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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Information -- Copyright Information -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 -- The Uniquely Problematic Shipwrecks of the Equally Problematic 'Age of Discovery' -- 1.1. Historical Background -- 1.2. Emergent oceangoing ship types -- 1.2.1. Galleon -- 1.2.2. Nao, nau, carrack -- 1.2.3. Caravel -- 1.3. What it means to be 'Iberian' -- 1.4. Treasure and archaeology -- Chapter 2 -- Figure 1. Map of main North Atlantic ocean currents, corresponding with trade winds and Iberian trans-Atlantic sailing routes from the late 15th century. Map prepared by María José García Rodríguez with data from Ana Crespo Solana, © ForSEAdiscovery Proj -- Figure 2. Distribution map of known sixteenth to eighteenth-century Iberian shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific coast of the Americas. Of these, 698 are known from historical records and 216 from archaeological investigations. The western Pac -- Figure 3. Supposed shipwreck timber from a galleon of the 1986 Spanish armada that appeared on the online auction site Ebay in 2015 after having washed up on the Scottish coast as flotsam. -- Timber Samples and Dendroprovenance -- 2.1. Scientific analyses -- 2.1.1. Dendrochronology -- 2.1.2. Dendroarchaeology -- 2.1.3. DNA -- 2.1.4. Geochemistry -- 2.1.5. Anatomical and structural markers -- Chapter 3 -- Figure 4. Examples of research questions that could form the basis for interrogating a wooden shipwreck site through a systematic timber sampling campaign. -- Figure 5. Table with descriptions of analytical dendroprovenance methods and what each requires from a wood sample. -- Figure 6. Examples of questions to consider when developing an underwater timber sampling strategy. -- Sampling and Sub-sampling -- 3.1. Selection -- 3.1.1. Assemblage and preservation -- 3.1.2. Sampling underwater -- 3.1.3. Sampling on land.
3.2. Post-excavation processing -- 3.2.1. Cleaning -- 3.2.2. Visual recording -- 3.2.3. Text-based description -- 3.2.4. Storage -- 3.2.5. Database management -- 3.3. Sub-sampling -- 3.3.1. Dendrochronology -- 3.3.2. Dendroarchaeology -- 3.3.1. DNA -- 3.3.4. Geochemistry -- 3.3.5. Anatomical and structural markers -- 3.3.6. Radiocarbon (14C) -- Chapter 4 -- Figure 7. Slivers of transverse sections of pine (Pinus sp. -- left) and deciduous oak (Quercus subg. quercus -- right), demonstrating the visible differentiating features: color, sharper distinctions between annual growth rings in pine, porous earlywood in o -- Figure 8. Schematic diagram of the transverse section of deciduous oak. Diagram © Sara Rich, 2017. -- Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the transverse section of a coniferous wood. Diagram © Sara Rich, 2017. -- Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the radial conversion of deciduous oak. Diagram © Sara Rich, 2017. -- Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the tangential conversion of a coniferous wood. Diagram © Sara Rich, 2017. -- Figure 12. Diver photographs ship timbers in situ at the Yarmouth Roads shipwreck site (Isle of Wight, UK). These digital photographs contribute to the ongoing 3D model of the site. Photograph by Beñat Eguíluz Miranda, © Maritime Archaeology, Ltd., 2016. -- Figure 13. Samples of framing elements from two different shipwrecks -- all four sampled timbers were converted from fast-grown, short-lived oak trees. Left: excavated samples in good condition with preserved sapwood on elongated corners from the bow of the -- Figure 14. Diver removes a cross-section of pine hull planking from the wrecked eighteenth-century frigate La Santa Maria Magdalena (Galicia, Spain). The ends of the planking were not accessible, so samples were removed from the center. Photograph by Ado.
Figure 15. Example of the step-by-step procedure for removing a wood sample from a shipwreck underwater. -- Figure 16. A series of sampled hull planks in situ at the Yarmouth Roads shipwreck (Isle of Wight, UK) demonstrating tangential conversion, which preserves only a few annual growth rings of relatively slow-grown and moderately long-lived trees. Samples w -- Figure 17. Cross-sections removed from different parts of the same timber may show different records of the parent tree's growth. Cross-sections from limbs or further up the stem will be more likely to display warped ring-width patterns due to branching a -- Figure 18. Hull planking samples from two different shipwrecks -- each sample was converted from a slow-grown, long-lived tree. Top: tangentially converted pine planking with preserved sapwood (on left) from the wrecked eighteenth-century frigate La Santa M -- Figure 19. Wedge sample removed from a slow-grown oak timber composing the wrecked eighteenth-century frigate La Santa Maria Magdalena (Galicia, Spain). Photographs by Sara Rich, © Maritime Archaeology, Ltd., 2015. -- Figure 20. Timber sample record sheet produced on a Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 tablet. -- Figure 21. Method for storing samples that protects and keeps the wood wet but reduces exposure to aerobic bacterial and fungal agents. Drawings © Sara Rich, 2017. -- Legal Considerations -- 4.1. Heritage and environmental organizations -- 4.2. Approved Code of Practice (ACoP) for Scientific and Archaeological Diving Projects -- 4.2.1. Diving Project Plan -- 4.2.2. Risk Assessments -- 4.3. Receiver of Wreck -- 4.4. Follow-up reports and archiving -- Chapter 5 -- Ethical Considerations -- 5.1. UNESCO and in-situ preservation -- 5.2. Destruction or displacement? -- 5.3. Dissemination -- Chapter 6.
Figure 22. 2D image of the 3D site model produced through photogrammetry of the wrecked sixteenth-century galleon at Ribadeo (Galicia, Spain), hosted on Sketchfab. Model by Brandon Mason, ©Maritime Archaeology Ltd., 2015. -- Conclusions -- 6.1. Future of scientific and maritime archaeologies -- 6.2. Importance of inter- and multi-disciplinary collaboration -- Figure 23. Example of an inter- and multi-disciplinary work flow, as modeled by the ForSEAdiscovery project, which aims to elucidate Iberian timber trade for shipbuilding and the effects of shipbuilding on deforestation in the peninsula during the Age of -- Glossary -- Bibliography.
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