| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Myopia -- 1.1 Trends in Myopia Epidemics -- 1.1.1 Global -- 1.1.2 East Asia -- 1.1.3 South Asia -- 1.1.4 Middle East, Europe, Africa, and America -- 1.2 High Myopia -- 1.2.1 Definition -- 1.2.2 Influence of Age and Urbanization -- 1.2.3 Current and Predicted Trends of High Myopia -- 1.3 Pathological Myopia -- 1.3.1 Definition -- 1.3.2 Current and Predicted Trends of Pathologic Myopia -- 1.3.3 Myopia Incidence and Progression -- 1.3.4 Emmetropisation and Refractive Development -- 1.4 Ocular Expansion Models -- 1.4.1 Role of the Retina in Regulating the Ocular Growth -- 1.4.2 Central vs. Peripheral Retina -- 1.4.3 Theories Related to Peripheral Optics and Retinal Shape in Myopia -- 1.4.4 Changes in the Choroid -- 1.4.5 Changes in the Sclera -- 1.4.6 Optical, Biomechanical, and Neural Mechanisms in Myopiageneis -- 1.4.6.1 Accommodative Lag Theory -- 1.4.6.2 Mechanical Tension Theory -- 1.4.6.3 Higher-Order Aberrations -- 1.4.6.4 Near-Induced Transient Myopia (NITM) -- 1.4.6.5 Role of Convergence and Extraocular Muscles -- 1.4.6.6 Role of ON-OFF Pathway -- 1.4.7 Role of Genetics and Other Factors in the Refractive Development -- References -- 2: Update on Interventions to Slow Myopia Progression -- 2.1 Slowing Progression of Myopia: Pharmacological Measures -- 2.2 Slowing Progression of Myopia: Optical Interventions -- 2.2.1 Spectacle-Based Strategies -- 2.2.2 Contact Lens Based Strategies -- 2.2.3 Orthokeratology -- 2.2.4 Combination Strategies -- 2.3 Preventing the Onset of Myopia -- 2.4 Long-Term Efficacy, Rebound, and Side Effects -- 2.5 Poor or Slow Responders to Myopia Control -- 2.6 Clinical Management of Myope -- 2.6.1 Risk Factors for Progression -- 2.6.2 Examining the Eye.
2.6.3 Choosing a Treatment Plan, Realistic Goal Setting, and Follow-Up -- 2.7 Summary -- References -- 3: Current Management of Amblyopia -- 3.1 Etiology -- 3.2 Areas of Visual Perception Affected -- 3.3 Identifying Amblyopia -- 3.4 Treatment Goals -- 3.5 Treatment Options -- 3.6 When to Extend Treatment? -- 3.7 Follow-up Examinations -- 3.8 When to Taper/Stop Treatment? -- 3.9 Amblyopia and Risk to Fellow Eye -- 3.10 Amblyopia as a Public Health Focus -- References -- 4: Pediatric Refractive Surgery -- 4.1 Classification and History of Pediatric Refractive Surgery -- 4.2 The Need for Pediatric Refractive Surgery -- 4.3 Unique Aspects of Refractive Surgery for the Pediatric Patient -- 4.4 Excimer Laser -- 4.5 Phakic Intraocular Lens (pIOL) -- 4.6 Refractive Lens Exchange (RLE) -- 4.7 Future Technologies -- References -- 5: Advances in the Management of Retinopathy of Prematurity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classification -- 5.2.1 Risk Factors -- 5.2.2 Screening Guidelines -- 5.2.3 Imaging for ROP -- 5.3 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) -- 5.4 OCT Angiography (OCT-A) -- 5.5 Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) -- 5.6 Telemedicine in ROP -- 5.7 Management -- 5.7.1 Laser Therapy -- 5.7.2 Surgical Management -- 5.7.3 Anti-VEGF Treatment -- 5.7.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning in ROP -- 5.7.5 Medicolegal Aspects in ROP -- References -- 6: Periocular Infantile Hemangiomas -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Epidemiology -- 6.3 Pathogenesis -- 6.4 Clinical Presentation -- 6.5 Diagnosis -- 6.6 Differential Diagnosis -- 6.7 Complications -- 6.8 Management -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Current Management of Pediatric Uveitis -- 7.1 Introduction to Pediatric Uveitis -- 7.2 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis -- 7.2.1 Epidemiology -- 7.2.2 Screening -- 7.2.3 Treatment.
7.2.4 Complications -- 7.3 Tubulointerstital Nephritis and Uveitis (TINU) Syndrome -- 7.3.1 Epidemiology -- 7.3.2 Screening -- 7.3.3 Treatment -- 7.4 Blau-Jabs Syndrome (Juvenile Systemic Granulomatosis) -- 7.4.1 Epidemiology -- 7.4.2 Screening -- 7.4.3 Etiology -- 7.4.4 Treatment -- 7.4.5 Complications -- 7.5 Behçet Disease -- 7.5.1 Epidemiology -- 7.5.2 Treatment -- 7.5.3 Complications -- 7.6 Intermediate Uveitis -- 7.6.1 Epidemiology -- 7.6.2 Screening -- 7.6.3 Treatment -- 7.6.4 Complications -- 7.7 Pediatric Infectious Uveitis: Ocular Tuberculosis and Toxocariasis -- 7.7.1 Ocular Tuberculosis -- 7.7.1.1 Epidemiology -- 7.7.2 Clinical Overview -- 7.7.3 Screening -- 7.7.4 Treatment -- 7.7.5 Complications -- 7.7.6 Ocular Toxocariasis -- 7.7.6.1 Epidemiology -- 7.7.7 Clinical Overview -- 7.7.8 Screening -- 7.7.9 Treatment -- 7.7.10 Complications -- 7.8 Cataract in Pediatric Uveitis Patients -- 7.9 Risk of Glaucoma -- 7.10 Summary -- References -- 8: Update of Retinoblastoma Management -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Genetics of Retinoblastoma -- 8.3 Clinical Features and Staging of Disease -- 8.4 Pathology -- 8.5 Diagnosis -- 8.6 Treatment -- 8.6.1 Local -- 8.7 Systemic Chemotherapy -- 8.8 Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy -- 8.9 Intravitreal Chemotherapy -- 8.10 Radiation -- 8.11 Enucleation -- 8.12 Extraocular Retinoblastoma -- 8.13 Metastatic Retinoblastoma -- 8.14 Long-Term Visual Outcomes -- References -- 9: Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome in Children: Current Diagnosis and Treatment -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Epidemiology -- 9.3 Symptoms -- 9.4 Diagnosis -- 9.4.1 Examination -- 9.4.2 Diagnostic Criteria -- 9.5 Treatment -- 9.6 Monitoring -- 9.7 Outcomes -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Update on Pediatric Glaucoma -- 10.1 Childhood Glaucoma -- 10.1.1 Introduction -- 10.1.2 Classification.
10.1.3 Genetics -- 10.2 Clinical Features -- 10.3 Diagnosis -- 10.3.1 Corneal Examination -- 10.3.2 Refraction -- 10.3.3 Anterior Segment Examination -- 10.3.4 Intraocular Pressure Measurement -- 10.3.5 Optic Nerve Examination -- 10.3.6 Optical Coherence Tomography -- 10.4 Management -- 10.4.1 Medical Therapy -- 10.4.2 Surgical Therapy -- 10.4.3 Angle Surgery -- 10.4.3.1 Goniotomy -- 10.4.3.2 Trabeculotomy -- 10.4.3.3 Trabeculectomy -- 10.4.4 Glaucoma Drainage Devices -- 10.4.5 Cyclodestruction -- 10.4.6 Visual Rehabilitation -- References -- 11: Update on Congenital Cataract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Epidemiology -- 11.3 Genetics -- 11.4 Treatment -- 11.4.1 Goals -- 11.4.2 Early Detection -- 11.4.3 Evaluation -- 11.4.4 Morphology -- 11.4.5 Surgical Treatment -- 11.4.6 Complications -- References -- 12: Pediatric Corneal Transplantation -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Preoperative Consideration -- 12.2.1 Systemic Considerations -- 12.2.2 Ocular Considerations, Examination, and Imaging Modalities -- 12.2.3 Surgical Planning -- 12.2.4 Timing of Surgery -- 12.2.5 Counseling and Expectations -- 12.3 General Surgical Considerations -- 12.4 Penetrating Keratoplasty -- 12.4.1 Indications -- 12.4.2 Surgical Technique -- 12.4.3 Postoperative Management -- 12.4.4 Complications -- 12.4.5 Outcomes -- 12.5 Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty -- 12.5.1 Indications -- 12.5.2 Surgical Technique -- 12.5.3 Complications -- 12.5.4 Outcomes -- 12.6 Endothelial Keratoplasty -- 12.6.1 Indications -- 12.6.2 Surgical Techniques and Challenges -- 12.6.3 Postoperative Management -- 12.6.4 Outcomes -- 12.7 What Does the Future Hold? -- 12.8 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Current Management of Optic Pathway Glioma -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Defining Optic Pathway Gliomas -- 13.2.1 Symptoms -- 13.2.2 Prognostic Factors.
13.2.3 Pathophysiology of NF1-Associated OPGs -- 13.3 Diagnosis -- 13.3.1 Dodge Classification -- 13.3.2 Screening -- 13.3.3 Additional Recommendations -- 13.3.4 Imaging and Diagnostics -- 13.3.4.1 MRI -- 13.3.4.2 DTI -- 13.3.4.3 CT -- 13.3.4.4 PET -- 13.3.4.5 OCT -- 13.3.4.6 VEPs -- 13.3.4.7 Biopsy -- 13.4 Treatment -- 13.4.1 Observation -- 13.4.2 Indications for Treatment -- 13.4.3 Chemotherapy -- 13.4.4 Radiation Therapy -- 13.4.5 Surgical Resection and Debulking -- 13.4.6 Novel Treatments and Future Directions -- 13.4.6.1 Murine Models -- 13.4.6.2 Molecular Targeting -- 13.5 Differences Between Pediatric and Adult Patients -- References -- 14: Update on Non-accidental Trauma -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Epidemiology/Differential Diagnosis -- 14.3 Pathophysiology -- 14.4 Clinical Presentation/Evaluation/Workup -- 14.4.1 Workup -- 14.4.1.1 Ophthalmic Examination -- 14.4.2 Laboratory Tests -- 14.4.3 Imaging -- 14.5 Management/Expected Sequelae or Complications/Ancillary Consults -- 14.6 Primary/Secondary Prevention and Public/Parent Education -- 14.7 Ongoing New Research -- References.
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Info
Ocular Oncology [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Aparna Ramasubramanian
