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Intro -- Principles and Practice of Heterogeneous Catalysis -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Setting the Scene -- 1.1 Prologue: Advances since the Early 1990s -- 1.2 Introduction -- 1.2.1 Selectivity of Catalysts -- 1.3 Perspectives in Catalysis: Past, Present and Future -- 1.3.1 Applied Catalysis since the 1940s -- 1.3.2 Some Current Trends in Applied Catalysis -- 1.3.2.1 Auto-Exhaust Catalysts -- 1.3.2.2 Catalysts in Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry -- 1.3.2.3 Immobilized Metals -- 1.3.2.4 Immobilized Enzymes and Cells: Present and Future -- 1.3.2.5 Ribozymes -- 1.4 Definition of Catalytic Activity -- 1.4.1 Magnitude of Turnover Frequencies and Active Site Concentrations -- 1.4.2 Volcano Plots -- 1.4.3 Evolution of Important Concepts and Techniques in Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 1.4.3.1 Mechanistic Insights from Isotopic Labelling -- 1.4.3.2 Concepts from Organometallic Chemistry -- 1.5 Key Advances in Recent Theoretical Treatments: Universability in Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 1.5.1 Some Major Current Developments in Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 1.6 Milestones Reached in Industrial Catalysis in the Twentieth Century, and Some Consequential Challenges -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2 The Fundamentals of Adsorption: Structural and Dynamical Considerations, Isotherms and Energetics -- 2.1 Catalysis Must Always Be Preceded by Adsorption -- 2.1.1 Physical Adsorption, Chemisorption and Precursor States -- 2.2 The Surfaces of Clean Solids are Sometimes Reconstructed -- 2.3 There Are Many Well-Defined Kinds of Ordered Adlayers -- 2.4 Adsorption Isotherms and Isobars -- 2.4.1 The Empirical Facts -- 2.4.2 Information That Can Be Gleaned from Isotherms -- 2.4.3 Adsorption Is Almost Invariably Exothermic -- 2.5 Dynamical Considerations -- 2.5.1 Residence Times -- 2.5.2 Rates of Adsorption.
2.5.3 Applying Statistical Mechanics to Adsorption -- 2.5.4 Adsorption Kinetics Can Often Be Represented by the Elovich Equation -- 2.5.5 Rates of Desorption -- 2.5.6 Applying Statistical Mechanics to Desorption -- 2.5.7 Influence of a Precursor State on the Kinetics of Desorption -- 2.6 Relating the Activation Energy to the Energy of Chemisorption. Universality in Heterogeneous Catalysis and the Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) Relation -- 2.6.1 Pareto-Optimal Catalysts -- 2.7 Deriving Adsorption Isotherms from Kinetic Principles -- 2.7.1 Using the Langmuir Isotherm to Estimate the Proportions of Non-dissociative and Associative Adsorption -- 2.7.2 Other Adsorption Isotherms -- 2.7.2.1 Henry's Adsorption Isotherm -- 2.7.2.2 Freundlich Isotherm -- 2.7.2.3 Temkin Isotherm -- 2.7.2.4 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Isotherm -- 2.7.2.5 Developments from Polanyi's Adsorption Theory -- 2.7.2.6 Kaganer's Isotherm and the DKR Equation -- 2.7.2.7 Virial Equation of State -- 2.8 Energetics of Adsorption -- 2.8.1 Estimating the Binding Energies of Physically Adsorbed Species -- 2.8.2 Binding Energies of Chemisorbed Species -- 2.8.3 Estimating Heats of Adsorption from Thermodynamic Data -- 2.8.4 Decline of the Heat of Adsorption with Increasing Coverage -- 2.9 Mobility at Surfaces -- 2.10 Kinetics of Surface Reactions -- 2.10.1 The Influences of Precursor States on the Kinetics and Energy Distribution of Catalysed Reactions -- 2.10.2 Comparing the Rates of Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Reactions -- 2.11 Autocatalytic, Oscillatory and Complex Heterogeneous Reactions -- 2.11.1 An Outline of Autocatalysis -- 2.11.2 Background to Oscillating Reactions -- 2.11.3 Instabilities and Transient Phenomena in Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 2.11.4 Multiple Steady States -- 2.11.5 Transient Phenomena -- 2.11.6 Recent Thoughts on Spatio-Temporal Behaviour and Turbulence at Catalyst Surfaces.
2.12 Microkinetics: A Summary -- 2.12.1 Building Kinetic Models -- 2.12.2 Formulation of Kinetic Models in Terms of Transition States -- 2.12.3 Degree of Rate Control -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3 The Characterization of Industrial and Model Solid Catalysts -- Part I: Characterization of Industrial Solid Catalysts -- 3.1 Non-invasive Methods Suitable for Studies Involving Catalytic Reactors -- 3.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 3.1.1.1 Visualizing the Spatial Variation of Esterification, Etherification and Hydrogenation within Fixed-Bed and Trickle-Bed Reactors with MRI -- 3.1.2 Positron Emission Methods -- 3.1.3 Use of Spatially-Resolved X-ray Absorption to Probe Supported Nobel Metal Catalysts during Operating Conditions -- Part II: Laboratory Characterization of Solid Catalysts -- 3.2 A Portfolio of Modern Methods: Introducing the Acronyms -- 3.3 Which Elements and Which Phases Are Present? -- 3.3.1 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Emission (XRE) and Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) -- 3.3.2 Developing Techniques: ICPMS -- 3.3.3 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering -- 3.3.3.1 Mean Size, Surface Area and Particle-Size Distribution from SAXS -- 3.3.3.2 In situ Studies by X-ray Diffraction -- 3.3.3.3 Experimental Aspects -- 3.4 Probing Surfaces with IR, HREELS, AES and XPS -- 3.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): A Non-destructive Technique Usable on Catalysts Exposed to High Pressure -- 3.4.2 High-Resolution Electron-Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS): the Most Sensitive Tool for Identifying Surface Vibrational Modes -- 3.4.3 Merits and Limitations of Electron Spectroscopy -- 3.5 Ultraviolet-Visible and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy -- 3.6 Structure and Crystallography of Surfaces: Nature of Ordered and Reconstructed Surfaces -- 3.6.1 Two- and Three-Dimensional Surface Crystallography.
3.6.2 Notations for Describing Ordered Structures at Surfaces -- 3.6.3 How Do Bond Distances at Surfaces Compare with Those of Bulk Solids? What of Displacive Reconstructions? -- 3.6.4 EXAFS, SEXAFS, XANES and NEXAFS: Probing Bond Distances and Site Environments Even When There is No Long-Range Order -- 3.6.4.1 Origin of EXAFS and How It Is Used -- 3.6.4.2 Applications of EXAFS to the Study of Catalysts -- 3.6.4.3 SEXAFS -- 3.6.4.4 XANES and Pre-edge Structure: Deducing Site Symmetry and Oxidation States -- 3.6.4.5 NEXAFS -- 3.7 Other Structural Techniques for Characterizing Bulk and Surfaces of Catalysts -- 3.7.1 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR): Probing the Nature of Catalytically Active Sites and the Concentration of Paramagnetic Intermediates on Surfaces and in the Gas Phase -- 3.7.1.1 Examples of the Use of ESR in Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 3.7.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): A Technique Applicable, at High Resolution, to Solids and Their Surfaces -- 3.7.2.1 Basic Principles -- 3.7.2.2 NMR Spectra of Solids -- 3.7.2.3 Applications of NMR to the Study of Catalysts, Adsorbents and Adsorbates -- 3.7.2.4 Future Prospects for the Study of Catalysts by Solid-State NMR -- 3.7.3 Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) and Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (IRAS or IRRAS) -- 3.7.3.1 Essential Background and Mode of Operation -- 3.7.4 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) and Clues for the Design of New Catalysts -- 3.7.4.1 Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy (STS) -- 3.7.4.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Fluorescence Microscopy (FM) -- 3.7.5 Electron Microscopy -- 3.7.5.1 Electron Crystallography -- 3.7.5.2 Electron Tomography (ET) -- 3.7.5.3 A Few Illustrative Examples of Static EM Images -- 3.7.5.4 In situ (Environmental) TEM -- 3.7.5.5 4D Electron Microscopy -- 3.7.6 Optical Microscopy and Ellipsometry (Non-invasive Techniques).
3.7.7 Neutron Scattering: A Technique of Growing Importance in the Study of Catalysts -- 3.7.7.1 Determining the Atomic Structure and Texture of Microcrystalline Catalysts, the Nature of the Active Sites and the Disposition of Bound Reactants -- 3.7.7.2 Determining the Structure of, and Identifying Functional Groups in, Chemisorbed Layers at Catalyst Surfaces -- 3.8 A Miscellany of Other Procedures -- 3.9 Determining the Strength of Surface Bonds: Thermal and Other Temperature-Programmed Methods -- 3.9.1 Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) or Flash Desorption Spectroscopy (FDS) -- 3.9.2 Temperature-Programmed Reaction Spectroscopy (TPRS) -- 3.9.3 Magnitude of the Heat and Entropy of Adsorption -- 3.10 Reflections on the Current Scene Pertaining In situ Methods of Studying Catalysts -- 3.10.1 Isotopic Labelling and Transient Response -- 3.10.2 From Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) to Steady-State Isotopic Transient Kinetic Analysis (SSITKA) -- 3.10.3 Infrared, Raman, NMR, and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for In situ Studies -- 3.10.4 In situ X-ray, Electron and Neutron Diffraction Studies -- 3.10.5 Combined X-ray Absorption and X-ray Diffraction and Other Techniques for In situ Studies of Catalysts -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- General -- Additional -- In situ Techniques -- Chapter 4 Porous Catalysts: Their Nature and Importance -- 4.1 Definitions and Introduction -- 4.2 Determination of Surface Area -- 4.2.1 Assessment of Porosity -- 4.2.1.1 Capillary Condensation -- the Kelvin Equation and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda Method -- 4.2.2 Evaluation of Both Micropore and Mesopore Size Using Density Functional Theory and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Methods -- 4.2.2.1 An Explanatory Note about Density Functional Theory (DFT) in the Context of Adsorption -- 4.2.2.2 How Does One Tackle a 'Breathing' MOF Nanoporous Structure?.
4.2.3 The Fractal Approach.
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Michael Faraday : la storia romantica di un genio; traduzione e presentazione di Luigi Dei / / John Meurig Thomas
