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Intro -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Foreword to the English edition -- Thank You -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: The Natural Sciences -- 1.1 Differentiation of the Natural Sciences -- 1.2 Differentiation of Physical and Chemical Processes -- 1.3 What Are These ``Substances´´? -- 1.4 Models -- 2: Substances and Mixtures -- 2.1 Substance Separation -- 2.1.1 Separation of Heterogeneous Systems -- 2.1.2 Separation of Homogeneous Systems -- 2.2 Element and Connection -- Example 1 -- Example 2 -- 2.3 Substance Properties of Interest to the Fire Brigade -- Part II: Forms of States of Matter -- 3: Aggregate States -- 3.1 Heat Transport -- 3.1.1 What Is ``Heat´´? -- 3.1.2 What Is ``Temperature´´? -- 3.1.2.1 Temperature Scales -- 3.1.3 Heat Conduction -- Calculation of Linear Expansion -- Rule of Thumb -- 3.1.3.1 Thermal Conductivity -- 3.1.4 Heat Convection (Convection) -- 3.1.4.1 Volume Expansion -- Calculation of the Volume Expansion -- Rule of thumb -- 3.1.4.2 Apparent Volume Expansion -- 3.1.4.3 Volume Expansion in Completely Filled Containers -- 3.1.5 Thermal Radiation -- 3.1.6 Heat Transport and Fire Occurrence -- 3.2 Change of the State of Aggregation -- 3.2.1 Transitions Solid Liquid -- 3.2.1.1 Melting Point -- 3.2.1.2 Solidification Point -- 3.2.2 Transitions Liquid Gaseous -- 3.2.2.1 Boiling Point -- 3.2.2.2 Evaporation -- 3.2.3 Transitions Solid Gaseous -- 3.2.4 Vapour Pressure Condition -- 3.2.4.1 Water Steam Volatility -- 3.3 Important Safety-Related Values -- 3.3.1 Evaporation Number -- 3.3.2 Vapour Pressure -- 3.3.3 Flash Point, Inflammation Point, Ignition Temperature -- 3.3.3.1 Water-Miscible Flammable Liquids -- 3.3.4 Explosion Range -- 3.3.4.1 About the Measurement Technology -- 3.3.4.2 Calculated Estimation LEL/UEL -- Example -- 3.3.5 Vapour Density Ratio -- 3.3.6 Basic Tactical Rules.
3.4 Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heats -- 3.4.1 Specific Heat Capacity -- 3.4.2 Heat of Fusion -- 3.4.3 Heat of Evaporation -- 3.4.4 Heat of Sublimation -- 3.4.5 Heat Quantity Calculations -- 3.4.5.1 Heat Mixtures without Changes of Aggregate State -- Calculation Example 1 -- Calculation Example 2 -- 3.4.5.2 Heat Mixtures with Changes of Aggregate State -- 3.4.6 Changes of Aggregate State and Extinguishing Agent Use -- 3.4.6.1 Water -- 3.4.6.2 Foam -- 3.4.6.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 3.4.6.4 Extinguishing Powder -- 3.4.7 Aggregate States in NBC Operations -- 4: Gases -- 4.1 Ideal Gas -- 4.2 Pressure and Temperature -- 4.3 Boyle-Mariotte Law -- 4.4 Law of Amontons -- 4.5 Law of Gay-Lussac -- 4.6 General Gas Equation -- 4.6.1 Absolute Zero -- 4.7 Avogadro Theorem -- 4.8 Universal Gas Equation -- Calculation Example ``Universal Gas Equation´´ -- 4.9 Standard Conditions -- 4.10 Partial Pressures -- 4.11 Diffusion -- 4.11.1 Diffusion Coefficient (Diffusion Constant) -- 4.11.2 Brownian Molecular Motion -- 4.12 Real Gases -- 4.12.1 Breathing Air - A Real Gas -- 4.12.2 Critical Pressure and Critical Temperature -- 4.12.2.1 BLEVE -- 4.12.3 Solubility of Gases -- 4.12.3.1 Solubility of Gases During Firefighting Operations -- Part III: Atomic Models and Periodic Table -- 5: Atoms and Atomic Shell -- 5.1 Development of the Atomic Theory -- 5.1.1 Dalton´s Atomic Model - Sphere Model -- 5.1.2 Thomson´s Atomic Model - Raisin Cake Model -- 5.2 Structure of the Atomic Shell -- 5.2.1 Rutherford Atomic Model -- 5.2.2 Bohr´s Atomic Model -- 5.2.3 Bohr-Sommerfeld Atomic Model -- 5.2.4 Orbital Model -- 5.2.5 The Electron -- 5.3 Structure of the Atomic Nucleus -- 5.3.1 Rutherford´s Scattering Test -- 5.3.2 The Proton -- 5.3.3 The Neutron -- 5.4 Particles in the Atom -- 5.5 Atomic Mass Units -- 5.5.1 Absolute Atomic Mass (mA) and Absolute Molecular Mass (mM).
5.5.2 Relative Atomic Mass (Ar), Relative Molecular Mass (Mr), and ``u´´ -- Example -- 5.5.3 Amount of Substance n -- 5.5.4 The Molar Volume (Vm) -- 5.5.5 Loschmidt Number -- 6: The Periodic Table -- 6.1 Early Trials -- 6.2 Periodic Table According to Mendeleev & -- Meyer -- 6.3 Structure of the Periodic Table -- 6.3.1 Display Mode -- 6.3.2 Casting Order -- 6.4 Representation of the Electron Configuration -- 6.4.1 Hund´s Rule -- 6.4.2 Orbital Diagram -- 6.4.3 Term Notation -- 6.5 Periodic Properties -- 6.5.1 Atomic Radius -- 6.5.2 Ionization Energy -- 6.5.3 Electron Affinity -- 6.5.4 Electronegativity -- Summary: Periodic Properties of the Elements -- 6.6 Main Groups of the Periodic Table -- 6.6.1 First Main Group - Alkali Metals -- 6.6.2 Second Main Group -Alkaline Earth Metals -- 6.6.3 Third Main Group - Boron Group -- 6.6.4 Fourth Main Group - Carbon Group -- 6.6.5 Fifth Main Group - Nitrogen Group -- 6.6.6 Sixth Main Group - Chalcogens -- 6.6.7 Seventh Main Group - Halogens -- 6.6.8 Eighth Main Group -Noble Gases -- 6.7 Subgroup Elements/d-Elements -- 6.8 Rare Earths/f-Elements -- 6.9 Oblique Relationship -- 6.10 Metals in the PTE -- Part IV: Molecules, Ions, Bonds -- 7: Introduction -- 7.1 Molecule Presentation -- 7.2 Notation -- 7.2.1 Element Symbols -- 7.2.2 Comparison of Molecular Notations -- 7.3 The Valence Stroke Formula -- 7.3.1 Noble Gas Rule -- Example -- 7.3.1.1 Exceptions to the Noble Gas Rule -- 7.3.1.2 Bonds of Heavy Elements (From Third Period) -- 7.3.1.3 Formal Charge -- 7.3.1.4 Mesomerism -- Example -- 7.3.2 Electronegativity (EN) -- 7.3.3 Oxidation Number -- 7.4 Other Formula Notations -- 7.4.1 Ratio Formula -- 7.4.2 Sum Formula -- 7.4.3 Constitutional Formula -- 7.4.4 Structural Formulas -- 7.4.5 Skeleton Formulas -- 8: Bonds -- 8.1 Strong Bonds -- 8.1.1 Metal Binding -- 8.1.2 Ion Binding -- 8.1.3 Electron Pair Bond.
8.1.4 Polarized Electron Pair Bond -- 8.1.5 Transitions Between the Bond Types -- 8.2 Weak Bondings -- 8.2.1 Dipole-Dipole Interaction -- 8.2.1.1 Effects of the Dipole-Dipole Interaction -- 8.2.2 Hydrogen Bond -- 8.2.3 Van der Waals Forces -- 8.2.3.1 Effects of the Van der Waals forces -- 8.3 Other Types of Bonds in Solids -- 8.3.1 Molecular Lattice -- 8.3.2 Atomic Lattice -- 8.3.2.1 Modification -- Part V: Solutions and Chemical Reactions -- 9: Chemical Reactions: Fundamentals -- 9.1 Basic Laws -- 9.1.1 Law of Conservation of Mass -- 9.1.2 Law of Equivalent Proportions -- 9.1.3 Law of Constant Proportions -- 9.1.4 Law of Multiple Proportions -- 9.1.5 Humboldt´s Gas Law -- 9.2 Reactions -- 9.2.1 Basic Reactions -- 9.2.2 Reaction Equations -- Examples -- 9.2.3 Rules for Setting Up Reaction Equations -- Example 1 -- Example 2 -- 9.2.4 Stoichiometry -- 9.2.5 Naming Connections -- 10: Solutions -- 10.1 Basic Information on the Dissolving Behaviour -- 10.1.1 Dissolving Process: Polar Substances in Polar Solvents -- 10.1.2 Dissolving Process: Non-polar Substances in Non-polar Solvents -- 10.1.3 Energy Consumption During the Dissolving Process -- 10.1.4 Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated Solutions -- 10.1.5 Temperature Dependence of the Solubility -- 10.1.6 Crystal Water -- 10.1.7 Application-Related Dissolving Behaviour of Solids -- Example -- 10.1.8 Water Miscibility of Liquids -- 10.1.8.1 Mixture Gap for Liquids -- 10.1.8.2 Simple Detection Options -- 10.1.9 Rules for the Solubility of Salts in Water -- 10.2 Composition of Mixed Phases -- 10.2.1 Mass Fraction (w, w %) -- 10.2.1.1 Conversion Solubility (L*) Mass Fraction (w) -- 10.2.2 Volume Fraction (φ,φ %, vol.-%) -- 10.2.3 Mass Concentration (β) -- 10.2.4 Volume Concentration (σ, σ %) -- 10.2.5 Mass Concentration (c) -- 10.2.6 Mass Ratio (r) -- 10.2.7 Molality (b).
10.2.8 Small Concentrations (, ppm, ppb, ppt) -- 10.2.8.1 Conversion Mass Concentration Volume Concentration -- Example -- 10.2.9 ppm Values in Firefighting Operations -- 10.3 Reactions in Solution -- 10.3.1 Exchange Reactions, General -- 10.3.2 Precipitation Formation -- 10.3.3 Formation of Gases -- 10.3.4 Formation of Weak Electrolytes -- 10.4 Chemical Reactions During the Dissolving Process -- 10.4.1 Reactions with Acids -- 10.4.2 ``Solutions´´ of Gases -- 10.4.3 Hydrolysis -- Example -- 11: Double Salts, Complexes and Dispersions -- 11.1 Double Salts -- 11.2 Complex Salts -- 11.2.1 Important Complexes/Complexing Agents -- 11.2.2 Complexions -- 11.2.3 Structure of Complexes -- 11.2.4 Denticity of the Ligands -- 11.2.5 Stability of Complexes -- 11.2.6 Colourfulness of Complexes -- 11.2.7 Nomenclature of Complex Compounds -- 11.2.7.1 Ligands -- 11.2.7.2 Cationic Complexes -- 11.2.7.3 Anionic Complexes -- 11.2.8 Water Hardness and Extinguishing Water Supply -- 11.3 Disperse Systems -- 11.3.1 Finely Dispersed Systems -- 11.3.2 Colloid Disperse Systems -- 11.3.3 Tyndall Effect -- Part VI: Acids and Alkalis -- 12: Acid-Base Theories -- 12.1 Definition According to Arrhenius -- 12.1.1 Acids -- Examples -- 12.1.2 Bases -- Example -- 12.1.3 Neutralization -- Example -- 12.1.4 Hydrolysis -- 12.1.5 Salts -- 12.1.6 Limitations of the Model and Outlook -- 12.2 Definition According to Brønsted and Lowry -- 12.2.1 Acids and Bases -- Example -- 12.2.2 Salts -- 12.2.3 Amphoteric Substances -- 12.2.4 Improvements Against Arrhenius -- 12.2.5 Limitations of the Model and Outlook -- 12.3 Definition According to Lewis -- 12.3.1 Lewis Acids -- 12.3.2 Lewis Bases -- 12.3.3 Acid-Base Reaction According to Lewis -- 12.3.4 Limits of the Concept According to Lewis -- 12.4 HSAB Concept -- 12.4.1 Overview HSAB Concept -- Example -- 12.4.2 Limitations of the HSAB Concept.
13: Acids and Alkalis.
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The Avogadro Constant : Origin of a Natural Constant / / by Torsten Schmiermund
