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Integration of alternative sources of energy / / Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy Sim Aoes
Integration of alternative sources of energy / / Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy Sim Aoes
Autore Farret Felix A.
Pubbl/distr/stampa [Piscataway] : , : IEEE Press, , c2006
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (499 p.)
Disciplina 333.794
621.042
Altri autori (Persone) Sim AoesMarcelo Godoy
Soggetto topico Power resources
Renewable energy sources
ISBN 1-280-44796-6
9786610447961
0-470-31557-1
0-471-75562-1
1-60119-841-8
0-471-75561-3
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto CONTRIBUTORS -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- 1. ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Renewable Sources of Energy -- 1.3 Renewable Energy Versus Alternative Energy -- 1.4 Planning and Development of Integrated Energy -- 1.4.1 Grid-Supplied Electricity -- 1.4.2 Load -- 1.4.3 Distributed Generation -- 1.5 Renewable Energy Economics -- 1.5.1 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs -- 1.6 European Targets for Renewables -- 1.6.1 Demand-Side Management Options -- 1.6.2 Supply-Side Management Options -- 1.7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources -- 1.7.1 Integration of Renewable Energy in the United States -- 1.7.2 Energy Recovery Time -- 1.7.3 Sustainability -- 1.8 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems -- References -- 2. PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. State of a Thermodynamic System -- 2.3. Fundamental Laws and Principles -- 2.3.1 Example in a Nutshell -- 2.3.2 Practical Problems Associated with Carnot Cycle Plant -- 2.3.3 Rankine Cycle for Power Plants -- 2.3.4 Brayton Cycle for Power Plants -- 2.3.5 Energy and Power -- 2.4 Examples of Energy Balance -- 2.4.1 Simple Residential Energy Balance -- 2.4.2 Refrigerator Energy Balance -- 2.4.3 Energy Balance for a Water Heater -- 2.4.4 Rock Bed Energy Balance -- 2.4.5 Array of Solar Collectors -- 2.4.6 Heat Pump -- 2.4.7 Heat Transfer Analysis -- 2.5 Planet Earth: A Closed But Not Isolated System -- References -- 3. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Determination of the Useful Power -- 3.3 Expedient Topographical and Hydrological Measurements -- 3.3.1 Simple Measurement of Elevation -- 3.3.2 Global Positioning Systems for Elevation Measurement -- 3.3.3 Specification of Pipe Losses -- 3.3.4 Expedient Measurements of Stream Water Flow -- 3.3.5 Civil Works -- 3.4 Generating Unit -- 3.4.1 Regulation Systems -- 3.4.2 Butterfly Valves -- 3.5 Waterwheels -- 3.6 Turbines -- 3.6.1 Pelton Turbine -- 3.6.2 Francis Turbine -- 3.6.3 Michel-Banki Turbine.
3.6.4 Kaplan or Hydraulic Propeller Turbine -- 3.6.5 Deriaz Turbines -- 3.6.6 Water Pumps Working as Turbines -- 3.6.7 Specification of Hydro Turbines -- References -- 4. WIND POWER PLANTS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Appropriate Location -- 4.2.1 Evaluation of Wind Intensity -- 4.2.2 Topography -- 4.2.3 Purpose of the Energy Generated -- 4.2.4 Means of Access -- 4.3 Wind Power -- 4.4 General Classification of Wind Turbines -- 4.4.1 Rotor Turbines -- 4.4.2 Multiple-Blade Turbines -- 4.4.3 Drag Turbines (Savonius) -- 4.4.4 Lifting Turbines -- 4.4.5 System TARP-WARP -- 4.4.6 Accessories -- 4.5 Generators and Speed Control Used in Wind Power Energy -- 4.6 Analysis of Small Generating Systems -- References -- 5. THERMOSOLAR POWER PLANTS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Heating by Solar Energy -- 5.3 Heat Transfer Calculation of Thermally Isolated Reservoirs -- 5.4 Heating Domestic Water -- 5.5 Thermosolar Energy -- 5.5.1 Parabolic Trough -- 5.5.2 Parabolic Dish -- 5.5.3 Solar Power Tower -- 5.5.4 Production of Hydrogen -- 5.6 Economical Analysis of Thermosolar Energy -- References -- 6. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solar Energy -- 6.3 Generation of Electricity by Photovoltaic Effect -- 6.4 Dependence of a PV Cell Characteristic on Temperature -- 6.5 Solar Cell Output Characteristics -- 6.6 Equivalent Models and Parameters for Photovoltaic Panels -- 6.6.1 Dark-Current Electric Parameters of a Photovoltaic Panel -- 6.6.2 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Series -- 6.6.3 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Parallel -- 6.7 Photovoltaic Systems -- 6.7.1 Illumination Area -- 6.7.2 Solar Modules and Panels -- 6.7.3 Aluminum Structures -- 6.7.4 Load Controller -- 6.7.5 Battery Bank -- 6.8 Applications of Photovoltaic Solar Energy -- 6.8.1 Residential and Public Illumination -- 6.8.2 Stroboscopic Signaling -- 6.8.3 Electric Fence -- 6.8.4 Telecommunications -- 6.8.5 Water Supply and Micro-Irrigation Systems -- 6.8.6 Control of Plagues and Conservation of Food and Medicine.
6.8.7 Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation by Electrolysis -- 6.8.8 Electric Power Supply -- 6.8.9 Security and Alarm Systems -- 6.9 Economical Analysis of Solar Energy -- References -- 7. POWER PLANTS WITH FUEL CELLS -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Fuel Cell -- 7.3 Commercial Technologies for Generation of Electricity -- 7.4 Practical Issues Related to Fuel Cell Stacking -- 7.4.1 Low- and High-Temperature Fuel Cells -- 7.4.2 Commercial and Manufacturing Issues -- 7.5 Constructional Features of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 7.6 Constructional Features of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells -- 7.7 Water, Air, and Heat Management -- 7.8 :oad Curve Peak Shaving with Fuel Cells -- 7.8.1 Maximal Load Curve Flatness at Constant Output Power -- 7.8.2 Amount of Thermal Energy Necessary -- 7.9 Reformers, Electrolyzer Systems, and Related Precautions -- 7.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells -- 7.11 Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit -- 7.12 Practical Determination of the Equivalent Model Parameters -- 7.12.1 Example of Determination of FC Parameters -- 7.13 Aspects of Hydrogen as Fuel -- 7.14 Future Perspectives -- References -- 8. BIOMASS-POWERED MICROPLANTS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel from Biomass -- 8.3 Biogas -- 8.4 Biomass for Biogas -- 8.5 Biological Formation of Biogas -- 8.6 Factors Affecting Biodigestion -- 8.7 Characteristics of Biodigesters -- 8.8 Construction of Biodigester -- 8.8.1 Sizing a Biodigester -- 8.9 Generation of Electricity Using Biogas -- References -- 9. MICROTURBINES -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Princples of Operation -- 9.3 Microturbine Fuel -- 9.4 Control of Microturbines -- 9.4.1 Mechanical-Side Structure -- 9.4.2 Electrical-Side Structure -- 9.4.3 Control-Side Structure -- 9.5 Efficiency and Power of Microturbines -- 9.6 Site Assessment for Installation of Microturbines -- References -- 10. INDUCTION GENERATORS -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Principles of Operation -- 10.3 Representation of Steady-State Operation -- 10.4 Power and Losses Generated -- 10.5 Self-Excited Induction Generator.
10.6 Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation -- 10.7 Mathematical Description of the Self-Excitation Process -- 10.8 Interconnected and Stand-Alone Operation -- 10.9 Speed and Voltage Control -- 10.9.1 Frequency, Speed, and Voltage Controls -- 10.9.2 Load Control Versus Source Control for Induction Generators -- 10.9.3 The Danish Concept -- 10.9.4 Variable-Speed Grid Connection -- 10.9.5 Control by the Load Versus Control by the Source -- 10.10 Economical Aspects -- References -- 11. STORAGE SYSTEMS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Energy Storage Parameters -- 11.3 Lead-Acid Batteries -- 11.3.1 Constructional Features -- 11.3.2 Battery Charge-Discharge Cycles -- 11.3.3 Operating Limits and Parameters -- 11.3.4 Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries -- 11.3.5 Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for DG Applications -- 11.4 Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.1 Double-Layer Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.2 High-Energy Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.3 Applications of Ultracapacitors -- 11.5 Flywheels -- 11.5.1 Advanced Performance of Flywheels -- 11.5.2 Applications of Flywheels -- 11.5.3 Design Strategies -- 11.6 Superconducting Magnetic Storage System -- 11.6.1 SMES System Capabilities -- 11.6.2 Developments in SMES Systems -- 11.7 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage -- 11.7.1 Storage Capabilities of Pumped Systems -- 11.8 Compressed Air Energy Storage -- 11.9 Storage Heat -- 11.10 Energy Storage as an Economic Resource -- References -- 12 INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of Power Injection -- 12.2.1 Converting Technologies -- 12.2.2 Power Converters for Power Injection into the Grid -- 12.2.3 Power Flow -- 12.3 Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power Control Approach -- 12.4 Integration of Multiple Renewable Energy Sources -- 12.4.1 DC-Link Integration -- 12.4.2 AC-Link Integration -- 12.4.3 HFAC-Link Integration -- 12.5 Islanding and Interconnection Control -- 12.6 DG Control and Power Injection -- References -- 13. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION -- 13.1 Introduction.
13.2 The Purpose of Distributed Generation -- 13.3 Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generation -- 13.4 Demand-Side Management -- 13.5 Optimal Location of Distributed Energy Sources -- 13.5.1 DG Influence on Power and Energy Losses -- 13.5.2 Estimation of DG Influence on Power Losses of Subtransmission Systems -- 13.5.3 Equivalent of Subtransmission Systems Using Experimental Design -- 13.6 Algorithm of Multicriterial Analysis -- References -- 14. INTERCONNECTION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES WITH THE GRID (Benjamin Kroposki, Thomas Basso, Richard DeBlasio, and N. Richard Friedman) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Interconnection Technologies -- 14.2.1 Synchronous Interconnection -- 14.2.2 Induction Interconnection -- 14.2.3 Inverter Interconnection -- 14.3 Standards and Codes for Interconnection -- 14.3.1 IEEE 1547 -- 14.3.2 National Electrical Code -- 14.3.3 UL Standards -- 14.4 Interconnection Considerations -- 14.4.1 Voltage Regulation -- 14.4.2 Integration with Area EPS Grounding -- 14.4.3 Synchronization -- 14.4.4 Isolation -- 14.4.5 Response to Voltage Disturbance -- 14.4.6 Response to Frequency Disturbance -- 14.4.7 Disconnection for Faults -- 14.4.8 Loss of Synchronism -- 14.4.9 Feeder Reclosing Coordination -- 14.4.10 DC Injection -- 14.4.11 Voltage Flicker -- 14.4.12 Harmonics -- 14.4.13 Unintentional Islanding Protection -- 14.5 Interconnection Examples for Alternative Energy Sources -- 14.5.1 Synchronous Generator for Peak Demand Reduction -- 14.5.2 Small Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System -- References -- 15. MICROPOWER SYSTEM MODELING WITH HOMER (Tom Lambert, Paul Gilman, and Peter Lilienthal) -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Simulation -- 15.3 Optimization -- 15.4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 15.4.1 Dealing with Uncertainty -- 15.4.2 Sensitivity Analyses on Hourly Data Sets -- 15.5 Physical Modeling -- 15.5.1 Loads -- 15.5.2 Resources -- 15.5.3 Components -- 15.5.4 System Dispatch -- 15.6 Economic Modeling -- References -- Glossary -- APPENDIX A: DIESEL POWER PLANTS.
A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Diesel Engine -- A.3 Principal Components of a Diesel Engine -- A.3.1 Fixed Parts -- A.3.2 Moving Parts -- A.3.3 Auxiliary Systems -- A.4 Terminology of Diesel Engines -- A.4.1 Diesel Cycle -- A.4.2 Combustion Process -- A.5 Diesel Engine Cycle -- A.5.1 Relative Diesel Engine Cycle Losses -- A.5.2 Classification of Diesel Engines -- A.6 Types of Fuel Injection Pumps -- A.7 Electrical Conditions of Generators Driven by Diesel Engines -- References -- APPENDIX B: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY -- B.1 Introduction -- B.2 Geothermal as a Source of Energy -- B.2.1 Geothermal Economics -- B.2.2 Geothermal Electricity -- B.2.3 Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps -- References -- APPENDIX C: THE STIRLING ENGINE -- C.1 Introduction -- C.2 Stirling Cycle -- C.3 Displacer Stirling Engine -- C.4 Two-Piston Stirling Engine -- References -- INDEX.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910143570203321
Farret Felix A.  
[Piscataway] : , : IEEE Press, , c2006
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Integration of alternative sources of energy / / Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy Sim Aoes
Integration of alternative sources of energy / / Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy Sim Aoes
Autore Farret Felix A.
Pubbl/distr/stampa [Piscataway] : , : IEEE Press, , c2006
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (499 p.)
Disciplina 333.794
621.042
Altri autori (Persone) Sim AoesMarcelo Godoy
Soggetto topico Power resources
Renewable energy sources
ISBN 1-280-44796-6
9786610447961
0-470-31557-1
0-471-75562-1
1-60119-841-8
0-471-75561-3
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto CONTRIBUTORS -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- 1. ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Renewable Sources of Energy -- 1.3 Renewable Energy Versus Alternative Energy -- 1.4 Planning and Development of Integrated Energy -- 1.4.1 Grid-Supplied Electricity -- 1.4.2 Load -- 1.4.3 Distributed Generation -- 1.5 Renewable Energy Economics -- 1.5.1 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs -- 1.6 European Targets for Renewables -- 1.6.1 Demand-Side Management Options -- 1.6.2 Supply-Side Management Options -- 1.7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources -- 1.7.1 Integration of Renewable Energy in the United States -- 1.7.2 Energy Recovery Time -- 1.7.3 Sustainability -- 1.8 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems -- References -- 2. PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. State of a Thermodynamic System -- 2.3. Fundamental Laws and Principles -- 2.3.1 Example in a Nutshell -- 2.3.2 Practical Problems Associated with Carnot Cycle Plant -- 2.3.3 Rankine Cycle for Power Plants -- 2.3.4 Brayton Cycle for Power Plants -- 2.3.5 Energy and Power -- 2.4 Examples of Energy Balance -- 2.4.1 Simple Residential Energy Balance -- 2.4.2 Refrigerator Energy Balance -- 2.4.3 Energy Balance for a Water Heater -- 2.4.4 Rock Bed Energy Balance -- 2.4.5 Array of Solar Collectors -- 2.4.6 Heat Pump -- 2.4.7 Heat Transfer Analysis -- 2.5 Planet Earth: A Closed But Not Isolated System -- References -- 3. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Determination of the Useful Power -- 3.3 Expedient Topographical and Hydrological Measurements -- 3.3.1 Simple Measurement of Elevation -- 3.3.2 Global Positioning Systems for Elevation Measurement -- 3.3.3 Specification of Pipe Losses -- 3.3.4 Expedient Measurements of Stream Water Flow -- 3.3.5 Civil Works -- 3.4 Generating Unit -- 3.4.1 Regulation Systems -- 3.4.2 Butterfly Valves -- 3.5 Waterwheels -- 3.6 Turbines -- 3.6.1 Pelton Turbine -- 3.6.2 Francis Turbine -- 3.6.3 Michel-Banki Turbine.
3.6.4 Kaplan or Hydraulic Propeller Turbine -- 3.6.5 Deriaz Turbines -- 3.6.6 Water Pumps Working as Turbines -- 3.6.7 Specification of Hydro Turbines -- References -- 4. WIND POWER PLANTS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Appropriate Location -- 4.2.1 Evaluation of Wind Intensity -- 4.2.2 Topography -- 4.2.3 Purpose of the Energy Generated -- 4.2.4 Means of Access -- 4.3 Wind Power -- 4.4 General Classification of Wind Turbines -- 4.4.1 Rotor Turbines -- 4.4.2 Multiple-Blade Turbines -- 4.4.3 Drag Turbines (Savonius) -- 4.4.4 Lifting Turbines -- 4.4.5 System TARP-WARP -- 4.4.6 Accessories -- 4.5 Generators and Speed Control Used in Wind Power Energy -- 4.6 Analysis of Small Generating Systems -- References -- 5. THERMOSOLAR POWER PLANTS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Heating by Solar Energy -- 5.3 Heat Transfer Calculation of Thermally Isolated Reservoirs -- 5.4 Heating Domestic Water -- 5.5 Thermosolar Energy -- 5.5.1 Parabolic Trough -- 5.5.2 Parabolic Dish -- 5.5.3 Solar Power Tower -- 5.5.4 Production of Hydrogen -- 5.6 Economical Analysis of Thermosolar Energy -- References -- 6. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solar Energy -- 6.3 Generation of Electricity by Photovoltaic Effect -- 6.4 Dependence of a PV Cell Characteristic on Temperature -- 6.5 Solar Cell Output Characteristics -- 6.6 Equivalent Models and Parameters for Photovoltaic Panels -- 6.6.1 Dark-Current Electric Parameters of a Photovoltaic Panel -- 6.6.2 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Series -- 6.6.3 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Parallel -- 6.7 Photovoltaic Systems -- 6.7.1 Illumination Area -- 6.7.2 Solar Modules and Panels -- 6.7.3 Aluminum Structures -- 6.7.4 Load Controller -- 6.7.5 Battery Bank -- 6.8 Applications of Photovoltaic Solar Energy -- 6.8.1 Residential and Public Illumination -- 6.8.2 Stroboscopic Signaling -- 6.8.3 Electric Fence -- 6.8.4 Telecommunications -- 6.8.5 Water Supply and Micro-Irrigation Systems -- 6.8.6 Control of Plagues and Conservation of Food and Medicine.
6.8.7 Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation by Electrolysis -- 6.8.8 Electric Power Supply -- 6.8.9 Security and Alarm Systems -- 6.9 Economical Analysis of Solar Energy -- References -- 7. POWER PLANTS WITH FUEL CELLS -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Fuel Cell -- 7.3 Commercial Technologies for Generation of Electricity -- 7.4 Practical Issues Related to Fuel Cell Stacking -- 7.4.1 Low- and High-Temperature Fuel Cells -- 7.4.2 Commercial and Manufacturing Issues -- 7.5 Constructional Features of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 7.6 Constructional Features of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells -- 7.7 Water, Air, and Heat Management -- 7.8 :oad Curve Peak Shaving with Fuel Cells -- 7.8.1 Maximal Load Curve Flatness at Constant Output Power -- 7.8.2 Amount of Thermal Energy Necessary -- 7.9 Reformers, Electrolyzer Systems, and Related Precautions -- 7.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells -- 7.11 Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit -- 7.12 Practical Determination of the Equivalent Model Parameters -- 7.12.1 Example of Determination of FC Parameters -- 7.13 Aspects of Hydrogen as Fuel -- 7.14 Future Perspectives -- References -- 8. BIOMASS-POWERED MICROPLANTS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel from Biomass -- 8.3 Biogas -- 8.4 Biomass for Biogas -- 8.5 Biological Formation of Biogas -- 8.6 Factors Affecting Biodigestion -- 8.7 Characteristics of Biodigesters -- 8.8 Construction of Biodigester -- 8.8.1 Sizing a Biodigester -- 8.9 Generation of Electricity Using Biogas -- References -- 9. MICROTURBINES -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Princples of Operation -- 9.3 Microturbine Fuel -- 9.4 Control of Microturbines -- 9.4.1 Mechanical-Side Structure -- 9.4.2 Electrical-Side Structure -- 9.4.3 Control-Side Structure -- 9.5 Efficiency and Power of Microturbines -- 9.6 Site Assessment for Installation of Microturbines -- References -- 10. INDUCTION GENERATORS -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Principles of Operation -- 10.3 Representation of Steady-State Operation -- 10.4 Power and Losses Generated -- 10.5 Self-Excited Induction Generator.
10.6 Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation -- 10.7 Mathematical Description of the Self-Excitation Process -- 10.8 Interconnected and Stand-Alone Operation -- 10.9 Speed and Voltage Control -- 10.9.1 Frequency, Speed, and Voltage Controls -- 10.9.2 Load Control Versus Source Control for Induction Generators -- 10.9.3 The Danish Concept -- 10.9.4 Variable-Speed Grid Connection -- 10.9.5 Control by the Load Versus Control by the Source -- 10.10 Economical Aspects -- References -- 11. STORAGE SYSTEMS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Energy Storage Parameters -- 11.3 Lead-Acid Batteries -- 11.3.1 Constructional Features -- 11.3.2 Battery Charge-Discharge Cycles -- 11.3.3 Operating Limits and Parameters -- 11.3.4 Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries -- 11.3.5 Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for DG Applications -- 11.4 Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.1 Double-Layer Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.2 High-Energy Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.3 Applications of Ultracapacitors -- 11.5 Flywheels -- 11.5.1 Advanced Performance of Flywheels -- 11.5.2 Applications of Flywheels -- 11.5.3 Design Strategies -- 11.6 Superconducting Magnetic Storage System -- 11.6.1 SMES System Capabilities -- 11.6.2 Developments in SMES Systems -- 11.7 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage -- 11.7.1 Storage Capabilities of Pumped Systems -- 11.8 Compressed Air Energy Storage -- 11.9 Storage Heat -- 11.10 Energy Storage as an Economic Resource -- References -- 12 INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of Power Injection -- 12.2.1 Converting Technologies -- 12.2.2 Power Converters for Power Injection into the Grid -- 12.2.3 Power Flow -- 12.3 Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power Control Approach -- 12.4 Integration of Multiple Renewable Energy Sources -- 12.4.1 DC-Link Integration -- 12.4.2 AC-Link Integration -- 12.4.3 HFAC-Link Integration -- 12.5 Islanding and Interconnection Control -- 12.6 DG Control and Power Injection -- References -- 13. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION -- 13.1 Introduction.
13.2 The Purpose of Distributed Generation -- 13.3 Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generation -- 13.4 Demand-Side Management -- 13.5 Optimal Location of Distributed Energy Sources -- 13.5.1 DG Influence on Power and Energy Losses -- 13.5.2 Estimation of DG Influence on Power Losses of Subtransmission Systems -- 13.5.3 Equivalent of Subtransmission Systems Using Experimental Design -- 13.6 Algorithm of Multicriterial Analysis -- References -- 14. INTERCONNECTION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES WITH THE GRID (Benjamin Kroposki, Thomas Basso, Richard DeBlasio, and N. Richard Friedman) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Interconnection Technologies -- 14.2.1 Synchronous Interconnection -- 14.2.2 Induction Interconnection -- 14.2.3 Inverter Interconnection -- 14.3 Standards and Codes for Interconnection -- 14.3.1 IEEE 1547 -- 14.3.2 National Electrical Code -- 14.3.3 UL Standards -- 14.4 Interconnection Considerations -- 14.4.1 Voltage Regulation -- 14.4.2 Integration with Area EPS Grounding -- 14.4.3 Synchronization -- 14.4.4 Isolation -- 14.4.5 Response to Voltage Disturbance -- 14.4.6 Response to Frequency Disturbance -- 14.4.7 Disconnection for Faults -- 14.4.8 Loss of Synchronism -- 14.4.9 Feeder Reclosing Coordination -- 14.4.10 DC Injection -- 14.4.11 Voltage Flicker -- 14.4.12 Harmonics -- 14.4.13 Unintentional Islanding Protection -- 14.5 Interconnection Examples for Alternative Energy Sources -- 14.5.1 Synchronous Generator for Peak Demand Reduction -- 14.5.2 Small Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System -- References -- 15. MICROPOWER SYSTEM MODELING WITH HOMER (Tom Lambert, Paul Gilman, and Peter Lilienthal) -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Simulation -- 15.3 Optimization -- 15.4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 15.4.1 Dealing with Uncertainty -- 15.4.2 Sensitivity Analyses on Hourly Data Sets -- 15.5 Physical Modeling -- 15.5.1 Loads -- 15.5.2 Resources -- 15.5.3 Components -- 15.5.4 System Dispatch -- 15.6 Economic Modeling -- References -- Glossary -- APPENDIX A: DIESEL POWER PLANTS.
A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Diesel Engine -- A.3 Principal Components of a Diesel Engine -- A.3.1 Fixed Parts -- A.3.2 Moving Parts -- A.3.3 Auxiliary Systems -- A.4 Terminology of Diesel Engines -- A.4.1 Diesel Cycle -- A.4.2 Combustion Process -- A.5 Diesel Engine Cycle -- A.5.1 Relative Diesel Engine Cycle Losses -- A.5.2 Classification of Diesel Engines -- A.6 Types of Fuel Injection Pumps -- A.7 Electrical Conditions of Generators Driven by Diesel Engines -- References -- APPENDIX B: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY -- B.1 Introduction -- B.2 Geothermal as a Source of Energy -- B.2.1 Geothermal Economics -- B.2.2 Geothermal Electricity -- B.2.3 Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps -- References -- APPENDIX C: THE STIRLING ENGINE -- C.1 Introduction -- C.2 Stirling Cycle -- C.3 Displacer Stirling Engine -- C.4 Two-Piston Stirling Engine -- References -- INDEX.
Record Nr. UNISA-996203192703316
Farret Felix A.  
[Piscataway] : , : IEEE Press, , c2006
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Integration of alternative sources of energy / / Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy Sim Aoes
Integration of alternative sources of energy / / Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy Sim Aoes
Autore Farret Felix A.
Pubbl/distr/stampa [Piscataway] : , : IEEE Press, , c2006
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (499 p.)
Disciplina 333.794
621.042
Altri autori (Persone) Sim AoesMarcelo Godoy
Soggetto topico Power resources
Renewable energy sources
ISBN 1-280-44796-6
9786610447961
0-470-31557-1
0-471-75562-1
1-60119-841-8
0-471-75561-3
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto CONTRIBUTORS -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- 1. ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Renewable Sources of Energy -- 1.3 Renewable Energy Versus Alternative Energy -- 1.4 Planning and Development of Integrated Energy -- 1.4.1 Grid-Supplied Electricity -- 1.4.2 Load -- 1.4.3 Distributed Generation -- 1.5 Renewable Energy Economics -- 1.5.1 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs -- 1.6 European Targets for Renewables -- 1.6.1 Demand-Side Management Options -- 1.6.2 Supply-Side Management Options -- 1.7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources -- 1.7.1 Integration of Renewable Energy in the United States -- 1.7.2 Energy Recovery Time -- 1.7.3 Sustainability -- 1.8 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems -- References -- 2. PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. State of a Thermodynamic System -- 2.3. Fundamental Laws and Principles -- 2.3.1 Example in a Nutshell -- 2.3.2 Practical Problems Associated with Carnot Cycle Plant -- 2.3.3 Rankine Cycle for Power Plants -- 2.3.4 Brayton Cycle for Power Plants -- 2.3.5 Energy and Power -- 2.4 Examples of Energy Balance -- 2.4.1 Simple Residential Energy Balance -- 2.4.2 Refrigerator Energy Balance -- 2.4.3 Energy Balance for a Water Heater -- 2.4.4 Rock Bed Energy Balance -- 2.4.5 Array of Solar Collectors -- 2.4.6 Heat Pump -- 2.4.7 Heat Transfer Analysis -- 2.5 Planet Earth: A Closed But Not Isolated System -- References -- 3. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Determination of the Useful Power -- 3.3 Expedient Topographical and Hydrological Measurements -- 3.3.1 Simple Measurement of Elevation -- 3.3.2 Global Positioning Systems for Elevation Measurement -- 3.3.3 Specification of Pipe Losses -- 3.3.4 Expedient Measurements of Stream Water Flow -- 3.3.5 Civil Works -- 3.4 Generating Unit -- 3.4.1 Regulation Systems -- 3.4.2 Butterfly Valves -- 3.5 Waterwheels -- 3.6 Turbines -- 3.6.1 Pelton Turbine -- 3.6.2 Francis Turbine -- 3.6.3 Michel-Banki Turbine.
3.6.4 Kaplan or Hydraulic Propeller Turbine -- 3.6.5 Deriaz Turbines -- 3.6.6 Water Pumps Working as Turbines -- 3.6.7 Specification of Hydro Turbines -- References -- 4. WIND POWER PLANTS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Appropriate Location -- 4.2.1 Evaluation of Wind Intensity -- 4.2.2 Topography -- 4.2.3 Purpose of the Energy Generated -- 4.2.4 Means of Access -- 4.3 Wind Power -- 4.4 General Classification of Wind Turbines -- 4.4.1 Rotor Turbines -- 4.4.2 Multiple-Blade Turbines -- 4.4.3 Drag Turbines (Savonius) -- 4.4.4 Lifting Turbines -- 4.4.5 System TARP-WARP -- 4.4.6 Accessories -- 4.5 Generators and Speed Control Used in Wind Power Energy -- 4.6 Analysis of Small Generating Systems -- References -- 5. THERMOSOLAR POWER PLANTS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Heating by Solar Energy -- 5.3 Heat Transfer Calculation of Thermally Isolated Reservoirs -- 5.4 Heating Domestic Water -- 5.5 Thermosolar Energy -- 5.5.1 Parabolic Trough -- 5.5.2 Parabolic Dish -- 5.5.3 Solar Power Tower -- 5.5.4 Production of Hydrogen -- 5.6 Economical Analysis of Thermosolar Energy -- References -- 6. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solar Energy -- 6.3 Generation of Electricity by Photovoltaic Effect -- 6.4 Dependence of a PV Cell Characteristic on Temperature -- 6.5 Solar Cell Output Characteristics -- 6.6 Equivalent Models and Parameters for Photovoltaic Panels -- 6.6.1 Dark-Current Electric Parameters of a Photovoltaic Panel -- 6.6.2 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Series -- 6.6.3 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Parallel -- 6.7 Photovoltaic Systems -- 6.7.1 Illumination Area -- 6.7.2 Solar Modules and Panels -- 6.7.3 Aluminum Structures -- 6.7.4 Load Controller -- 6.7.5 Battery Bank -- 6.8 Applications of Photovoltaic Solar Energy -- 6.8.1 Residential and Public Illumination -- 6.8.2 Stroboscopic Signaling -- 6.8.3 Electric Fence -- 6.8.4 Telecommunications -- 6.8.5 Water Supply and Micro-Irrigation Systems -- 6.8.6 Control of Plagues and Conservation of Food and Medicine.
6.8.7 Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation by Electrolysis -- 6.8.8 Electric Power Supply -- 6.8.9 Security and Alarm Systems -- 6.9 Economical Analysis of Solar Energy -- References -- 7. POWER PLANTS WITH FUEL CELLS -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Fuel Cell -- 7.3 Commercial Technologies for Generation of Electricity -- 7.4 Practical Issues Related to Fuel Cell Stacking -- 7.4.1 Low- and High-Temperature Fuel Cells -- 7.4.2 Commercial and Manufacturing Issues -- 7.5 Constructional Features of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 7.6 Constructional Features of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells -- 7.7 Water, Air, and Heat Management -- 7.8 :oad Curve Peak Shaving with Fuel Cells -- 7.8.1 Maximal Load Curve Flatness at Constant Output Power -- 7.8.2 Amount of Thermal Energy Necessary -- 7.9 Reformers, Electrolyzer Systems, and Related Precautions -- 7.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells -- 7.11 Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit -- 7.12 Practical Determination of the Equivalent Model Parameters -- 7.12.1 Example of Determination of FC Parameters -- 7.13 Aspects of Hydrogen as Fuel -- 7.14 Future Perspectives -- References -- 8. BIOMASS-POWERED MICROPLANTS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel from Biomass -- 8.3 Biogas -- 8.4 Biomass for Biogas -- 8.5 Biological Formation of Biogas -- 8.6 Factors Affecting Biodigestion -- 8.7 Characteristics of Biodigesters -- 8.8 Construction of Biodigester -- 8.8.1 Sizing a Biodigester -- 8.9 Generation of Electricity Using Biogas -- References -- 9. MICROTURBINES -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Princples of Operation -- 9.3 Microturbine Fuel -- 9.4 Control of Microturbines -- 9.4.1 Mechanical-Side Structure -- 9.4.2 Electrical-Side Structure -- 9.4.3 Control-Side Structure -- 9.5 Efficiency and Power of Microturbines -- 9.6 Site Assessment for Installation of Microturbines -- References -- 10. INDUCTION GENERATORS -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Principles of Operation -- 10.3 Representation of Steady-State Operation -- 10.4 Power and Losses Generated -- 10.5 Self-Excited Induction Generator.
10.6 Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation -- 10.7 Mathematical Description of the Self-Excitation Process -- 10.8 Interconnected and Stand-Alone Operation -- 10.9 Speed and Voltage Control -- 10.9.1 Frequency, Speed, and Voltage Controls -- 10.9.2 Load Control Versus Source Control for Induction Generators -- 10.9.3 The Danish Concept -- 10.9.4 Variable-Speed Grid Connection -- 10.9.5 Control by the Load Versus Control by the Source -- 10.10 Economical Aspects -- References -- 11. STORAGE SYSTEMS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Energy Storage Parameters -- 11.3 Lead-Acid Batteries -- 11.3.1 Constructional Features -- 11.3.2 Battery Charge-Discharge Cycles -- 11.3.3 Operating Limits and Parameters -- 11.3.4 Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries -- 11.3.5 Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for DG Applications -- 11.4 Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.1 Double-Layer Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.2 High-Energy Ultracapacitors -- 11.4.3 Applications of Ultracapacitors -- 11.5 Flywheels -- 11.5.1 Advanced Performance of Flywheels -- 11.5.2 Applications of Flywheels -- 11.5.3 Design Strategies -- 11.6 Superconducting Magnetic Storage System -- 11.6.1 SMES System Capabilities -- 11.6.2 Developments in SMES Systems -- 11.7 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage -- 11.7.1 Storage Capabilities of Pumped Systems -- 11.8 Compressed Air Energy Storage -- 11.9 Storage Heat -- 11.10 Energy Storage as an Economic Resource -- References -- 12 INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of Power Injection -- 12.2.1 Converting Technologies -- 12.2.2 Power Converters for Power Injection into the Grid -- 12.2.3 Power Flow -- 12.3 Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power Control Approach -- 12.4 Integration of Multiple Renewable Energy Sources -- 12.4.1 DC-Link Integration -- 12.4.2 AC-Link Integration -- 12.4.3 HFAC-Link Integration -- 12.5 Islanding and Interconnection Control -- 12.6 DG Control and Power Injection -- References -- 13. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION -- 13.1 Introduction.
13.2 The Purpose of Distributed Generation -- 13.3 Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generation -- 13.4 Demand-Side Management -- 13.5 Optimal Location of Distributed Energy Sources -- 13.5.1 DG Influence on Power and Energy Losses -- 13.5.2 Estimation of DG Influence on Power Losses of Subtransmission Systems -- 13.5.3 Equivalent of Subtransmission Systems Using Experimental Design -- 13.6 Algorithm of Multicriterial Analysis -- References -- 14. INTERCONNECTION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES WITH THE GRID (Benjamin Kroposki, Thomas Basso, Richard DeBlasio, and N. Richard Friedman) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Interconnection Technologies -- 14.2.1 Synchronous Interconnection -- 14.2.2 Induction Interconnection -- 14.2.3 Inverter Interconnection -- 14.3 Standards and Codes for Interconnection -- 14.3.1 IEEE 1547 -- 14.3.2 National Electrical Code -- 14.3.3 UL Standards -- 14.4 Interconnection Considerations -- 14.4.1 Voltage Regulation -- 14.4.2 Integration with Area EPS Grounding -- 14.4.3 Synchronization -- 14.4.4 Isolation -- 14.4.5 Response to Voltage Disturbance -- 14.4.6 Response to Frequency Disturbance -- 14.4.7 Disconnection for Faults -- 14.4.8 Loss of Synchronism -- 14.4.9 Feeder Reclosing Coordination -- 14.4.10 DC Injection -- 14.4.11 Voltage Flicker -- 14.4.12 Harmonics -- 14.4.13 Unintentional Islanding Protection -- 14.5 Interconnection Examples for Alternative Energy Sources -- 14.5.1 Synchronous Generator for Peak Demand Reduction -- 14.5.2 Small Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System -- References -- 15. MICROPOWER SYSTEM MODELING WITH HOMER (Tom Lambert, Paul Gilman, and Peter Lilienthal) -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Simulation -- 15.3 Optimization -- 15.4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 15.4.1 Dealing with Uncertainty -- 15.4.2 Sensitivity Analyses on Hourly Data Sets -- 15.5 Physical Modeling -- 15.5.1 Loads -- 15.5.2 Resources -- 15.5.3 Components -- 15.5.4 System Dispatch -- 15.6 Economic Modeling -- References -- Glossary -- APPENDIX A: DIESEL POWER PLANTS.
A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Diesel Engine -- A.3 Principal Components of a Diesel Engine -- A.3.1 Fixed Parts -- A.3.2 Moving Parts -- A.3.3 Auxiliary Systems -- A.4 Terminology of Diesel Engines -- A.4.1 Diesel Cycle -- A.4.2 Combustion Process -- A.5 Diesel Engine Cycle -- A.5.1 Relative Diesel Engine Cycle Losses -- A.5.2 Classification of Diesel Engines -- A.6 Types of Fuel Injection Pumps -- A.7 Electrical Conditions of Generators Driven by Diesel Engines -- References -- APPENDIX B: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY -- B.1 Introduction -- B.2 Geothermal as a Source of Energy -- B.2.1 Geothermal Economics -- B.2.2 Geothermal Electricity -- B.2.3 Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps -- References -- APPENDIX C: THE STIRLING ENGINE -- C.1 Introduction -- C.2 Stirling Cycle -- C.3 Displacer Stirling Engine -- C.4 Two-Piston Stirling Engine -- References -- INDEX.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910830084603321
Farret Felix A.  
[Piscataway] : , : IEEE Press, , c2006
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