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Lightning Electromagnetics : Electrical Processes and Effects, Volume 2
| Lightning Electromagnetics : Electrical Processes and Effects, Volume 2 |
| Autore | Cooray Vernon |
| Edizione | [2nd ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Stevenage : , : Institution of Engineering & Technology, , 2023 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (501 pages) |
| Disciplina | 551.5632 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
RachidiFarhad
RubinsteinMarcos |
| Collana | Energy Engineering Series |
| Soggetto topico | Lightning |
| ISBN |
1-83724-490-1
1-5231-5544-2 1-78561-542-4 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the editors -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Basic discharge processes in the atmosphere -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Electron avalanche -- 1.3 Streamer discharges -- 1.4 Corona discharges -- 1.5 Thermalization or heating of air by a discharge -- 1.6 Low-pressure electrical discharges -- 1.7 Leader discharges -- 1.8 Some features of mathematical modelling of positive leader discharges -- 1.9 Leader inception based on thermalization of the discharge channel -- References -- 2 Modelling of charging processes in clouds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Definitions of some model descriptors -- 2.2.1 Basic terminology -- 2.2.2 Terms related to microphysics -- 2.2.3 Categories of electrification mechanisms -- 2.2.4 Other categorizations of cloud models -- 2.3 Brief history of electrification modelling -- 2.4 Parameterization of electrical processes -- 2.4.1 Calculating the electric field -- 2.4.2 Charge continuity -- 2.4.3 The non-inductive graupel-ice collision mechanism -- 2.4.4 The inductive charging mechanism -- 2.4.5 Small ion processes -- 2.5 Lightning parameterizations -- 2.5.1 Stochastic lightning model -- 2.5.2 Pseudo-fractal lightning -- 2.6 Some applications of models -- 2.6.1 Ion and inductive mechanisms -- 2.6.2 Non-inductive graupel-ice sensitivity -- 2.6.3 Charge structure and lightning type -- 2.6.4 Concluding remarks -- References -- 3 Numerical simulations of non-thermal electrical discharges in air -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Outline of electro-physical processes in gaseous medium under electric fields -- 3.2.1 Generation of charged species in gas -- 3.2.2 Losses of charged species in gas -- 3.2.3 Dynamics of densities of charge carriers in discharge plasma -- 3.2.4 Concepts of electron avalanche and streamer -- 3.3 Hydrodynamic description of gas discharge plasma -- 3.4 Solving gas discharge problems.
3.4.1 Simulations of corona in air -- 3.4.2 Computer implementation of corona model -- 3.4.3 Study case: positive corona between coaxial cylinders -- 3.4.4 Study case: positive corona in rod-plane electrode system -- 3.5 Simulations of streamer discharges in air -- 3.5.1 Study case: positive streamer in a weak homogeneous background field -- 3.5.2 Study case: negative streamer in weak homogeneous background fields -- References -- 4 Attachment of lightning flashes to grounded structures -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Striking distance -- 4.3 Leader inception models -- 4.3.1 Critical radius and critical streamer length concepts -- 4.3.2 Rizk's generalized leader inception equation -- 4.3.3 Lalande's stabilization field equation -- 4.3.4 Leader inception model of Becerra and Cooray (SLIM) -- 4.4 Leader progression and attachment models -- 4.5 The potential of the stepped leader channel and the striking distance -- 4.5.1 Armstrong and Whitehead -- 4.5.2 Leader potential extracted from the charge neutralized by the return stroke -- 4.5.3 Striking distance based on the leader tip potential -- 4.6 Comparison of EGM against SLIM -- 4.7 Points where more investigations are needed -- 4.7.1 Orientation of the stepped leader -- 4.7.2 The orientation of the connecting leader -- 4.7.3 The connection between the leader potential and the return stroke current -- 4.7.4 Inclination of the leader channel -- 4.7.5 Main assumptions of SLIM -- 4.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 5 Modeling lightning strikes to tall towers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Modeling lightning strikes to tall structures -- 5.2.1 Engineering models -- 5.2.2 Electromagnetic models -- 5.2.3 Hybrid electromagnetic model (HEM) -- 5.3 Electromagnetic field computation -- 5.3.1 Electromagnetic field expressions for a perfectly conducting ground. 5.3.2 Electromagnetic field computation for a finitely conducting ground -- 5.4 Review of lightning current data and associated electromagnetic fields -- 5.4.1 Experimental data -- 5.4.2 Data from short towers -- 5.4.3 Summary of Berger's data -- 5.4.4 Other data obtained using short towers (≤100 m) -- 5.4.5 Data from tall towers -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- 6 Lightning electromagnetic field calculations in the presence of a conducting ground: the numerical treatment of Sommerfeld's integrals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Lightning electromagnetic field calculation in presence of a lossy ground with constant electrical parameters -- 6.2.1 Over-ground electromagnetic field -- 6.2.2 Underground electromagnetic field -- 6.3 Lightning electromagnetic field calculation in presence of a lossy ground with frequency-dependent electrical parameters -- 6.3.1 The dependence of soil conductivity and permittivity on the frequency -- 6.3.2 Numerical simulation of over-ground and underground lightning electromagnetic field -- 6.4 Lightning electromagnetic field calculation in presence of a lossy and horizontally stratified ground -- 6.4.1 Statement of the problem and derivation of the Green's functions for the electromagnetic field -- 6.4.2 Derivation of the lightning electromagnetic field -- 6.4.3 The reflection coefficient R -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Lightning electromagnetic field propagation: a survey on the available approximate expressions -- 7.1 Lightning electromagnetic fields over a homogeneous soil -- 7.1.1 Horizontal electric field - Cooray-Rubinstein (CR) formula -- 7.1.2 Vertical electric field and azimuthal magnetic field -- 7.1.3 Lightning electromagnetic fields under the ground-Cooray formula -- 7.2 Electromagnetic fields propagation along a horizontally stratified ground. 7.2.1 Lightning electromagnetic fields for a two-layer horizontally stratified ground: a simplified formulation -- 7.2.2 Validation of the simplified formula -- 7.3 Electromagnetic fields propagation along a vertically stratified ground -- 7.3.1 Lightning electromagnetic fields for a two-layer vertically stratified ground: a simplified formulation -- 7.3.2 Validation of the simplified formula -- 7.4 Summary -- References -- 8 Interaction of lightning-generated electromagnetic fields with overhead and underground cables -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Transmission line theory -- 8.3 Electromagnetic field interaction with overhead lines -- 8.3.1 Single-wire line above a perfectly conducting ground -- 8.3.2 Taylor, Satterwhite, and Harrison model -- 8.3.3 Agrawal, Price, and Gurbaxani model -- 8.3.4 Rachidi model -- 8.3.5 Rusck model and its extensions -- 8.3.6 Inclusion of losses -- 8.3.7 Multiconductor lines -- 8.3.8 Coupling to complex networks -- 8.3.9 Frequency-domain solutions -- 8.3.10 Time-domain solutions -- 8.3.11 Analytical solutions -- 8.3.12 Application to lightning-induced voltages -- 8.4 Electromagnetic field interaction with buried cables -- 8.4.1 Field-to-buried cables coupling equations -- 8.4.2 Frequency-domain solutions -- 8.4.3 Time-domain solutions -- 8.4.4 Lightning-induced disturbances in a buried cable -- 8.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Application of scale models to the study of lightning transients in power transmission and distribution systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Basis of scale modeling -- 9.3 Simulation of the electromagnetic environment -- 9.3.1 Lightning channel -- 9.3.2 Ground -- 9.3.3 Overhead lines -- 9.3.4 Transformers -- 9.3.5 Surge arresters -- 9.3.6 Buildings -- 9.3.7 Transmission line towers -- 9.4 Evaluation of lightning surges in power lines. 9.4.1 Investigations associated with direct strokes -- 9.4.2 Investigations associated with indirect strokes -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Lightning interaction with the ionosphere -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The full-wave FDTD model of lightning EMPs interaction with the D-region ionosphere -- 10.2.1 The parameterization of the lower D-region ionosphere -- 10.2.2 3D spherical model -- 10.2.3 2D symmetric polar model -- 10.3 VLF/LF signal of lightning EM fields propagation through the EIWG -- 10.3.1 The effect of Earth's curvature -- 10.3.2 The effect of the ground conductivity -- 10.3.3 The effect of different D-region ionospheric profiles -- 10.4 Application to the propagation of NBEs at different distances in the EIWG -- 10.5 Application to lightning EM field propagation over a mountainous terrain -- 10.6 Application to the optical emissions of lightning-induced transient luminous events in the nonlinear D-region ionosphere -- 10.7 Summary -- References -- 11 Lightning effects in the mesosphere -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sprites -- 11.2.1 Basic properties and morphology of sprites -- 11.2.2 Mechanism of the sprite nucleation -- 11.2.3 Sprite development -- 11.2.4 Sprite models -- 11.2.5 Inner structure and color of sprites -- 11.2.6 ELF/VLF electromagnetic fields produced by sprites -- 11.2.7 Effects of sprites on the ionosphere -- 11.3 Blue jet, blue starter, and gigantic jet -- 11.3.1 Basic properties and morphology of blue and gigantic jets -- 11.3.2 Development of gigantic jet -- 11.3.3 Models of gigantic jet -- 11.4 Elves -- 11.5 Other transient atmospheric phenomena possibly related to lightning activity -- 11.5.1 Gnomes and Pixies -- 11.5.2 Transient atmospheric events -- 11.5.3 Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes -- References. 12 The effects of lightning on the ionosphere/magnetosphere: whistlers and ionospheric Alfvén resonator. |
| Altri titoli varianti | Lightning Electromagnetics. Volume 2 |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911007158303321 |
Cooray Vernon
|
||
| Stevenage : , : Institution of Engineering & Technology, , 2023 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Lightning Electromagnetics : Return Stroke Modelling and Electromagnetic Radiation, Volume 1
| Lightning Electromagnetics : Return Stroke Modelling and Electromagnetic Radiation, Volume 1 |
| Autore | Cooray Vernon |
| Edizione | [2nd ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Stevenage : , : Institution of Engineering & Technology, , 2023 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (332 pages) |
| Disciplina | 551.5632 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
RachidiFarhad
RubinsteinMarcos |
| Collana | Energy Engineering Series |
| Soggetto topico |
Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetism |
| ISBN |
1-83724-489-8
1-5231-5543-4 1-78561-540-8 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the editors -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Basic electromagnetic theory - a summary -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The nomenclature -- 1.3 Coordinate systems -- 1.4 Important vector relationships -- 1.4.1 The scalar product of vectors -- 1.4.2 The vector product of two vectors -- 1.4.3 Vector field -- 1.4.4 The Nabla operator and its operations -- 1.4.5 Important vector identities -- 1.4.6 Relationship between the Curl of a vector field and the line integral of that vector field around a closed path -- 1.4.7 The flux of a vector field through a surface -- 1.4.8 Relationship between the divergence of a vector field and the flux of that vector field through a closed surface -- 1.4.9 Divergence theorem -- 1.4.10 Stokes theorem -- 1.5 Static electric fields -- 1.5.1 Coulomb's law -- 1.5.2 Electric field produced by static charges is a conservative field -- 1.5.3 Gauss's law -- 1.5.4 Electric scalar potential -- 1.5.5 Poisson and Laplace equations -- 1.5.6 Concept of images -- 1.5.7 Electrostatic boundary conditions -- 1.6 Electric currents, charge conservation, and static magnetic fields -- 1.6.1 Electric current -- 1.6.2 Conservation of electric charge -- 1.6.3 Re-distribution of excess charge placed inside a conducting body -- 1.6.4 Magnetic field produced by a current element - Biot-Savarts law -- 1.6.5 Gauss's law for magnetic fields -- 1.6.6 Amperes law -- 1.6.7 Boundary conditions for the static magnetic field -- 1.6.8 Vector potential -- 1.6.9 Force on a charged particle -- 1.7 Energy density of an electric field -- 1.8 Electrodynamics - time varying electric and magnetic fields -- 1.8.1 Faraday's law -- 1.8.2 Maxwell's modification of Ampere's law - the displacement current term -- 1.8.3 Energy density in a magnetic field -- 1.9 Summary of the laws of electricity -- 1.10 Wave equation.
1.11 Maxwell's prediction of electromagnetic waves -- 1.12 Plane wave solution -- 1.12.1 The electric field of the plane wave -- 1.12.2 The magnetic field of the plane wave -- 1.12.3 Energy transported by a plane wave - Poynting's theorem -- 1.13 Maxwell's equations and plane waves in different media (summary) -- 1.13.1 Vacuum -- 1.13.2 Isotropic and linear dielectric and magnetic media -- 1.13.3 Conducting media -- 1.14 Retarded potentials -- 1.15 Electromagnetic fields of a current element - electric dipole -- 1.16 Electromagnetic fields of a lightning return stroke -- References -- 2 Application of electromagnetic fields of accelerating charges to obtain the electromagnetic fields of engineering return stroke models -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Electromagnetic fields of a moving charge -- 2.3 Electromagnetic fields of a propagating current pulse -- 2.4 Electromagnetic fields generated by a current pulse propagating from one point in space to another along a straight line with uniform velocity and without attenuation -- 2.4.1 The electric radiation field generated from S1 -- 2.4.2 The electric radiation field generated from S2 -- 2.4.3 The static field generated by the accumulation of charge at S1 -- 2.4.4 The static field generated by the accumulation of positive charge at S2 -- 2.4.5 The velocity field generated as the current pulse propagates along the channel element -- 2.4.6 Magnetic radiation field generated from S1 -- 2.4.7 Magnetic radiation field generated from S2 -- 2.4.8 Magnetic velocity field generated as the current pulse propagate along the channel element -- 2.5 Effect of change in current on the radiation field -- 2.6 Effect of change in speed on the radiation field -- 2.7 Electromagnetic fields of return strokes simulated by different models -- 2.7.1 Electromagnetic fields of modified transmission line model. 2.7.2 Electromagnetic fields of CG type model -- 2.7.3 CD type models -- 2.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 3 Basic features of engineering return stroke models -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Current propagation models (CP models) -- 3.2.1 Basic concept -- 3.2.2 Most general description -- 3.3 Current generation models (CG models) -- 3.3.1 Basic concept -- 3.3.2 Expression for the current at any height -- 3.4 Current dissipation models (CD models) -- 3.4.1 General description -- 3.4.2 Expression for the current at any height -- 3.5 Comparison of CG and CD -- 3.5.1 Generalization of any model to current generation type -- 3.6 Generalization of any model to a current dissipation type model -- 3.7 Current dissipation models and the modified transmission line models -- 3.8 Unification of engineering return stroke models -- 3.9 Concluding remarks -- References -- 4 Electromagnetic models of lightning return strokes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General approach to finding the current distribution along a vertical perfectly conducting wire above ground -- 4.2.1 Current distribution along a vertical perfectly conducting wire above ground -- 4.2.2 Mechanism of attenuation of current wave in the absence of ohmic losses -- 4.3 Representation of the lightning return-stroke channel -- 4.3.1 Type 1: a perfectly conducting/resistive wire in air above ground -- 4.3.2 Type 2: a wire loaded by additional distributed series inductance in air above ground -- 4.3.3 Type 3: a wire embedded in a dielectric (other than air) above ground -- 4.3.4 Type 4: a wire coated by a dielectric material in air above ground -- 4.3.5 Type 5: a wire coated by a fictitious material having high relative permittivity and high relative permeability in air above ground -- 4.3.6 Type 6: two wires having additional distributed shunt capacitance in air. 4.4 Comparison of model-predicted current distributions and electromagnetic fields for different channel representations -- 4.4.1 Comparison of distributions of current for different channel representations -- 4.4.2 Comparison of model-predicted electric and magnetic fields with measurements -- 4.5 Excitations used in electromagnetic models of the lightning return stroke -- 4.5.1 Closing a charged vertical conducting wire at its bottom end with a specified circuit -- 4.5.2 Lumped voltage source -- 4.5.3 Lumped current source -- 4.5.4 Comparison of current distributions along a vertical perfectly conducting wire excited by different sources -- 4.6 Numerical procedures used in electromagnetic models of the lightning return stroke -- 4.6.1 Methods of moments (MoMs) in the time and frequency domains -- 4.6.2 Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method -- 4.6.3 Comparison of current distributions along a vertical perfectly conducting wire calculated using different numerical procedures with those predicted by Chen's analytical equation -- 4.7 Applications of electromagnetic models of the lightning return stroke -- 4.7.1 Strikes to flat ground -- 4.7.2 Strikes to free-standing tall object -- 4.7.3 Strikes to overhead power transmission lines -- 4.7.4 Strikes to overhead power distribution lines -- 4.7.5 Strikes to wire-mesh-like structures -- 4.8 Summary -- References -- 5 Antenna models of lightning return-stroke: an integral approach based on the method of moments -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General formulation -- 5.2.1 Time-domain formulation -- 5.2.2 Frequency-domain formulation -- 5.3 Numerical treatment -- 5.3.1 Method of moments -- 5.3.2 Time-domain formulation -- 5.3.3 Frequency-domain formulation for uniform soil -- 5.3.4 Lossy half-space problem -- 5.3.5 Frequency-domain formulation for stratified media. 5.3.6 Green's functions for stratified media -- 5.4 Various AT models -- 5.4.1 Time-domain AT model -- 5.4.2 Time-domain AT model with inductive loading -- 5.4.3 Time-domain AT model with nonlinear loading -- 5.4.4 Frequency-domain AT model -- 5.4.5 Frequency-domain AT model with distributed current source -- 5.5 Numerical results -- 5.5.1 Time-domain AT model -- 5.5.2 Time-domain AT model with inductive loading -- 5.5.3 Time-domain AT model with nonlinear loading -- 5.5.4 Frequency-domain AT model -- 5.5.5 Frequency-domain AT model with distributed current source -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Transmission line models of the lightning return stroke -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Review of transmission line models of the lightning return stroke -- 6.2.1 Discharge-type models -- 6.2.2 Lumped excitation Models -- 6.3 Return-stroke model and calculation of channel parameters per unit length -- 6.3.1 Channel inductance and capacitance -- 6.3.2 Effect of corona on the calculation of channel parameters -- 6.3.3 Calculation of the channel resistance -- 6.4 Computed results -- 6.4.1 Channel currents -- 6.4.2 Predicted electromagnetic fields -- 6.5 Summary and conclusion -- References -- 7 Measurements of lightning-generated electromagnetic fields -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Electric field mill or generating voltmeter -- 7.3 Plate or whip antenna -- 7.3.1 Measurement of electric field -- 7.3.2 Measurement of the derivative of the electric field -- 7.4 Measurements of the three electric field components in space -- 7.5 Crossed loop antennas to measure the magnetic field -- 7.6 Magnetic field measurements using anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors -- 7.7 Narrowband measurements -- References -- 8 HF and VHF electromagnetic radiation from lightning -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Information analysis and discussion. 8.2.1 Significance of lightning-related HF-VHF Emission. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911006987003321 |
|
Cooray Vernon
|
||
| Stevenage : , : Institution of Engineering & Technology, , 2023 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||