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Environmental and Low Temperature Geochemistry; Copyright; Contents; Acknowledgements; About the Companion Website; 1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements,Ions,Bonding,Reactions; 1.1 An Overview of Environmental Geochemistry - History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future; 1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements - Origins and Abundances; 1.3 Atoms and Isotopes: A Brief Review; 1.4 Measuring Concentrations; 1.4.1 Mass-based concentrations; 1.4.2 Molar concentrations; 1.4.3 Concentrations of gases
1.4.4 Notes on precision and accuracy, significant figures and scientific notation 1.5 Periodic Table; 1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions; 1.6.1 Ionic bond strength; 1.6.2 Covalent bonds; 1.6.3 Electronegativity; 1.6.4 Metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces; 1.7 Acid-Base Equilibria, PH, K Values; 1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry and Chemical Reactions; 1.9 Chemical Reactions; 1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy And Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume
1.10.1 Systems, species, phases and components 1.10.2 First law of thermodynamics; 1.10.3 Second law of thermodynamics; 1.10.4 Enthalpy; 1.10.5 Heat capacity; 1.10.6 Gibbs free energy; 1.10.7 Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant; 1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates: Distance From Equilibrium, Activation Energy, Metastability; 1.11.1 Reaction rate, reaction order; 1.11.2 Temperature and the Arrhenius equation; Review Questions; References; 2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy; 2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells; 2.2 Ion Coordination, Pauling ́s Rules and Ionic Substitution
2.2.1 Coordination and radius ratio 2.2.2 Bond-strength considerations; 2.2.3 Pauling ́s and Goldschmidt ́s rules of ionic solids; 2.3 Silicates; 2.3.1 Nesosilicates; 2.3.2 Inosilicates; 2.3.3 Phyllosilicates; 2.3.4 Tectosilicates; 2.4 Clay Minerals (T-O Minerals, T-O-T Minerals, Interstratified Clays); 2.4.1 Smectite; 2.4.2 Smectites with tetrahedrally derived layer charge; 2.4.3 Smectites with octahedrally derived layer charge; 2.4.4 Vermiculite; 2.4.5 Illite; 2.4.6 Chlorite and Berthierine; 2.4.7 Kaolin (kaolinite and halloysite); 2.4.8 Interstratified clay minerals
2.4.9 Trace metals and metalloids in clay minerals 2.5 Crystal Chemistry of adsorption and Cation Exchange; 2.5.1 Cation exchange; 2.5.2 Double-layer complexes; 2.6 Low-Temperature Non-Silicate Minerals: Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Salts; 2.6.1 Carbonates; 2.6.2 Oxides and hydroxides; 2.6.3 Sulfides and sulfates; 2.6.4 Halide and nitrate salts; 2.7 Mineral Growth and Dissolution; 2.8 Biomineralization; Review Questions; References; 3 Organic Compounds in the Environment
3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Chains and Rings, Single, Double, and Triple Bonds, Functional Groups, Classes of Organic Compounds, Organic Nomenclature
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Environmental and low temperature geochemistry / / Peter Crowley Ryan
