Circuits, Packets, and Protocols : Enterpreneurs and Computer Communications, 1968-1988

• Autore: Pelkey James L
• Pubblicazione: San Rafael : , : Morgan & Claypool Publishers, , 2022; ©2022
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (633 pages)
• Disciplina: 004.6
• Soggetto topico: Computer networks
• Altri autori: RussellAndrew L RobbinsLoring
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Advanced Praise for Circuits, Packets, and Protocols -- Circuits, Packets, and Protocols -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Acknowledgments -- Paul Baran -- Montgomery Securities -- Early Book Reviewers -- Stu Greenfield -- Harold Shattuck -- Douglass North -- Professor Manley Irwin -- Robert (Bob) and Kathie Maxfield -- Computer History Museum -- John Toole and John Hollar -- Chuck House -- Gardner Hendrie -- Marc Weber -- Interviewees -- Vint Cerf -- Robert Kahn -- Robert Metcalfe -- Jay Hill -- Louis Pouzin -- Bernard (Bernie) Strassburg -- Dan Lynch -- Joseph Carl Robnett (J.C.R., or "Lick") Licklider -- Art Carr -- G. David Forney -- John Day -- My Co-authors: -- Andy Russell -- Loring G. Robbins -- Introduction -- Three Themes -- Sources and Methods -- Market-Structures -- Three Market-Structures at the Intersections of Communications and Computing, 1968-1988 -- Why Do These Stories Matter? -- 1 Prelude to Change: Data Communications, 1949-1968 -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 AT& -- T, The Regulated Monopoly -- 1.2.1 Hush-a-Phone -- 1.2.2 Challenges to AT& -- T: MCI and Carterfone -- 1.3 IBM -- 1.4 New Technologies for Computing -- 1.4.1 Transistors -- 1.4.2 Integrated Circuits -- 1.4.3 Modems -- 1.4.4 Mainframes and Modems -- 1.4.4.1 Time-sharing -- 1.4.4.2 Minicomputers -- 1.5 Venture Capital and Public Capital Markets -- 1.6 The Early Entrepreneurs of Data Communications -- 1.6.1 Codex -- 1.6.2 Milgo -- 1.6.3 Bernard Strassburg -- 1.7 Emergence of the Data Communications Market-Structure -- 1.8 In Perspective -- 2 Onset of Competition: Data Communications, 1968-1972 -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Government and AT& -- T -- 2.2.1 Computer Inquiry I -- 2.2.2 MCI and Carterfone -- 2.2.3 William McGowan and MCI -- 2.3 IBM and Computing -- 2.3.1 Mainframe Computers and Time-Sharing -- 2.3.2 Mainframe Market-Structure. ; 2.3.3 Unbundling Software and Services -- 2.3.4 Minicomputers -- 2.4 Early Data Communications Leaders: 1968-1969 -- 2.4.1 Codex -- 2.4.2 Milgo -- 2.4.3 Codex -- 2.4.4 ADS -- 2.5 A Swarm of Data Communications Start-ups: 1968-1970 -- 2.5.1 Infotron -- 2.5.2 General DataComm -- 2.5.3 Timeplex -- 2.5.4 Paradyne -- 2.5.5 Vadic -- 2.5.6 Universal Data Systems -- 2.5.7 Intertel -- 2.6 1970: A Pivotal Year for Codex and ADS -- 2.6.1 ADS -- 2.7 The Creation of the IDCMA -- 2.8 Strategic Partnerships in the Data Communications Market-Structure: 1971-1972 -- 2.9 Data Communications Market-Structure -- 2.9.1 By 1972 the Data Communications Market-Structure had Emerged -- 2.10 In Perspective -- 3 Packet Switching and ARPANET: Networking, 1959-1972 -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 The Intergalactic Network -- 3.2.1 How to Design a Data Network -- 3.2.2 Paul Baran -- 3.2.3 Donald Davies Davies-1965-19661 -- 3.3 ARPANET: The Planning Phase -- 3.4 ARPANET: Design, Implementation, and Administration -- 3.4.1 Subnet Design and Implementation -- 3.4.2 Host-to-Host Software and the Network Working Group -- 3.5 Uncertainty and the Emergence of a Dominant Design, 1969-1972 -- 3.5.1 Early Surprises -- 3.5.2 Parallel Experiments in Hawaii and London -- 3.6 ARPANET Meets the Public: ICCC Demonstration, 1972 -- 3.7 In Perspective -- 4 Market Order: Data Communications, 1973-1979 -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Regulatory Challenges to IBM and AT& -- T -- 4.3 Data Communications Market Leaders in the Early 1970s -- 4.3.1 Codex: Modems, Multiplexers, and Competition, 1973-1976 -- 4.3.2 Milgo Defends Its Position -- 4.3.3 ADS: Rebirth as Micom, 1973-1976 -- 4.4 The Swarm of Data Communications Firms, 1976-1979 -- 4.4.1 Infotron -- 4.4.2 General DataComm -- 4.4.3 Timeplex -- 4.4.4 Paradyne -- 4.4.5 Vadic -- 4.4.6 Universal Data Systems -- 4.4.7 Intertel. ; 4.5 Micom's Breakout Product, 1976-1979 -- 4.6 Market Leaders Are Acquired -- 4.7 The Data Communications Market-Structure: Market Disruption -- 4.8 In Perspective -- 5 Protocol Confusion: Networking, 1972-1979 -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Commercializing ARPANET, 1972-1975 -- 5.3 Packet Radio and Robert Kahn, 1972-1974 -- 5.4 The CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin, 1971-1972 -- 5.5 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 1973-1976 -- 5.6 A Proliferation of Communication Projects -- 5.6.1 Token Ring, David Farber, UC Irvine, and the NSF: 1969-1974 -- 5.6.2 Ethernet, Robert Metcalfe, and Xerox PARC, 1971-1975 -- 5.6.3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1974-1977 -- 5.6.4 Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox, 1975-1978 -- 5.6.5 Xerox Network System, 1977-1978 -- 5.6.6 TCP to TCP/IP, 1976-1979 -- 5.6.7 Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975-1979 -- 5.6.8 National Bureau of Standards and MITRE, 1971-1979 -- 5.6.8.1 The 1979 Meetings: Resolution to the Confusion? -- 5.7 In Perspective -- 6 Emergence of Local Area Networks: Networking, 1976-1981 -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Early Networking Pioneers -- 6.3 Select Computer Companies Introduce LANs, 1976-1978 -- 6.3.1 Prime Computer -- 6.3.2 MIT-The Laboratory of Computer Science -- 6.3.3 Digital Equipment Corporation -- 6.3.4 Zilog -- 6.3.5 The Return of Venture Capital -- 6.4 Early LAN Start-ups -- 6.4.1 Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com -- 6.4.2 Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek -- 6.4.3 Ralph Ungermann, Charlie Bass, and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass -- 6.5 Data Communications Companies Respond with the Data PBX -- 6.5.1 Micom: The Data PBX and IPO -- 6.5.2 Codex: The Data PBX, 1977-1981 -- 6.6 Early LAN Start-ups Struggle, 1980-1981 -- 6.6.1 Sytek: A Broadband Network and a Need for Cash -- 6.6.2 Ungermann-Bass: Xerox, Broadband, and Chips. ; 6.6.3 3Com: Product Strategy in Anticipation of a PC -- 6.7 The Emergence of the Networking Market-Structure -- 6.8 In Perspective -- 7 The Chaos of Competition: Networking, 1981-1982 -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX, and AT& -- T -- 7.2.1 The IBM PC, 1981-1982 -- 7.2.2 IBM's Token Ring LAN, 1981-1982 -- 7.3 Early LAN Start-ups, 1981 -- 7.3.1 3Com -- 7.3.2 Ungermann-Bass -- 7.3.3 Sytek -- 7.4 Emerging LAN Competition, 1981 -- 7.4.1 Interlan -- 7.4.2 Bridge Communications -- 7.4.3 Proteon -- 7.4.4 Concord Data Systems -- 7.5 The Data Communication Competitors, 1981-1982 -- 7.5.1 Micom -- 7.5.2 Codex -- 7.5.3 Other Data Communication Competitors -- 7.6 A Second Wave of LAN Competition, 1982 -- 7.6.1 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) -- 7.6.2 Excelan -- 7.6.3 Communication Machinery Corporation -- 7.6.4 General Electric -- 7.7 The Settlement of the AT& -- T and IBM Antitrust Lawsuits -- 7.7.1 The AT& -- T Settlement, January 1982 -- 7.8 IBM Antitrust Suit -- 7.9 Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion -- 7.10 LAN Market-Structure, 1981-1982 -- 7.11 In Perspective -- 8 The Need for Standards: Networking, 1975-1984 -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 IEEE Committee 802: The Battle for LAN Standards -- 8.3 DIX -- 8.4 IEEE Committee 802 and DIX -- 8.5 Networking Strategy at Xerox: 1979-1981 -- 8.6 ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979-1982 -- 8.7 The LAN and OSI Standards Efforts Meet -- 8.8 The Emergence of a Dominant Design: 1983-1984 -- 8.9 In Perspective -- 9 Market Order: Networking, 1983-1986 -- 9.1 Overview -- 9.2 The Established Powers -- 9.2.1 Alex. Brown & -- Sons Conference, March 1983 -- 9.2.2 AT& -- T: Computers and LANs -- 9.2.3 IBM: CBXs and LANs-Does It Need Both? -- 9.2.4 The Computer Companies -- 9.2.5 Digital Equipment Corporation -- 9.3 The Leading LAN start-ups, 1983-1986. ; 9.3.1 3Com -- 9.3.2 Ungermann-Bass -- 9.3.3 Sytek -- 9.4 Other LAN start-ups -- 9.4.1 Bridge Communications -- 9.4.2 Interlan -- 9.4.3 Concord Data Systems -- 9.4.4 Proteon -- 9.4.5 Excelan -- 9.4.6 Communications Machinery Corporation, 1985-1986 -- 9.4.7 SynOptics Communications Inc. -- 9.5 The Data Communication Competitors, 1983-1984 -- 9.5.1 Codex -- 9.5.2 Micom -- 9.5.3 Micom-Interlan -- 9.6 New Data PBX Competitors -- 9.6.1 Metapath -- 9.6.2 Equinox -- 9.7 LAN and Data Communications Market-Structures,1985-1986 -- 9.8 In Perspective -- 10 Adaptation of Wide Area Networks: Data Communications, 1979-1986 -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.2 The Revolution of Digital Transmission, 1982-1984 -- 10.2.1 AT& -- T and the T1 Tariffs, 1982-1984 -- 10.3 The T1 Multiplexer -- 10.4 The Beginnings of "Be Your Own Bell" -- 10.5 Data Communications: First Signs of Digital Networks, 1982-1985 -- 10.5.1 General DataComm -- 10.5.2 Timeplex -- 10.5.3 Codex -- 10.5.4 Micom -- 10.5.5 Digital Communications Associates -- 10.5.6 Other Data Communications Firms -- 10.5.7 Tymnet and the Caravan Project, 1982 -- 10.6 Entrepreneurs: The T1 Start-ups, 1982-1985 -- 10.6.1 Network Equipment Technologies -- 10.6.2 Cohesive Networks -- 10.6.3 Network Switching Systems -- 10.6.4 Spectrum Digital -- 10.7 Market Analysis: Samples of Expert Opinions, 1984-1987 -- 10.7.1 The Yankee Group -- 10.7.2 Datapro Research -- 10.7.3 Alex. Brown & -- Sons -- 10.7.4 Salomon Brothers Inc. -- 10.7.5 T1 Multiplexer OEM Relationships, 1985 -- 10.8 Data Communications: Wide Area Networks, 1985-1988 -- 10.8.1 Digital Communications Associates -- 10.8.2 Network Equipment Technologies -- 10.8.3 Codex -- 10.8.4 Micom -- 10.8.5 Timeplex -- 10.8.6 Other Data Communication Firms -- 10.8.7 T1 Market-Structure -- 10.9 In Perspective -- 11 Market Consolidation: Data Communications and Networking, 1986-1988. ; 11.1 Overview.
• Sommario/riassunto: As recently as 1968, computer scientists were uncertain how best to interconnect even two computers. The notion that within a few decades the challenge would be how to interconnect millions of computers around the globe was too far-fetched to contemplate. Yet, by 1988, that is precisely what was happening. The products and devices developed in the intervening years--such as modems, multiplexers, local area networks, and routers--became the linchpins of the global digital society. How did such revolutionary innovation occur? This book tells the story of the entrepreneurs who were able to harness and join two factors: the energy of computer science researchers supported by governments and universities, and the tremendous commercial demand for Internetworking computers. The centerpiece of this history comes from unpublished interviews from the late 1980s with over 80 computing industry pioneers, including Paul Baran, J.C.R. Licklider, Vint Cerf, Robert Kahn, Larry Roberts, and Robert Metcalfe. These individuals give us unique insights into the creation of multi-billion dollar markets for computer-communications equipment, and they reveal how entrepreneurs struggled with failure, uncertainty, and the limits of knowledge.
• Titolo autorizzato: Circuits, Packets, and Protocols
• ISBN: 1-4503-9729-8
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910861964203321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II