| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Basic Neuroanatomy -- 2.1 Anatomy of the Motor System -- 2.1.1 Upper Motor Neurone -- 2.1.1.1 Brainstem -- 2.1.1.2 Midbrain -- 2.1.1.3 Pons -- 2.1.1.4 Medulla Oblongata -- 2.1.1.5 Clinical Features of UMN Involvement at Various Sites -- 2.1.1.6 Midbrain Syndromes -- 2.1.1.7 Pons Syndromes -- 2.1.1.8 Medulla Oblongata Syndromes -- 2.1.1.9 Spinal Cord -- 2.1.2 Lower Motor Neurone -- 2.2 Anatomy of the Sensory System -- 2.2.1 Spinothalamic Pathway -- 2.2.2 Posterior Column Pathway -- 2.3 Anatomy of Reflexes -- 2.3.1 Superficial and Deep Reflexes -- 2.3.1.1 Superficial Reflexes -- 2.3.1.2 Deep Tendon Reflexes -- 2.3.1.3 Pathological Reflexes (Released Reflexes) -- Chapter 3: The Neurological History -- 3.1 Components of History -- 3.1.1 Demographics -- 3.1.2 History of Present Illness -- 3.1.3 Past Medical History -- 3.1.4 Family History -- 3.1.5 Social History -- 3.2 Summarize the History of the Patient -- Chapter 4: The Neurological Kit -- Chapter 5: Neurological Examination: The Format -- 5.1 The Format -- Part II: Mental Status Examination and Higher Cortical Functions: Screen and Lobar Function -- Chapter 6: Mental Status Examination and Higher Cortical Functions -- 6.1 Screening Tests for Mental Status Function -- 6.1.1 Attention Span and Vigilance -- 6.1.2 Orientation -- 6.1.3 Memory -- 6.1.3.1 Types of Memory and Their Substrate (Table 6.1) -- Immediate Recall -- Short-Term Memory -- Long-Term Memory -- 6.1.4 Calculation -- 6.1.5 Abstract Thinking and Judgement -- 6.1.6 Visuospatial Tests -- 6.1.7 Apraxia -- 6.1.8 Agnosia -- 6.1.9 Appearance, Behaviour, Mood, Delusions and Hallucinations -- 6.2 Cognitive Rating Scales -- Chapter 7: Specific Lobar Function -- 7.1 Neuroanatomy: Lobes -- 7.2 Brodmann Areas.
7.3 Important Brodmann Areas (Fig. 7.9) -- 7.4 Brodmann Areas: 1-52 Areas (Figs. 7.7 and 7.8) -- Chapter 8: Frontal Lobe -- 8.1 Neuroanatomy -- 8.2 Functions and Tests According to Functional Regions of the Frontal Lobe -- 8.3 Tests for the Frontal Lobe -- Chapter 9: Parietal Lobe -- 9.1 Neuroanatomy -- 9.2 Functions of Parietal Lobe and Tests According to Functional Regions of the Parietal Lobe -- Chapter 10: Temporal Lobe -- 10.1 Neuroanatomy -- 10.2 Functions and Tests According to Functional Regions of Temporal Lobe -- Chapter 11: Occipital Lobe -- 11.1 Functions and Tests According to Functional Regions of Occipital Lobe -- Part III: Language and Speech -- Chapter 12: Examination of Speech: Language Disorders, Dysarthria and Dysphonia -- 12.1 Language Disorders or Aphasia -- 12.1.1 Spontaneous Speech -- 12.1.2 Comprehension of Speech -- 12.1.3 Repetition -- 12.1.4 Paraphasic Errors -- 12.1.5 Naming -- 12.1.6 Reading (Alexia) -- 12.1.7 Writing (Agraphia) -- 12.2 Dysarthria -- 12.2.1 Clinical Evaluation -- 12.2.2 Types of Dysarthria (Table 12.4) -- 12.3 Dysphonia -- Part IV: Cranial Nerves -- Chapter 13: Cranial Nerve Examination -- 13.1 Cranial Nerve Nuclei -- 13.2 Cranial Nerve Origin -- 13.3 Cranial Nerve Exit from the Skull -- 13.4 Characteristic Features -- Chapter 14: Olfactory Nerve: First Cranial Nerve -- 14.1 Neuroanatomy -- 14.2 Clinical Testing -- 14.3 Clinical Interpretation -- Chapter 15: Optic Nerve: Second Cranial Nerve -- 15.1 Neuroanatomy -- 15.2 Clinical Testing -- 15.2.1 Visual Acuity -- 15.2.2 Colour Vision -- 15.2.3 Visual Field Testing -- 15.2.3.1 Hemianopia -- 15.2.3.2 Field Defect at Various Sites of the Optic Pathway (Fig. 15.3, Table 15.1) -- 15.2.4 Pupil -- 15.2.4.1 Clinical Testing -- 15.2.4.2 Abnormal Pupillary Responses (Table 15.2) -- 15.2.5 Fundus Examination -- 15.2.5.1 Disc Oedema -- 15.3 Fluorescein Angiography.
15.4 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) -- Chapter 16: Oculomotor (3rd), Trochlear (4th) and Abducens (6th) Cranial Nerves -- 16.1 Neuroanatomy -- 16.2 Supranuclear Ocular Movements -- 16.2.1 Saccades -- 16.2.2 Pursuit -- 16.2.3 Convergence -- 16.2.4 Vestibular Eye Movements -- 16.3 Infranuclear Ocular Movements -- 16.4 Oculomotor or Third Cranial Nerve -- 16.5 Trochlear Nerve Fourth Cranial Nerve -- 16.6 Abducens or Sixth Cranial Nerve -- 16.7 Clinical Evaluation of Third, Fourth and Sixth Nerves and Supranuclear Movements -- 16.7.1 Ocular Movements -- 16.7.2 Diplopia Testing -- 16.7.3 Convergence -- 16.7.4 Nystagmus-Assessment -- 16.7.4.1 Nystagmus -- 16.7.4.2 Non-Nystagmus Ocular Oscillatory Movements -- 16.8 Clinical Evaluation of Nystagmus -- 16.9 Clinical Interpretation of Ocular Movement Abnormality -- 16.9.1 Ophthalmoplegia -- 16.9.2 Conjugate Gaze Palsies -- 16.9.2.1 Supranuclear Conjugate Palsy -- 16.9.2.2 Infranuclear Gaze Palsy -- Infranuclear or Nuclear Lesions -- 16.9.3 Skew Deviation -- Chapter 17: Trigeminal: Fifth Cranial Nerve -- 17.1 Neuroanatomy -- 17.1.1 Sensory Component -- 17.1.2 Motor Component -- 17.2 Clinical Evaluation -- 17.2.1 Motor Examination -- 17.2.2 Sensory Testing -- 17.2.3 Reflex Testing (Table 17.2) -- 17.3 Fifth Nerve Lesion According to Site of Lesion (Tables 17.3, 17.4, and 17.5) -- Chapter 18: Facial Nerve: Seventh Cranial Nerve -- 18.1 Neuroanatomy -- 18.1.1 Intracranial Course -- 18.1.2 Extracranial Course -- 18.2 Clinical Testing -- 18.2.1 Upper Motor Facial Palsy (UMN) -- 18.2.2 Lower Motor Facial Palsy (LMN) -- Chapter 19: Vestibulocochlear: Eighth Cranial Nerve -- 19.1 Neuroanatomy -- 19.2 Clinical Testing -- 19.2.1 Tests of Cochlear Function -- 19.2.2 Tests of Vestibular Function -- 19.3 Electronystagmography (ENG) -- 19.4 Summary of Examination: Vestibulo-Cochlear Nerve (Tables 19.3 and 19.4).
Chapter 20: The Glossopharyngeal (Ninth) and Vagus (Tenth) Nerves -- 20.1 Neuroanatomy -- 20.1.1 Glossopharyngeal (IX) -- 20.1.2 Vagus (X) -- 20.1.2.1 Motor -- 20.1.2.2 Autonomic -- 20.1.2.3 Sensory -- 20.2 Clinical Testing -- 20.3 Lesions -- 20.3.1 Unilateral Ninth Nerve Lesion -- 20.3.2 Unilateral Tenth Nerve Lesion -- 20.3.3 Lesions of Superior Laryngeal Nerve -- 20.3.4 Lesion of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve -- 20.3.5 Unilateral Lesion of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve -- 20.3.6 Bilateral Lesion of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve -- Chapter 21: Spinal Accessory Nerve: Eleventh Cranial Nerve -- 21.1 Neuroanatomy -- 21.2 Clinical Testing -- 21.2.1 Bilateral Sternocleidomastoid Lesion -- 21.2.2 Bilateral Trapezius Weakness -- Chapter 22: The Hypoglossal Nerve: Twelfth Cranial Nerve -- 22.1 Neuroanatomy -- 22.2 Clinical Testing (Tables 22.1 and 22.2) -- Part V: Motor, Sensory System and Reflexes -- Chapter 23: Motor System Examination -- 23.1 Neuroanatomy -- 23.1.1 Upper Motor Neuron Lesion -- 23.1.2 Lower Motor Neuron Lesions -- 23.1.3 Mixed UMN and LMN Involvement Is Seen in the Following -- 23.1.4 Neuromuscular Junction -- 23.1.5 Muscle Disorders -- 23.2 Clinical Assessment of the Motor System Includes the Following -- 23.2.1 Inspection -- 23.2.2 Tone -- 23.2.2.1 Upper Limb -- 23.2.2.2 Lower Limbs -- 23.2.2.3 Disorders of Tone -- 23.2.3 Motor Power -- 23.2.3.1 Muscles of the Head, Neck and Face -- 23.2.3.2 Muscles of the Upper Limb -- 23.2.4 C5 Dominant Innervated Muscles -- 23.2.5 C6 Dominant Innervated Muscles -- 23.2.6 C7 Dominant Innervated Muscles -- 23.2.7 C8 Dominant Innervated Muscles -- 23.2.8 T1 Dominant Muscles -- 23.2.8.1 Muscles of the Trunk -- 23.2.8.2 Muscles of the Lower Limb -- 23.3 Summary of Examination-Motor System -- Chapter 24: The Reflexes -- 24.1 Superficial Reflexes -- 24.1.1 Abdominal Reflex (T1-T12) -- 24.1.2 Cremasteric Reflex (L1).
24.1.2.1 Segment Innovation L1 -- 24.1.3 Anal Reflex (S4/5) -- 24.1.4 Bulbocavernosus (S3/S4) -- 24.1.5 Plantar Response or Babinski Response (S1) -- 24.1.6 Segmental Innervation -- 24.1.7 The Hoffman Reflex -- 24.2 Deep Tendon Reflexes -- 24.2.1 Reinforcement of Reflex (Fig. 24.7) -- 24.2.2 Grading of Deep Tendon Reflex -- 24.2.3 Components of a Brisk Reflex -- 24.2.4 Inverted Reflex -- 24.2.5 Hung-Up Reflex -- 24.2.6 Pendular Jerk -- 24.2.6.1 Biceps Jerk (C5/C6, Through the Musculocutaneous Nerve) (Fig. 24.8) -- 24.2.6.2 Supinator Reflex (C6 and C5, Through Radial Nerve) (Fig. 24.9) -- 24.2.6.3 Triceps Reflex (C7, Through Radial Nerve) (Fig. 24.10) -- 24.2.6.4 Finger Flexion (C8 Through Ulnar and Median Nerve) -- 24.2.6.5 Knee Reflex (L3 and L4 Through Femoral Nerve) (Figs. 24.11 and 24.12) -- 24.2.6.6 Ankle Reflex (S1 and S2, Through Posterior Tibial Nerve) (Fig. 24.13) -- 24.3 Summary of Examination: Reflexes (Tables 24.6 and 24.7) -- Chapter 25: Sensory System Examination -- 25.1 Exteroceptive Sensations -- 25.2 Proprioceptive Sensations -- 25.2.1 Segmental Sensory Dermatomes -- Part VI: Cerebellar, Movement Disorders, Skull and Spine -- Chapter 26: Cerebellar Examination and Examination of Posture and Gait -- 26.1 Neuroanatomy -- 26.2 Anatomical Subdivisions -- 26.3 Morphological Subdivisions -- 26.4 Intracerebellar Nuclei -- 26.4.1 Dentate Nucleus -- 26.4.2 Emboliform Nucleus -- 26.4.3 Globose Nucleus -- 26.4.4 Fastigial Nucleus -- 26.5 Cerebellar Signs -- 26.6 Clinical Tests -- 26.6.1 Dysmetria -- 26.6.1.1 Finger-Nose Test (Fig. 26.5) -- 26.6.1.2 Knee-Shin-Heel Test (Fig. 26.6) -- 26.6.2 Dysdiadokokinesia -- 26.6.3 Nystagmus -- 26.6.4 Titubation -- 26.6.5 Intention Tremor -- 26.6.6 Truncal Ataxia (Fig. 26.7) -- 26.6.7 Pendular Knee Jerk -- 26.6.8 Holmes Rebound Phenomenon (Fig. 26.8) -- 26.6.9 Hypotonia -- 26.6.10 Speech.
26.7 Examination of Posture and Gait.
|
Info
Clinical Neurological Examination and Localization
