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Intro -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Introduction -- Importance of Research in Criminology -- Areas Common to All Criminological Research Methodologies -- Types and Sources of Data for Criminological Research -- Types of Data -- Where Are the Data Found? -- Other Public/Government Agencies -- Non Government Agencies -- Special Studies -- The General Research Process -- Identification and Definition of the Problem, Issue or Subject Matter -- Review of Previously Published and Unpublished Literature -- Research Questions or Hypothesis -- Identification and Selection of an Appropriate Design -- Implementation of the Research Design -- Analysis and Interpretation of Data and Results -- Presentation or Reporting of Results -- Additional Information -- Further Reading -- Qualitative Research Methodologies -- Description of Qualitative Research Methodologies -- Focus Groups -- Participant Observation -- Theory -- The Role of the Researcher -- Processes Involved in Participant Observation Research -- Identifying the Topic or Problem -- Reviewing the Existing Literature -- Preparatory Work -- Selection of a Research Design -- Sampling -- Implementation of the Selected Design -- Measurements -- Analysis and Interpretation of Data -- Preparation and Reporting of Results -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Participant Observation Methodology -- Further Readings -- Quantitative Research Methodologies -- Description -- Theory -- Types of Survey Methodologies -- Face to Face Survey Interviews -- Telephone Survey -- Postal Survey Research -- Observational Survey Research -- The Role of the Survey Researcher -- The Practice of Criminological Survey Research -- Identification of the Problem -- Literature Review -- Selection of the Research Design or Designs -- Preparatory Work.
Designing the Questionnaire -- Sampling -- Types of Sampling -- Probability Sampling -- Other Types of Sampling -- Snowball Sampling -- Systematic Sampling -- Sample Size and Sampling Error -- Other Survey Errors -- Implementation of the Selected Research Design -- Measurement -- Levels of Measurement -- Discrete and Continuous Variables -- Validity and Reliability -- Bias and Variability -- Data Processing -- Coding -- Data Entry, Storage and Management -- Quantitative Analysis of Survey Data -- Descriptive Analysis of Survey Data -- Frequency Distribution, Proportions and Statistical Summaries -- Narratives -- Quotations -- Non Descriptive Analysis of Survey Data -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Measures of Dispersion -- Cross-Tabulations -- Single Variable and Multiple Variable/Multivariate Analysis -- Standardization of Variables -- Analysis of Statistical Inference -- Interrelationships among Measurement Variables -- How Measures of Association and Regressions Establish Relationships between Variables -- Other Dimensions of the Analysis of Survey Data -- Histogram -- Shape Analysis -- Testing Hypothesis and Addressing Research Questions -- Survey Report -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research -- Further Readings -- Evaluation Research -- Importance of Evaluation in the Criminal Justice System -- Definition, Description and Models of -- Program Evaluation -- Models -- The Role of the Evaluator -- Types of Program Evaluation -- Process Evaluation -- Formative Evaluation -- Outcomes Evaluation -- Summative Evaluation -- Impact Evaluation -- Effectiveness Evaluation -- Meta Evaluation -- Evaluation Methodologies -- Types and Sources of Data for Program Evaluation -- Step by Step Guide to Program Evaluation -- Establishing the Evaluation Topic, Purpose and Scope or Coverage -- Terms of Reference -- Planning the Evaluation.
Literature Review -- Initial Consultation with Stakeholders -- Examining Evaluation Design Options and Selecting an Appropriate Design -- Implementation of the Selected Evaluation Design -- Data Processing and Measurements -- Evaluation Report -- Dissemination of Evaluation Results -- Analysis of Costs -- Cost Effectiveness -- Efficiency -- Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Types of Program Costs -- Unit of Analysis -- Program Logic -- Further Readings -- Other Research Methodologies -- Documentary Research -- Issues in Documentary Research -- Practice of Documentary Research -- Identification of the Subject Matter -- Reviewing The Literature -- Other Preliminary Work -- Identification of Sources of Documents -- Implementation of the Documentary Research -- Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation -- Documentary Research Report -- Strengths and Weaknesses of Documentary Research -- Case Studies -- The Role of the Researcher -- Step by Step Guide in Undertaking Case Studies -- Case Selection and Definition of Subject Matter -- Planning or Preparatory Stage -- Reviewing the Literature -- Decision on Research Design or Designs -- Implementation of the Research Design -- Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation -- Case Study Report and the Dissemination of the Findings -- Advantages and Disadvantages -- Examples/Illustrations of Case Studies -- Case study 1. The Port Arthur Massacre, Tasmania, Australia -- Background -- Research Questions -- Methodologies -- Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation -- Case Study Report -- Case Study 2. The 2005 Prison Riots of Barbados -- Background -- Research Questions -- Methodology -- Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation -- Case Study Report -- Case Study 3. New Zealand's Habilitation Centres Pilot Program -- Background -- Research Questions -- Methodologies -- Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation.
Case Study Report -- Experimental Research Methodologies -- Logic of Experimental Methodologies in Criminology -- The Practice of Experimental Research Methodologies -- Step By Step Guide to Experimental Research -- Hypothesis and/or Research Questions -- Selection and Implementation of the Experimental Design -- Data Collection, Processing, Storage, Analysis and Interpretation -- Experimental Research Report -- Advantages and Disadvantages -- Analysis of Existing Data -- Description -- Step by Step Guide -- Advantages and Disadvantages -- Comparative Analysis -- Description and Definition -- Issues in Comparative Research -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Comparative Analysis/Research -- Further Reading -- Ethical Considerations in Criminological Research -- Definition and Concepts -- Ethics and Criminological Research -- Ethics of Human Subject Research -- Ethical Requirements of Human Subject Research -- Information to Study Subjects -- Rewards for Study Subjects -- Informed Decision/Informed Consent -- Voluntary Participation -- Freedom to Withdraw -- Confidentiality and Privacy -- Respect for the Rights and Dignity of the Study Subjects -- Aggregate Analysis and Reporting of Data -- Professional Ethics -- What Is Meant by Professional Ethics? -- Code of Ethics -- Attributes of the Code of Ethics -- The General Principles -- Professional Competence -- Responsibility to the Community -- Integrity -- Scientific Responsibility -- Respect for the Rights and Dignity of Clients -- Ethics in Program Evaluation -- Further Reading -- Designing Questions and Interviewing in Criminological Research -- Questionnaire Design -- Types of Questions -- Content of Research Instruments or Questionnaires -- Goals and Objectives of the Research -- Research Hypotheses or Research Questions -- Knowledge of the Study Subjects -- Interest of Stake Holders.
Researcher's Vision of the Research Report -- Principles of Questionnaires Design -- Simple Straight Forward Wording -- Clear and Unambiguous Questioning -- Concise Questions -- One Question Sentence -- Logical Sequence of Question Items/Variables -- Questions Must Be Pitched O the Level and Understanding of the Study Subjects -- Focus on the Subject Matter of the Study -- Clarity about Which Questions Will Be Answered by Whom -- Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Questionnaire Rather Than Its Appearance -- Layout and Printing Should Enhance Coding and Editing -- Interviewing -- Types of Interviewing -- Step by Step Guide to Successful Interviewing -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviewing -- Further Reading -- Final Words -- Summary -- What Type of Research Methodology Do You Adopt? -- Implications of Research -- Implications of Research Findings for Planning -- Policy Implications of Research Findings -- Implications of Research Findings for Program and Service Development -- Funding Implications of Research Findings -- Further Research -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.
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Research methodologies in criminology [[electronic resource] /] / David A. Yeboah
