Plastics Packaging : Properties, Processing, Applications, and Regulations / / Susan E.M. Selke, John D. Culter, Rafael A. Auras, Muhammad Rabnawaz

• Autore: Selke Susan E.M
• Pubblicazione: München : , : Hanser, , 2021; ©2021
• Edizione: 4th ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (496 pages)
• Disciplina: 668.497
• Soggetto topico: Plastics in packaging; Polymers
• Altri autori: CulterJohn D AurasRafael A RabnawazMuhammad
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Content -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Historic Note -- 1.2 Role of Plastics in Packaging -- 1.3 Book Structure -- 1.4 References -- 2 Basic Concepts and Definitions -- 2.1 Terminology -- 2.1.1 Macromolecule -- 2.1.2 Polymer -- 2.1.3 Plastic -- 2.1.4 Monomer -- 2.1.5 Constitutional Unit -- 2.1.6 Homopolymer -- 2.1.7 Copolymer -- 2.2 Polymer Nomenclature -- 2.3 Interatomic and Intermolecular Forces in Polymers -- 2.3.1 Interatomic Forces -- 2.3.1.1 Covalent Bonds -- 2.3.1.2 Ionic Bonds -- 2.3.2 Intermolecular and Intramolecular Forces -- 2.3.2.1 Dispersion Forces -- 2.3.2.2 Induction Forces -- 2.3.2.3 Dipole Forces -- 2.3.2.4 Hydrogen Bonds -- 2.4 Properties Determined by Chemical Composition -- 2.5 Categorization of Plastics -- 2.6 References -- Study Questions -- 3 Polymer Structure and Properties -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Molecular Architecture -- 3.2.1 Linear Polymers -- 3.2.2 Branched Polymers -- 3.2.3 Cross-Linked Polymers -- 3.3 Copolymer Structure -- 3.3.1 Random Copolymers -- 3.3.2 Alternating Copolymers -- 3.3.3 Block Copolymers -- 3.3.4 Graft Copolymers -- 3.3.5 Combinations of Copolymer Types -- 3.4 Chain Polymerization, Addition Polymers -- 3.4.1 Addition or Chain Polymerization Mechanism -- 3.4.2 Vinyl Polymers -- 3.4.3 Free-Radical Polymerization -- 3.4.3.1 Initiation -- 3.4.3.2 Propagation -- 3.4.3.3 Termination -- 3.4.4 Polyethylene Polymerization Processes -- 3.4.5 Other Addition Polymerization Mechanisms -- 3.5 Molecular Configuration and Conformation -- 3.6 Head-to-Head and Head-to-Tail -- 3.6.1 Configurations of Vinyl Polymers -- 3.7 Stereochemistry -- 3.8 Step Polymerization, Condensation Polymers -- 3.9 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution -- 3.9.1 Degree of Polymerization -- 3.9.2 Molecular Mass (Weight) and Molecular Weight Distribution -- 3.9.3 Number Average Molecular Weight. ; 3.9.4 Weight Average Molecular Weight -- 3.9.5 Other Molecular Weight Averages -- 3.9.6 Determination of MWD -- 3.9.7 Effect of Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution on Flow and Mechanical Properties -- 3.10 Polymer Morphology -- 3.10.1 Crystallinity -- 3.10.2 Polymer Orientation -- 3.10.3 Degree of Crystallinity -- 3.11 Thermal Properties -- 3.11.1 Melting Temperature -- 3.11.2 Glass Transition Temperature -- 3.11.2.1 Measuring Tg -- 3.11.2.2 Variables Affecting Tg -- 3.11.3 Other Thermal Transitions -- 3.11.4 Heat Capacity -- 3.11.5 Heat of Fusion -- 3.11.6 Thermal Conductivity -- 3.11.7 Thermal Expansion Coefficient -- 3.11.8 Other Dimensional Changes -- 3.11.9 Dimensional Stability -- 3.12 Mechanical Properties -- 3.12.1 Tensile Properties -- 3.12.2 Tear Strength -- 3.12.3 Impact and Bursting Strength -- 3.12.4 Other Mechanical Properties -- 3.13 Barrier Properties -- 3.13.1 Diffusion Coefficient -- 3.13.2 Solubility Coefficient -- 3.13.3 Permeability Coefficient -- 3.14 Surfaces and Adhesion -- 3.14.1 Surface Tension -- 3.14.2 Wettability -- 3.14.3 Adhesive Bond Strength -- 3.14.4 Cohesive Bond Strength -- 3.14.5 Blocking -- 3.14.6 Friction -- 3.14.7 Heat Sealing -- 3.15 Optical Characteristics -- 3.15.1 Gloss -- 3.15.2 Haze -- 3.15.3 Transparency and Opacity -- 3.16 Electrical Properties -- 3.17 Plastics Identification Using IR Spectrophotometry -- 3.18 References -- Study Questions -- 4 Major Plastics in Packaging -- 4.1 Branched Polyethylenes -- 4.1.1 Low Density Polyethylene -- 4.1.2 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) -- 4.1.3 Ethylene Acrylic Acid (EAA) -- 4.1.4 Ionomers -- 4.2 Linear Polyethylenes -- 4.2.1 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) -- 4.2.2 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) -- 4.2.3 Metallocene Polymers -- 4.2.4 Property Trends in the Polyethylene Family -- 4.3 Polypropylene (PP) -- 4.3.1 PP Homopolymer. ; 4.3.2 Random Copolymer Polypropylene -- 4.4 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) -- 4.5 Vinylidene Chloride Copolymers (PVDC) -- 4.6 Polystyrene (PS) -- 4.7 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) and Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH) -- 4.7.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol -- 4.7.2 Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol -- 4.8 Nylon -- 4.9 Polyester -- 4.9.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) -- 4.9.2 Glycol Modified PET, Other PET Copolymers, and PET Blends -- 4.9.3 Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) -- 4.10 Polycarbonate (PC) -- 4.11 Fluoropolymers -- 4.12 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers -- 4.13 Acrylonitrile Copolymers -- 4.14 Cyclic Olefin Copolymers -- 4.15 Liquid Crystal Polymers -- 4.16 Conductive Polymers -- 4.17 Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 4.18 Biobased Plastics -- 4.18.1 Cellophane -- 4.18.2 Cellulosic Plastics -- 4.18.3 Starch-Based Plastics -- 4.18.4 Poly(Lactic Acid) - PLA -- 4.18.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.18.6 Biobased Polyolefins -- 4.18.7 Biobased PET -- 4.18.8 Other Biobased Plastics -- 4.19 Thermosets -- 4.20 Polymer Blends -- 4.21 Comparison Chart of Major Plastics -- 4.22 References -- Study Questions -- 5 Additives and Compounding -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Compounding -- 5.3 Antioxidants -- 5.4 Heat Stabilizers -- 5.5 UV Stabilizers -- 5.6 Additives to Modify Surface Attractions -- 5.6.1 Antiblocking Agents -- 5.6.2 Slip Agents -- 5.6.3 Antislip Agents -- 5.6.4 Lubricants -- 5.6.5 Mold Release Agents -- 5.7 Colorants -- 5.7.1 Dyes -- 5.7.2 Organic Pigments -- 5.7.3 Inorganic Pigments -- 5.7.4 Specialty Pigments -- 5.7.5 Colorants and the FDA -- 5.8 Antifogging Agents -- 5.9 Nucleating Agents -- 5.10 Antistatic Agents -- 5.11 Plasticizers -- 5.12 Oxygen Scavengers, Desiccants, and Fragrance Enhancers -- 5.13 Fillers and Reinforcements -- 5.14 Antimicrobials or Biocides -- 5.15 Nanoclays and Related Additives -- 5.16 Other Additives -- Study Questions -- 6 Adhesion, Adhesives, and Heat Sealing. ; 6.1 Adhesion -- 6.2 Adhesives -- 6.3 Adhesive and Cohesive Bond Strength -- 6.3.1 Adhesive Bond Strength -- 6.3.1.1 Surface Tension -- 6.3.1.2 Solubility Parameter -- 6.3.1.3 Viscosity -- 6.3.1.4 Estimation of Adhesive Bond Strength -- 6.3.2 Cohesive Bond Strength -- 6.4 Types of Adhesives -- 6.4.1 Reactive Adhesives -- 6.4.2 Hot Melt Adhesives -- 6.4.3 Solvent-Borne Adhesives -- 6.4.4 Water-Borne Adhesives -- 6.4.5 Pressure Sensitive and Remoistenable Adhesives -- 6.4.6 Cold-Seal Adhesives -- 6.4.7 UV- and E-Beam Curing -- 6.5 Application of Adhesives -- 6.6 Adhesive Terminology -- 6.7 Adhesive Additives -- 6.8 Heat Sealing -- 6.8.1 Sealing Methods -- 6.8.1.1 Bar or Thermal Sealing -- 6.8.1.2 Impulse Sealing -- 6.8.1.3 Band Sealing -- 6.8.1.4 Hot Wire or Hot Knife Sealing -- 6.8.1.5 Ultrasonic Sealing -- 6.8.1.6 Friction Sealing -- 6.8.1.7 Hot Gas Sealing and Contact Sealing -- 6.8.1.8 Radiant Sealing -- 6.8.1.9 Dielectric Sealing -- 6.8.1.10 Magnetic Sealing -- 6.8.1.11 Induction Sealing -- 6.8.1.12 Solvent Sealing -- 6.8.2 Heat Conduction in Multilayer Flexible Materials -- 6.8.3 Hot Tack -- 6.8.4 Heat-Seal Jaws -- 6.8.5 Heat-Seal Failure Modes -- 6.8.6 Evaluation of Seals in Flexible Packaging Materials -- 6.9 References -- Study Questions -- 7 Extrusion, Film and Sheet -- 7.1 Extrusion and Extruders -- 7.1.1 Hopper and Feed Port -- 7.1.2 Feed Section -- 7.1.3 Compression Section -- 7.1.4 Metering Section -- 7.1.5 Mixing Devices -- 7.1.6 Extruder, Screw Design and Size -- 7.1.7 Dies -- 7.1.8 Melt Filters -- 7.1.9 Drive Mechanisms and Screw Speeds -- 7.1.10 Special Designs -- 7.1.11 Extrusion Temperatures -- 7.1.12 Extrusion Pressures -- 7.1.13 Specific Mechanical Energy -- 7.2 Cast Film and Sheet -- 7.2.1 Cold Cast or Chill Roll Cast Process -- 7.2.2 Roll Stack and Calendering Processes -- 7.2.3 Quench Tank or Water Bath Process. ; 7.2.4 Nip Rolls and Winding -- 7.2.5 Gauge Control -- 7.2.6 Orientation -- 7.2.7 Cast Film Dies -- 7.3 Blown Film -- 7.3.1 Blown Film Extrusion -- 7.3.2 Blown Film Dies -- 7.3.3 Air Rings and Internal Bubble Cooling (IBC) -- 7.3.4 Collapsing Frames -- 7.3.5 Nips -- 7.3.6 Slitting and Winding -- 7.3.7 Double-Bubble Process -- 7.4 Stretch and Shrink Wrap -- 7.4.1 Stretch Wrap -- 7.4.2 Shrink Wrap -- 7.5 Film and Sheet Coextrusion -- 7.6 Surface Treatment -- 7.7 Yield of Film -- 7.8 Testing and Evaluation of Films -- 7.9 References -- Study Questions -- 8 Converting, Lamination and Coating -- 8.1 Extrusion Coating and Laminating -- 8.2 Hot Melt Lamination or Coating -- 8.3 Adhesive Lamination -- 8.4 Thermal Laminating -- 8.5 Metallized Film -- 8.6 Silicon Oxide Films -- 8.7 Other Inorganic Barrier Coatings -- 8.8 Building Multilayer Structures -- 8.9 References -- Study Questions -- 9 Flexible Packaging -- 9.1 Characteristics of Flexible Packaging -- 9.2 Pouch Styles -- 9.2.1 Pillow Pouches -- 9.2.2 Three-Side Seal Pouches -- 9.2.3 Four-Side Seal Pouches -- 9.2.4 Stand-Up Pouches -- 9.3 Forming Pouches -- 9.4 Retort Pouches -- 9.5 Bulk and Heavy-Duty Bags -- 9.6 Bag-in-Box -- 9.6 References -- Study Questions -- 10 Thermoforming -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Heating the Sheet -- 10.2.1 Temperature Selection -- 10.2.2 Radiative Heating -- 10.3 Forming the Sheet -- 10.3.1 Basic Methods -- 10.3.1.1 Drape Forming -- 10.3.1.2 Vacuum Forming -- 10.3.1.3 Pressure Forming -- 10.3.2 Sheet Deformation -- 10.3.3 Thermoforming Variations -- 10.3.3.1 Plug-Assist Thermoforming -- 10.3.3.2 Solid Phase Pressure Forming -- 10.3.3.3 Bubble or Billow Forming -- 10.3.3.4 Vacuum Snap-Back Thermoforming -- 10.3.3.5 Matched Mold Forming -- 10.3.3.6 Scrapless Thermoforming -- 10.3.3.7 In-Line Thermoforming and Melt-to-Mold Thermoforming -- 10.3.3.8 Twin-Sheet Thermoforming. ; 10.3.3.9 Skin Packaging.
• Sommario/riassunto: "Plastic materials continue to play a vital and growing role in packaging applications. It is thus more important than ever that all involved in the packaging industry command a basic understanding of the properties of the common packaging plastics. This highly regarded book provides just that to students and packaging professionals alike: material properties and how they relate to the chemical structure of the polymers, common processing methods for packaging applications, help with writing specifications, designing, fabricating, testing, and controlling the quality of the plastic material are covered comprehensively. The fourth edition has major revisions in discussions of sustainability, recycling, and design for sustainability. Coverage of biodegradable and biobased plastics is also increased. Discussion of coatings is also expanded. Further updates and enhancements throughout ensure Plastics Packaging remains an indispensable resource for both the packaging expert and the novice."-- Provided by publisher.
• Titolo autorizzato: Plastics Packaging
• ISBN: 9781523145027; 1523145021; 9781569908235; 1569908230
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911007104203321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II