Youth Entrepreneurship -- 3.2.1 Co-initiating -- 3.2.2 Co-sensing -- 3.2.3 Co-inspiring -- 3.2.4 Co-creating -- 3.2.5 Co-evolving -- 3.3 Educational Institutions -- 3.3.1 The Entrepreneurial University -- 3.3.2 Academic Entrepreneurship -- 3.3.3 Studentpreneurship -- 3.4 Government Agencies -- 3.4.1 Entrepreneurship Development in Higher Education -- 3.4.2 Other Government Agencies -- 3.5 Private Sector Agencies -- 3.6 Communities -- 3.7 Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) -- 3.8 Corporations and Large Businesses -- 3.9 Internationalisation -- 3.10 Synthesis -- 3.11 Conclusion -- References -- Part II An Empirical Case Study from Theory to Practice: Developing, Implementing and Monitoring the SHAPE Youth Entrepreneur Support (YES) Network -- 4 Architecture of the Case Study: Developing an Ecosystem for Young Entrepreneurs -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Systemic Action Learning and Action Research -- 4.1.2 SHAPE Research Methodology Supporting the SALAR Design -- 4.1.3 Designing Systemic Action Learning Action Research Phases -- 4.1.4 Site and Target Population -- 4.1.5 Sampling Strategies and Sample Size -- 4.1.6 Data Collection Methods -- 4.1.7 Data Quality Control -- 4.1.8 Data Analysis -- 4.1.9 Ethical Considerations -- 4.1.10 Limitations of the Case Study -- 4.2 Conclusion -- References -- 5 The SHAPE Youth Entrepreneur Support Network to Develop University Students' Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theoretical Framework -- 5.2.1 Systemic Action Learning and Action Research -- 5.2.2 Developing Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation -- 5.3 Research Methods -- 5.3.1 Developing the SHAPE Youth Entrepreneur Support Network and Tailoring the SALAR Model -- 5.3.2 Architecture of the Three Stages of the SHAPE Case for SALAR.
5.3.3 Architecture of the 11 Phases in the Different SHAPE Stages -- 5.4 Measures -- 5.4.1 Quantitative measures -- 5.4.2 Qualitative Measures -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 Changes in IEO Across the Stages of SHAPE -- 5.5.2 Changes in Risk-Taking -- 5.5.3 Changes in Innovation -- 5.5.4 Changes in Proactivity -- 5.6 Contributions -- 5.6.1 The SHAPE Youth Entrepreneur Support Network -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Applying Theory U Through SHAPE to Develop Student's Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation in a University Ecosystem -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Connection with Theory U -- 6.3 Theoretical Framework -- 6.3.1 IEO Risk and Theory U Co-initiation -- 6.3.2 IEO Risk and Theory U Co-sensing -- 6.3.3 IEO Innovation and Theory U Co-inspiring -- 6.3.4 IEO Proactivity and Theory U Co-creating -- 6.3.5 IEO Proactivity and Theory U Co-evolving -- 6.4 Empirical Investigation: Correlation Between IEO and Theory U Factors -- 6.5 Background to Practice -- 6.6 Enhance Co-inspiring/Presencing -- 6.7 Meet Your Business Friend Day -- 6.8 Logistics for 'Meet Your Business Friend Day' -- 6.9 Qualitative Methodology -- 6.10 Applying Theory U to Develop Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation -- 6.10.1 IEO Risk-Taking Propensity -- 6.10.2 Anticipating Risks and Their Consequences -- 6.10.3 Cost-Benefit Ratio -- 6.10.4 Internal Locus of Control -- 6.10.5 IEO Innovation Propensity -- 6.10.6 IEO Proactivity Propensity -- 6.11 Enablers of Actualising Entrepreneurial Vision: Open Mind, Heart and Will -- 6.11.1 Open Mind -- 6.11.2 Open Heart -- 6.11.3 Open Will -- 6.12 Systems Perspective -- 6.13 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Mapping Momentum in Youth Entrepreneurship -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Enabling Entrepreneurial Action in the Case Study -- 7.2 Youth Entrepreneurs En Route to Action -- 7.2.1 Vision of Self and Work as a Source of Inspiration.
7.2.1.1 Direct Expressions of Inspiration -- 7.2.1.2 Feelings of Positivity and Enthusiasm -- 7.2.2 Envisioning the Future as It Emerges -- 7.2.3 SHAPE as a Source of Inspiration for Vision and Work -- 7.2.4 Spirituality as a Source of Inspiration -- 7.2.5 Intermediaries to the Youth Entrepreneurs as a Source of Inspiration -- 7.3 A Theory U Lens on Obstacles En Route to Entrepreneurial Action -- 7.3.1 Voice of Judgement -- 7.3.2 Voice of Cynicism -- 7.3.3 Voice of Fear -- 7.3.4 Observation Regarding the Voices in the Study -- 7.3.5 Enablers of Entrepreneurial Action Development: Open Mind, Open Heart and Open Will -- 7.3.6 Open Mind -- 7.3.7 Open Heart -- 7.3.8 Open Will -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Key Barriers and Enablers to Youth Entrepreneurship -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Key Barriers and Enablers to Youth Entrepreneurship -- 8.2.1 Breakdown of Barriers to Youth Entrepreneurship's Constructs -- 8.2.1.1 Financial Support -- 8.2.1.2 Personality Traits -- 8.2.1.3 Inaccessibility to Government Funding -- 8.2.1.4 High Levels of Competition and On-the-Spot Creative Thinking -- 8.2.1.5 High Levels of Crime -- 8.2.1.6 Decision-Making and Self-Accountability when Planning a New Business -- 8.2.1.7 Disconnect to Private Sector Agencies -- 8.2.1.8 Skills Development -- 8.2.1.9 Lack of Facilities and Infrastructure -- 8.2.2 Key Enablers for Youth Entrepreneurship -- 8.2.2.1 Academic and Non-academic University Programmes -- 8.2.2.2 Municipality Mentorship -- 8.2.2.3 Entrepreneurship-Orientated Institutions -- 8.2.2.4 The Benefit Received from Attending SHAPE -- 8.2.2.5 Visits from Corporate Representatives -- 8.2.2.6 Preference for Working in Teams -- 8.2.2.7 Assistance and Support from Municipalities -- 8.2.2.8 Influence of the Community -- 8.3 Conclusion -- References.
9 Youth Entrepreneur Ecosystems: Barriers and Enablers Relating to Personal Systems, Educational Institutes and Communities -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Personal Barriers and Enablers Influencing Youth Entrepreneurs -- 9.2.1 Personality Traits -- 9.2.2 Entrepreneurship Education and Training -- 9.2.3 Creative Thinking -- 9.2.4 Decision-Making -- 9.2.5 Working in Teams -- 9.2.6 Summary -- 9.3 External Enablers and Barriers Encountered in Relation to Educational Institutions -- 9.3.1 Previous Training in Business Skills -- 9.3.2 Entrepreneurial Orientation of Institutions of Higher Learning -- 9.3.3 Benefits of SHAPE -- 9.3.4 Summary -- 9.4 External Barriers and Enablers Encountered in Relation to Communities -- 9.4.1 Barriers and Opportunities to Youth Entrepreneurship-Communities -- 9.4.1.1 Community Encouragement -- 9.4.1.2 Community Influence on the Type of Business -- 9.4.1.3 Community Entrepreneurial Attitudes -- 9.4.1.4 Opportunities Provided by Communities -- 9.4.1.5 Facilities and Infrastructure in Communities -- 9.4.2 Summary -- References -- 10 Youth Entrepreneur Ecosystems: Barriers and Enablers in Relation to Government Agencies, Private sector Agencies, SMEs, Large Businesses and Corporates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Barriers and Enablers Encountered in Relation to Government Agencies -- 10.2.1 Barriers and Enablers to Youth Entrepreneurship-Government Agencies -- 10.2.1.1 Awareness of Municipal Support Offerings/Opportunities -- 10.2.1.2 Interpretation of Municipal Support Received -- 10.2.1.3 Benefit from Municipality Mentor Sessions -- 10.2.1.4 Perceptions of Government Policies for Youth Entrepreneurial Development -- 10.2.1.5 Support from the Municipality to Assist Youth Entrepreneurship Activities -- 10.2.1.6 Government Funding -- 10.2.2 Summary -- 10.3 Barriers and Enablers Encountered in Relation to Private Sector Agencies.
10.3.1 Perception of the Role and Purpose of the Chamber of Commerce.
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Practical Tools for Youth Entrepreneurs : An Applied Approach for South Africa and Beyond
