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Interference mitigation in device-to-device communications / / edited by Masood Ur Rehman, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar, Mohammad Asad Rehman Chaudhry
| Interference mitigation in device-to-device communications / / edited by Masood Ur Rehman, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar, Mohammad Asad Rehman Chaudhry |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , [2022] |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (243 pages) |
| Disciplina | 621.384 |
| Soggetto topico |
Wireless communication systems
Electromagnetic interference |
| ISBN |
1-119-78882-X
1-119-78881-1 1-119-78880-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to D2D Communications -- 1.1 D2D Communication -- 1.2 Evolution of D2D Communication -- 1.3 D2D Communication in Cellular Spectrum -- 1.4 Classification of D2D Communication -- 1.5 Challenges in D2D Implementation -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Interference Mitigation in D2D Communication Underlaying LTE‐A Network -- 2.1 Applicability of D2D Communication -- 2.2 Interference - The Compelling Issue in D2D -- 2.3 Types of D2D Communication -- 2.3.1 In‐Band D2D Communication -- 2.3.1.1 Underlay In‐Band -- 2.3.1.2 Overlay In‐Band -- 2.3.2 Out‐Band D2D Communication -- 2.3.2.1 Network‐Assisted D2D Communication -- 2.3.2.2 Autonomous D2D Communication -- 2.4 D2D Communication Underlaying Cellular Network - The Challenges -- 2.4.1 Device Discovery -- 2.4.2 Mode Selection -- 2.4.3 Radio Resource Management -- 2.4.4 Modification to LTE‐A Architecture -- 2.4.5 Security in D2D -- 2.4.6 Mobility Management -- 2.5 Interference in D2D -- 2.5.1 Power Control Techniques -- 2.5.2 Radio Resource Allocation Techniques -- 2.5.3 Joint Power Control and Radio Resource Allocation Techniques -- 2.5.4 Spectrum Splitting Techniques -- 2.5.5 Other Interference Mitigation Techniques -- 2.5.6 Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output Techniques -- 2.5.7 Comparative Analysis of D2D Interference Mitigation Techniques -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 Rethinking D2D Interference: Beyond the Past -- 3.1 Interference Manipulation -- 3.1.1 Example -- 3.2 Formulation of Interference Manipulation Problem -- 3.3 Matrix Rank Minimization: A Way to Manipulate Interference -- 3.3.1 Reduction of Interference Manipulation to Matrix Rank Minimization -- 3.3.2 Minimum Rank Matrix to Transmission Scheme -- 3.3.3 Does the Field Size Matter?.
3.4 Interference Manipulation: A Boolean Satisfiability Approach -- 3.5 Interference Manipulation: Index Coding Perspective -- 3.5.1 Interference Manipulation Is NP‐hard -- 3.5.2 An Efficient Solution for Interference Manipulation -- 3.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 User Pairing Scheme for Efficient D2D Content Delivery in Cellular Networks -- 4.1 D2D Content Delivery -- 4.2 D2D Content Delivery Architecture -- 4.2.1 Network Model -- 4.2.2 Channel Model -- 4.2.3 Content Delivery Model -- 4.3 D2D Content Delivery Strategies -- 4.3.1 Pairing Range -- 4.3.2 Energy Efficiency for Multicast and Unicast -- 4.3.3 Caching and Delivery -- 4.4 D2D Delivery Mode Selection -- 4.5 Performance Evaluation -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Resource Allocation for NOMA‐based D2D Systems Coexisting with Cellular Networks -- 5.1 NOMA‐based D2D Systems -- 5.2 System Model and Performance Analysis -- 5.2.1 System Model and Assumptions -- 5.2.2 Capacity Analysis of D2D and Cellular Networks -- 5.2.2.1 Uplink Cellular Networks Transmission -- 5.2.2.2 Downlink NOMA‐D2D Transmission -- 5.3 Joint Subchannel Assignment and Power Control for D2D Communication -- 5.3.1 Subchannel Assignment Scheme -- 5.3.2 Power Control Scheme -- 5.4 Optimization of D2D Device Pairing -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 Channel Model -- 5.5.2 Performance Evaluation -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Distributed Multi‐Agent RL‐Based Autonomous Spectrum Allocation in D2D‐Enabled Multi‐Tier HetNets -- 6.1 D2D Resource Allocation Methods -- 6.2 Reinforcement Q‐Learning -- 6.3 System Model -- 6.4 Resource Allocation in Multi‐tier D2D Communication -- 6.4.1 Autonomous Spectrum Allocation Scheme -- 6.5 Performance Evaluation -- 6.5.1 Performance of D2D Users -- 6.5.2 Performance of Cellular Users -- 6.5.3 Coverage Analysis -- 6.5.4 Computational Time Analysis. 6.5.5 Memory Requirements -- 6.5.6 Effect of Base Stations Density -- 6.5.7 Effect of Network Tiers -- 6.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Adaptive Interference Aware Device‐to‐Device‐Enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communications -- 7.1 Key Elements in D2D Communication -- 7.1.1 D2D Network Discovery -- 7.1.2 SWIPT for D2D -- 7.1.3 Resource Allocation -- 7.1.4 3GPP Standardization -- 7.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in D2D -- 7.2.1 Key Challenges in UAV‐based D2D -- 7.2.2 Transmission over PC5 Interface for UAV‐based D2D Discovery -- 7.2.3 Interference in UAV‐based D2D -- 7.3 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Emergency Device‐to‐Device Communication: Applicability, Case Studies and Interference Mitigation -- 8.1 Emergency D2D Communication -- 8.2 Approaches for Efficient Emergency D2D Communication -- 8.3 Emergency D2D Communication: Case Studies -- 8.4 Interference Mitigation in Emergency D2D Communication -- 8.4.1 Radiated Power Management -- 8.4.2 Frequency Allocation -- 8.4.2.1 Hybrid Schemes for Power Control and Intelligent Frequency Allocation -- 8.4.3 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) -- 8.4.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Cancellation in DSRC -- 8.4.5 Interference Mitigation through Multiple Antennas (MIMO) -- 8.4.5.1 Beam Steering in 3GPP 5G NR Supported Vehicular Systems -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9 Disaster Management Using D2D Communication With Power Transfer and Clustering Techniques -- 9.1 D2D Communication in Disaster Management -- 9.2 D2D Communication in Disaster Management: Key Considerations -- 9.3 D2D Disaster Management System Architecture -- 9.3.1 Time Switching‐Based Protocol -- 9.3.2 Network Configuration -- 9.3.3 Outage Probability for Mode Selection -- 9.4 Power Transfer Using Relaying and Clustering in D2D Disaster Management -- 9.4.1 System Model -- 9.4.2 Performance Evaluation -- 9.4.2.1 Energy Calculation. 9.5 Results and Discussion -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Road Ahead for D2D Communications -- 10.1 Future Prospects and Challenges -- 10.1.1 Spectrum Sharing and Coexistence -- 10.1.2 Standardization -- 10.1.3 Secure Communication -- 10.1.4 Energy Consumption and Energy Harvesting -- 10.1.5 Interference Management -- 10.1.6 Resource Allocation -- 10.1.7 Device Discovery -- 10.1.8 Handover -- 10.1.9 Network Slicing -- 10.1.10 D2D in Vehicular Communications -- 10.1.11 D2D in Disaster Management -- 10.1.12 D2D at Millimeter Wave Frequencies -- 10.1.13 D2D and Social Networks -- 10.1.14 D2D and Visible Light Communication (VLC) -- References -- Index -- EULA. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910830189203321 |
| Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , [2022] | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
LTE communications and networks : femtocells and antenna design challenges / / edited by Masood Ur Rehman, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
| LTE communications and networks : femtocells and antenna design challenges / / edited by Masood Ur Rehman, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar |
| Autore | Rehman Masood |
| Edizione | [First edition.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, , 2018 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (360 pgaes) |
| Disciplina | 621.3845/6 |
| Soggetto topico |
Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications)
Femtocells Antennas (Electronics) - Design and construction |
| ISBN |
1-119-38525-3
1-119-38524-5 1-119-38527-X |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
List of Contributors xv -- Preface xvi -- 1 Introduction 1 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar and Masood Ur Rehman -- 1.1 Evolution of Wireless and Cellular Communication 2 -- 1.1.1 1 G 3 -- 1.1.2 2 G 3 -- 1.1.3 2.5 G 3 -- 1.1.4 2.75 G 4 -- 1.1.5 3 G 4 -- 1.1.6 3.5 G 4 -- 1.1.7 4 G/LTE 5 -- 1.2 LTE Architecture 5 -- 1.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks 8 -- 1.2.1.1 Signalling System 8 -- 1.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility 9 -- 1.2.1.3 BS Efficiency 9 -- 1.2.2 LTE Radio Frame 10 -- 1.3 LTE Antennas 11 -- 1.4 LTE Applications 11 -- 1.4.1 Communications 11 -- 1.4.2 Public Safety 12 -- 1.4.3 Device?]to?]Device Communications 12 -- 1.4.4 Video Streaming 12 -- 1.4.5 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 12 -- 1.4.6 Internet of Things 13 -- 1.4.7 Wearable Systems 13 -- 1.4.8 Cloud Computing 13 -- 1.5 Book Organization 14 -- References 16 -- Part I LTE Femtocells 19 -- 2 LTE Femtocells 21 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 2.1 Introduction 21 -- 2.1.1 Cross?]Tier Interference 22 -- 2.1.2 Co?]Tier Interference 24 -- 2.1.3 Downlink Interference Modelling 24 -- 2.1.4 Uplink Interference Modelling 25 -- 2.2 Platform for Femtocell Deployment 26 -- 2.3 LTE Architecture Overview 26 -- 2.3.1 LTE Downlink Transmission 27 -- 2.3.2 LTE Uplink Transmission 27 -- 2.4 LTE Femtocell Interference Analysis 28 -- 2.4.1 Scenario 1: Cross?]Tier Interference Analysis 28 -- 2.4.2 Scenario 2: Effects of Femtocell Access Mode Deployment 28 -- 2.4.3 Scenario 3: Co?]Tier Interference Analysis 29 -- 2.4.4 Scenario 4: Effects of Varying FAP Transmit Power Levels on MUEs 29 -- 2.5 Interference Mitigation: Current State of the Art 31 -- 2.5.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment 31 -- 2.5.2 Power Control 32 -- 2.5.3 Antenna Schemes 33 -- 2.6 Cognitive Femtocells: A Smart Solution to a Complex Problem 33 -- 2.7 Summary 35 -- References 36 -- 3 Interference Mitigation in Cognitive Radio?]Based LTE Femtocells 38 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 3.1 Introduction 39 -- 3.2 Femtocells 41 -- 3.2.1 Femtocells - Interference versus Deployment 43.
3.2.2 Femtocells - Typical Interference Mitigation Techniques 46 -- 3.2.2.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment Schemes 46 -- 3.2.2.2 Power Control (PC) Schemes 46 -- 3.2.2.3 Antenna Schemes 48 -- 3.3 Interference Mitigation in Femtocells using Cognitive Radio 49 -- 3.3.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation 51 -- 3.3.1.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - PC 52 -- 3.3.1.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Spectrum Access 54 -- 3.3.1.3 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Antenna Schemes 64 -- 3.3.1.4 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Joint Schemes 66 -- 3.3.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation versus Conventional Interference Mitigation 70 -- 3.4 Summary 74 -- References 75 -- 4 Coverage Area?]Based Power Control for Interference Management in LTE Femtocells 84 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 4.1 Introduction 85 -- 4.2 Coverage Radius Based Power Control Scheme (PS) 88 -- 4.2.1 Radius Limit Setting 89 -- 4.2.2 Initial Coverage Radius 89 -- 4.2.3 Self?]Update 89 -- 4.2.4 Final Radius 89 -- 4.3 System Model 90 -- 4.4 Performance Analysis 92 -- 4.4.1 Results and Discussion 93 -- 4.4.1.1 SINR Cross?]Tier (Single Cell) 93 -- 4.4.1.2 SINR Co?]Tier (Single Cell) 94 -- 4.4.1.3 Downlink Throughput (Single Cell) 95 -- 4.4.1.4 Co?] and Cross?]Tier SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 96 -- 4.4.1.5 Droppage in SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 97 -- 4.4.1.6 Coverage Area Bounds and Impact on SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 99 -- 4.5 Summary 100 -- References 101 -- 5 Energy Management in LTE Femtocells 104 /Kapil Kanwal, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar, Masood Ur Rehman and Xiaodong Yang -- 5.1 Introduction 105 -- 5.2 Architecture of LTE Networks 105 -- 5.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks 106 -- 5.2.1.1 Signalling System 106 -- 5.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility 107 -- 5.2.1.3 BS Efficiency 107 -- 5.2.2 Importance of Energy Management in LTE Networks 108 -- 5.3 Classification of ES Schemes 108 -- 5.3.1 Static Power Consumption 109 -- 5.3.2 Dynamic Power Consumption 109. 5.4 Energy Efficient Resource Allocation 113 -- 5.4.1 Hybrid FBS and MBS Based Schemes 113 -- 5.4.2 Link Adaptation Schemes 114 -- 5.4.3 Cross Layer Resource Allocation Schemes 115 -- 5.4.4 MBSFN Resource Allocation Scheme 115 -- 5.5 Bandwidth Expansion Schemes 117 -- 5.5.1 CoMP Based Coverage Expansion 117 -- 5.5.2 Time Compression (TCoM) Scheme 118 -- 5.5.3 Bandwidth Expansion Mode (BEM) Scheme 119 -- 5.5.4 Component Carrier Based Schemes 121 -- 5.5.5 Scheduling Based Schemes 122 -- 5.6 Load Balancing Schemes 123 -- 5.6.1 Distance Aware Schemes 123 -- 5.6.2 Coverage Expansion Based Schemes 125 -- 5.6.3 Distributed Schemes 125 -- 5.6.4 Shared Relay Based Schemes 127 -- 5.6.5 CRN Adopted Switching Off of a BS 128 -- 5.6.6 Reduced Early Handover (REHO) Scheme 129 -- 5.7 Comparative Analysis 130 -- 5.8 Open Research Issues 135 -- 5.9 Summary 139 -- References 140 -- 6 Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms in Cognitive Radio Based LTE Femtocells 150 /Tazeen S. Syed and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 6.1 Fundamentals of Signal Processing 151 -- 6.1.1 Channel Model 151 -- 6.1.1.1 Additive Gaussian Noise Channel 151 -- 6.1.1.2 Linear Filter Channel 152 -- 6.1.1.3 Band Limited Channel 153 -- 6.1.2 Modulation Technique 153 -- 6.1.3 Error Probability 154 -- 6.2 Spectrum Sensing Techniques 155 -- 6.2.1 Primary Transmitter Detection 155 -- 6.2.1.1 Energy Detector 156 -- 6.2.1.2 Matched Filter Detection 158 -- 6.2.1.3 Cyclostationary Feature Detection 159 -- 6.2.1.4 Waveform Detection 160 -- 6.2.1.5 Wavelet Detection 161 -- 6.2.1.6 Hybrid Sensing 162 -- 6.2.1.7 Multi?]Taper Spectrum Sensing 163 -- 6.2.2 Collaborative/Cooperative Detection 163 -- 6.2.3 Interference Temperature Detection 166 -- 6.2.4 Primary Receiver Detection 166 -- 6.3 History Assisted Spectrum Sensing 166 -- 6.4 Model?]and Statistics?]Based Spectrum Sensing Classification 167 -- 6.5 Challenges and Issues 172 -- 6.6 Summary 176 -- References 177 -- Part II Antennas for LTE Femtocells 185 -- 7 Antenna Consideration for LTE Femtocells 187 /Masood Ur Rehman. 7.1 Antenna Fundamentals 187 -- 7.1.1 Input Impedance and Matching 188 -- 7.1.2 Bandwidth 189 -- 7.1.3 Radiation Pattern 190 -- 7.1.4 Directivity and Gain 191 -- 7.1.5 Efficiency 193 -- 7.1.6 Polarization 193 -- 7.2 Antenna Requirements for LTE Femtocells 196 -- 7.2.1 Frequency Bands 197 -- 7.2.2 Form Factor and Size Limitation 201 -- 7.2.3 Impedance Matching, Directivity, Gain and Efficiency 201 -- 7.2.4 Directionality 202 -- 7.2.5 Polarization 203 -- 7.2.6 Human Body Effects and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 204 -- 7.2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) 205 -- References 206 -- 8 Multiband Antennas for LTE Femtocells 209 /Masood Ur Rehman and Xiaodong Yang -- 8.1 Fundamentals of Multiband Antennas 209 -- 8.1.1 Multiband Techniques 210 -- 8.1.1.1 Higher Order Resonances 210 -- 8.1.1.2 Multiple Resonant Structures 211 -- 8.2 Types of Multiband Antennas 211 -- 8.3 Multiband Antenna Design: Case Studies 214 -- 8.3.1 Multi?]Slot Antenna 215 -- 8.3.1.1 Antenna Geometry 215 -- 8.3.1.2 Antenna Performance Evaluation 215 -- 8.3.2 Patch?]Loop Combination Antenna 220 -- 8.3.2.1 Antenna Configuration 220 -- 8.3.2.2 Antenna Performance 220 -- 8.4 Open Research Issues 227 -- References 227 -- 9 Reconfigurable Antennas for LTE Femtocells 230 /Masood Ur Rehman and Waqas Farooq -- 9.1 Fundamentals of Reconfigurable Antennas 230 -- 9.1.1 Types of Reconfigurable Antennas 231 -- 9.1.1.1 Use of Switches 232 -- 9.1.1.2 Structural and Mechanical Changes 232 -- 9.1.1.3 Material Changes 234 -- 9.2 Realization of Reconfigurable Antennas 234 -- 9.3 Rectangular Patch Reconfigurable LTE Femtocell Antenna 237 -- 9.3.1 Design Conception 237 -- 9.3.2 Frequency Reconfiguration Mode 239 -- 9.3.3 Antenna Performance Evaluation 240 -- 9.4 Circular Patch Reconfigurable LTE Femtocell Antenna 246 -- 9.4.1 Frequency Reconfiguration Mode 248 -- 9.4.2 Antenna Performance Evaluation 248 -- 9.5 Open Research Issues 253 -- References 254 -- 10 Multimode Antennas for LTE Femtocells 259 /Oluyemi Peter Falade, Xiaodong Chen and Masood Ur Rehman. 10.1 Multimode Antennas: Fundamentals and Types 260 -- 10.2 Design of a Compact Multimode LTE Femtocell Antenna for Handheld Devices 261 -- 10.2.1 Numerical Analysis 263 -- 10.2.2 Experimental Investigation 266 -- 10.3 Design of a Multifunctional Compact Antenna for LTE Femtocells and GNSS Systems 268 -- 10.3.1 Numerical Analysis 273 -- 10.3.2 Experimental Investigation 279 -- 10.4 Summary 284 -- 10.5 Open Challenges and Issues 284 -- References 284 -- 11 Human Body Effects on LTE Femtocell Antennas 289 /Masood Ur Rehman and Qammer Hussain Abbasi -- 11.1 Interaction of the Human Body with Antennas 290 -- 11.2 Numerical Modelling of the Human Body 291 -- 11.2.1 Evaluation and Comparison of Numerical Models of Human Body 294 -- 11.2.1.1 On?]Body Transmission 294 -- 11.2.1.2 Effects on Antenna Radiation Pattern 297 -- 11.2.1.3 Electric Field Distribution 299 -- 11.2.1.4 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 300 -- 11.3 Evaluation of Human Body Effects on LTE Femtocell Antennas 305 -- 11.3.1 On?]Body Antenna Placement 308 -- 11.3.2 Antenna?]Body Separation 310 -- 11.3.3 On?]Body LTE Channel Characterization 312 -- 11.3.4 On?]Off Body LTE Channel Characterization 313 -- 11.3.5 Body?]to?]Body LTE Channel Characterization 315 -- 11.4 Open Research Issues 316 -- References 317 -- 12 The Road Ahead for LTE Femtocells 322 /Masood Ur Rehman and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 12.1 Future Prospects and Challenges 323 -- 12.1.1 Spectrum Sharing 324 -- 12.1.2 Intelligent/Efficient Spectrum Sensing Schemes 324 -- 12.1.3 Primary/Secondary User Issue 325 -- 12.1.4 Energy Saving 325 -- 12.1.5 Security 326 -- 12.1.6 Pilot Power/Coverage Radius Issue 326 -- 12.1.7 Signalling Overhead 326 -- 12.1.8 Proximity Services 326 -- 12.1.9 The Internet?]of?]Things (IoT) 327 -- 12.1.10 The Age of Big Data 328 -- 12.1.11 5G and Femtocells 328 -- 12.1.12 Antenna Design and Channel Modelling 328 -- References 330 -- Index 332 --. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910270907203321 |
Rehman Masood
|
||
| Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, , 2018 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
LTE communications and networks : femtocells and antenna design challenges / / edited by Masood Ur Rehman, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
| LTE communications and networks : femtocells and antenna design challenges / / edited by Masood Ur Rehman, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar |
| Autore | Rehman Masood |
| Edizione | [First edition.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, , 2018 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (360 pgaes) |
| Disciplina | 621.3845/6 |
| Soggetto topico |
Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications)
Femtocells Antennas (Electronics) - Design and construction |
| ISBN |
1-119-38525-3
1-119-38524-5 1-119-38527-X |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
List of Contributors xv -- Preface xvi -- 1 Introduction 1 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar and Masood Ur Rehman -- 1.1 Evolution of Wireless and Cellular Communication 2 -- 1.1.1 1 G 3 -- 1.1.2 2 G 3 -- 1.1.3 2.5 G 3 -- 1.1.4 2.75 G 4 -- 1.1.5 3 G 4 -- 1.1.6 3.5 G 4 -- 1.1.7 4 G/LTE 5 -- 1.2 LTE Architecture 5 -- 1.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks 8 -- 1.2.1.1 Signalling System 8 -- 1.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility 9 -- 1.2.1.3 BS Efficiency 9 -- 1.2.2 LTE Radio Frame 10 -- 1.3 LTE Antennas 11 -- 1.4 LTE Applications 11 -- 1.4.1 Communications 11 -- 1.4.2 Public Safety 12 -- 1.4.3 Device?]to?]Device Communications 12 -- 1.4.4 Video Streaming 12 -- 1.4.5 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 12 -- 1.4.6 Internet of Things 13 -- 1.4.7 Wearable Systems 13 -- 1.4.8 Cloud Computing 13 -- 1.5 Book Organization 14 -- References 16 -- Part I LTE Femtocells 19 -- 2 LTE Femtocells 21 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 2.1 Introduction 21 -- 2.1.1 Cross?]Tier Interference 22 -- 2.1.2 Co?]Tier Interference 24 -- 2.1.3 Downlink Interference Modelling 24 -- 2.1.4 Uplink Interference Modelling 25 -- 2.2 Platform for Femtocell Deployment 26 -- 2.3 LTE Architecture Overview 26 -- 2.3.1 LTE Downlink Transmission 27 -- 2.3.2 LTE Uplink Transmission 27 -- 2.4 LTE Femtocell Interference Analysis 28 -- 2.4.1 Scenario 1: Cross?]Tier Interference Analysis 28 -- 2.4.2 Scenario 2: Effects of Femtocell Access Mode Deployment 28 -- 2.4.3 Scenario 3: Co?]Tier Interference Analysis 29 -- 2.4.4 Scenario 4: Effects of Varying FAP Transmit Power Levels on MUEs 29 -- 2.5 Interference Mitigation: Current State of the Art 31 -- 2.5.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment 31 -- 2.5.2 Power Control 32 -- 2.5.3 Antenna Schemes 33 -- 2.6 Cognitive Femtocells: A Smart Solution to a Complex Problem 33 -- 2.7 Summary 35 -- References 36 -- 3 Interference Mitigation in Cognitive Radio?]Based LTE Femtocells 38 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 3.1 Introduction 39 -- 3.2 Femtocells 41 -- 3.2.1 Femtocells - Interference versus Deployment 43.
3.2.2 Femtocells - Typical Interference Mitigation Techniques 46 -- 3.2.2.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment Schemes 46 -- 3.2.2.2 Power Control (PC) Schemes 46 -- 3.2.2.3 Antenna Schemes 48 -- 3.3 Interference Mitigation in Femtocells using Cognitive Radio 49 -- 3.3.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation 51 -- 3.3.1.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - PC 52 -- 3.3.1.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Spectrum Access 54 -- 3.3.1.3 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Antenna Schemes 64 -- 3.3.1.4 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Joint Schemes 66 -- 3.3.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation versus Conventional Interference Mitigation 70 -- 3.4 Summary 74 -- References 75 -- 4 Coverage Area?]Based Power Control for Interference Management in LTE Femtocells 84 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 4.1 Introduction 85 -- 4.2 Coverage Radius Based Power Control Scheme (PS) 88 -- 4.2.1 Radius Limit Setting 89 -- 4.2.2 Initial Coverage Radius 89 -- 4.2.3 Self?]Update 89 -- 4.2.4 Final Radius 89 -- 4.3 System Model 90 -- 4.4 Performance Analysis 92 -- 4.4.1 Results and Discussion 93 -- 4.4.1.1 SINR Cross?]Tier (Single Cell) 93 -- 4.4.1.2 SINR Co?]Tier (Single Cell) 94 -- 4.4.1.3 Downlink Throughput (Single Cell) 95 -- 4.4.1.4 Co?] and Cross?]Tier SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 96 -- 4.4.1.5 Droppage in SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 97 -- 4.4.1.6 Coverage Area Bounds and Impact on SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 99 -- 4.5 Summary 100 -- References 101 -- 5 Energy Management in LTE Femtocells 104 /Kapil Kanwal, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar, Masood Ur Rehman and Xiaodong Yang -- 5.1 Introduction 105 -- 5.2 Architecture of LTE Networks 105 -- 5.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks 106 -- 5.2.1.1 Signalling System 106 -- 5.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility 107 -- 5.2.1.3 BS Efficiency 107 -- 5.2.2 Importance of Energy Management in LTE Networks 108 -- 5.3 Classification of ES Schemes 108 -- 5.3.1 Static Power Consumption 109 -- 5.3.2 Dynamic Power Consumption 109. 5.4 Energy Efficient Resource Allocation 113 -- 5.4.1 Hybrid FBS and MBS Based Schemes 113 -- 5.4.2 Link Adaptation Schemes 114 -- 5.4.3 Cross Layer Resource Allocation Schemes 115 -- 5.4.4 MBSFN Resource Allocation Scheme 115 -- 5.5 Bandwidth Expansion Schemes 117 -- 5.5.1 CoMP Based Coverage Expansion 117 -- 5.5.2 Time Compression (TCoM) Scheme 118 -- 5.5.3 Bandwidth Expansion Mode (BEM) Scheme 119 -- 5.5.4 Component Carrier Based Schemes 121 -- 5.5.5 Scheduling Based Schemes 122 -- 5.6 Load Balancing Schemes 123 -- 5.6.1 Distance Aware Schemes 123 -- 5.6.2 Coverage Expansion Based Schemes 125 -- 5.6.3 Distributed Schemes 125 -- 5.6.4 Shared Relay Based Schemes 127 -- 5.6.5 CRN Adopted Switching Off of a BS 128 -- 5.6.6 Reduced Early Handover (REHO) Scheme 129 -- 5.7 Comparative Analysis 130 -- 5.8 Open Research Issues 135 -- 5.9 Summary 139 -- References 140 -- 6 Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms in Cognitive Radio Based LTE Femtocells 150 /Tazeen S. Syed and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 6.1 Fundamentals of Signal Processing 151 -- 6.1.1 Channel Model 151 -- 6.1.1.1 Additive Gaussian Noise Channel 151 -- 6.1.1.2 Linear Filter Channel 152 -- 6.1.1.3 Band Limited Channel 153 -- 6.1.2 Modulation Technique 153 -- 6.1.3 Error Probability 154 -- 6.2 Spectrum Sensing Techniques 155 -- 6.2.1 Primary Transmitter Detection 155 -- 6.2.1.1 Energy Detector 156 -- 6.2.1.2 Matched Filter Detection 158 -- 6.2.1.3 Cyclostationary Feature Detection 159 -- 6.2.1.4 Waveform Detection 160 -- 6.2.1.5 Wavelet Detection 161 -- 6.2.1.6 Hybrid Sensing 162 -- 6.2.1.7 Multi?]Taper Spectrum Sensing 163 -- 6.2.2 Collaborative/Cooperative Detection 163 -- 6.2.3 Interference Temperature Detection 166 -- 6.2.4 Primary Receiver Detection 166 -- 6.3 History Assisted Spectrum Sensing 166 -- 6.4 Model?]and Statistics?]Based Spectrum Sensing Classification 167 -- 6.5 Challenges and Issues 172 -- 6.6 Summary 176 -- References 177 -- Part II Antennas for LTE Femtocells 185 -- 7 Antenna Consideration for LTE Femtocells 187 /Masood Ur Rehman. 7.1 Antenna Fundamentals 187 -- 7.1.1 Input Impedance and Matching 188 -- 7.1.2 Bandwidth 189 -- 7.1.3 Radiation Pattern 190 -- 7.1.4 Directivity and Gain 191 -- 7.1.5 Efficiency 193 -- 7.1.6 Polarization 193 -- 7.2 Antenna Requirements for LTE Femtocells 196 -- 7.2.1 Frequency Bands 197 -- 7.2.2 Form Factor and Size Limitation 201 -- 7.2.3 Impedance Matching, Directivity, Gain and Efficiency 201 -- 7.2.4 Directionality 202 -- 7.2.5 Polarization 203 -- 7.2.6 Human Body Effects and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 204 -- 7.2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) 205 -- References 206 -- 8 Multiband Antennas for LTE Femtocells 209 /Masood Ur Rehman and Xiaodong Yang -- 8.1 Fundamentals of Multiband Antennas 209 -- 8.1.1 Multiband Techniques 210 -- 8.1.1.1 Higher Order Resonances 210 -- 8.1.1.2 Multiple Resonant Structures 211 -- 8.2 Types of Multiband Antennas 211 -- 8.3 Multiband Antenna Design: Case Studies 214 -- 8.3.1 Multi?]Slot Antenna 215 -- 8.3.1.1 Antenna Geometry 215 -- 8.3.1.2 Antenna Performance Evaluation 215 -- 8.3.2 Patch?]Loop Combination Antenna 220 -- 8.3.2.1 Antenna Configuration 220 -- 8.3.2.2 Antenna Performance 220 -- 8.4 Open Research Issues 227 -- References 227 -- 9 Reconfigurable Antennas for LTE Femtocells 230 /Masood Ur Rehman and Waqas Farooq -- 9.1 Fundamentals of Reconfigurable Antennas 230 -- 9.1.1 Types of Reconfigurable Antennas 231 -- 9.1.1.1 Use of Switches 232 -- 9.1.1.2 Structural and Mechanical Changes 232 -- 9.1.1.3 Material Changes 234 -- 9.2 Realization of Reconfigurable Antennas 234 -- 9.3 Rectangular Patch Reconfigurable LTE Femtocell Antenna 237 -- 9.3.1 Design Conception 237 -- 9.3.2 Frequency Reconfiguration Mode 239 -- 9.3.3 Antenna Performance Evaluation 240 -- 9.4 Circular Patch Reconfigurable LTE Femtocell Antenna 246 -- 9.4.1 Frequency Reconfiguration Mode 248 -- 9.4.2 Antenna Performance Evaluation 248 -- 9.5 Open Research Issues 253 -- References 254 -- 10 Multimode Antennas for LTE Femtocells 259 /Oluyemi Peter Falade, Xiaodong Chen and Masood Ur Rehman. 10.1 Multimode Antennas: Fundamentals and Types 260 -- 10.2 Design of a Compact Multimode LTE Femtocell Antenna for Handheld Devices 261 -- 10.2.1 Numerical Analysis 263 -- 10.2.2 Experimental Investigation 266 -- 10.3 Design of a Multifunctional Compact Antenna for LTE Femtocells and GNSS Systems 268 -- 10.3.1 Numerical Analysis 273 -- 10.3.2 Experimental Investigation 279 -- 10.4 Summary 284 -- 10.5 Open Challenges and Issues 284 -- References 284 -- 11 Human Body Effects on LTE Femtocell Antennas 289 /Masood Ur Rehman and Qammer Hussain Abbasi -- 11.1 Interaction of the Human Body with Antennas 290 -- 11.2 Numerical Modelling of the Human Body 291 -- 11.2.1 Evaluation and Comparison of Numerical Models of Human Body 294 -- 11.2.1.1 On?]Body Transmission 294 -- 11.2.1.2 Effects on Antenna Radiation Pattern 297 -- 11.2.1.3 Electric Field Distribution 299 -- 11.2.1.4 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 300 -- 11.3 Evaluation of Human Body Effects on LTE Femtocell Antennas 305 -- 11.3.1 On?]Body Antenna Placement 308 -- 11.3.2 Antenna?]Body Separation 310 -- 11.3.3 On?]Body LTE Channel Characterization 312 -- 11.3.4 On?]Off Body LTE Channel Characterization 313 -- 11.3.5 Body?]to?]Body LTE Channel Characterization 315 -- 11.4 Open Research Issues 316 -- References 317 -- 12 The Road Ahead for LTE Femtocells 322 /Masood Ur Rehman and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar -- 12.1 Future Prospects and Challenges 323 -- 12.1.1 Spectrum Sharing 324 -- 12.1.2 Intelligent/Efficient Spectrum Sensing Schemes 324 -- 12.1.3 Primary/Secondary User Issue 325 -- 12.1.4 Energy Saving 325 -- 12.1.5 Security 326 -- 12.1.6 Pilot Power/Coverage Radius Issue 326 -- 12.1.7 Signalling Overhead 326 -- 12.1.8 Proximity Services 326 -- 12.1.9 The Internet?]of?]Things (IoT) 327 -- 12.1.10 The Age of Big Data 328 -- 12.1.11 5G and Femtocells 328 -- 12.1.12 Antenna Design and Channel Modelling 328 -- References 330 -- Index 332 --. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910808827703321 |
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Rehman Masood
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| Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, , 2018 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
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