| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Foreword by Philippe Couvreur, Judge ad hoc and Honorary Registrar of the International Court of Justice, Associé de l'Institut de Droit international -- Scientific Committee -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- The Freedom of Religions and Beliefs in the European Context: An Introduction to the Book -- 1 Looking at the Past -- 2 Freedom of Religions or Beliefs Today: A Key (but Still Controversial) Human Right -- 3 Is Europe Different? -- 4 Looking to the Future: Has Everything Been Said? -- 5 'Public Order' and Its Relevant Implications -- 6 Aim, Approach and Method -- 7 Structure and Contents -- 7.1 Part I: The ECHR -- 7.2 Part II: The EU -- 7.3 Part III: Other International Actors in the European Context -- 8 This Book as a Working Tool -- References -- Part I: The ECHR -- Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights: New Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Relevance of Recognising the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief Under the European Convention -- 2.1 Institutional Origins -- 2.2 Key Provisions -- 2.3 The Prevalence of Personal Autonomy -- 3 Its Shaping Through the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights -- 3.1 The Broad Concept of Religion and Belief -- 3.2 The Actual Scope of Effective Exercise -- 3.3 The Principle of Equality and Non-Discrimination -- 3.3.1 The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine -- 3.3.2 Implications on Religious Minorities -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Clothing, Symbology and Religious Prescriptions: The Perspective of the European Court of Human Rights -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Religious Dress and Symbols in the Work Environment -- 3 Food and Ritual Sacrifices -- 4 Commemoration of Public Holidays and Rest Days -- 5 Conclusion -- References.
The Legal Protection of Religious Freedom and Belief in Public Transport: An Approximation from the Case Law of the Strasbourg Court -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Legal Coordinates for the Protection of Religious Freedom in the Strasbourg Case Law -- 3 Ideological-Religious Neutrality of the State in the Public Transport Sector -- 4 Impacts on the Exercise of Religious Freedom by Transport Users -- 5 Conflicts of Transport Workers on the Grounds of Their Religious Beliefs -- 6 Final Considerations -- References -- Personal Beliefs, Family and Education of Children -- 1 Education of Minors, Religious Freedom and Rights of the Parents -- 2 Children's Right to Education Versus Parents' Religious Freedom -- 3 Child Custody and Religious Freedom -- 4 Marriage Crisis and Children's Religious Orientation -- 5 Compulsory Vaccination of Minors and Religious Beliefs of Parents -- 6 Critical Appraisals -- References -- Positive and Negative Obligations of Member States -- 1 Introduction: Religious Freedom in the ECHR -- 2 Positive Obligations -- 2.1 The Religious Freedom Individual Dimension -- 2.1.1 The Right to Change Religion and Proselytism -- 2.1.2 The Right to Manifest One's Convictions -- 2.1.3 The Rights of Inmates in Prisons -- 2.1.4 The Right of Conscientious Objection -- 2.2 The Religious Freedom Collective Dimension -- 2.2.1 Recognition of the Legal Personality of Denominations -- 2.2.2 Registration of Denominations -- 3 Negative Obligations -- 3.1 The Religious Freedom Individual Dimension -- 3.1.1 Obligation Not to Declare One's Own Confession -- 3.1.2 Obligation Not to Presuppose Confession -- 3.2 The Religious Freedom Collective Dimension -- 3.2.1 Not to Classify Religious Movements -- 3.2.2 Not Intervening in Internal Organisation -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Personal Beliefs and Risk of Danger in Case of Return to the Origin Country.
1 Introduction -- 2 Freedom of Belief in the European Law -- 3 The Refugee and the Principle of Non-Refoulement -- 3.1 Refugee Concept -- 3.2 The Principle of Non-Refoulement in the European Regulatory Framework -- 3.3 Non-Refoulement Obligations in the EU Member States -- 3.4 Criticism of Refugee Management -- 4 Exceptions to the Principle of Non-Refoulement -- 4.1 Danger to State Security -- 4.2 Convicted by a Final Judgment -- 5 European Court of Human Rights Case Law -- 5.1 Cases of Persecution on Grounds of Religion or Other Beliefs -- 5.2 Bayatyan v Armenia -- 5.3 A. A. v Switzerland -- 5.4 M.A.M. v Switzerland -- 6 Cases of Persecution for Political Views -- 6.1 Öcalan v Turkey -- 6.2 Hilal v the United Kingdom -- 6.3 T.K. and Others v Lithuania -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: The EU -- The Protection of Freedom of Religion in the EU Law -- 1 EU Religious Inheritance: A First Approach to the Perspective -- 2 Pluralism as a principle in the EU -- 3 Freedom of Religion, Cultural Identity and Non-Discrimination Principle -- 4 Establishment of the Human Rights in the European Legal System -- 5 ECJ Case Law About Freedom of Religion: Discriminations at Work Based on Religion -- 5.1 The Collective Dimension of Religious Freedom -- 6 The Religious Phenomenon in the EU: Between the Competitive Model and the Protectionist Model -- 7 Freedom of Religion as a Criterion to Evaluate Levels of Democracy -- References -- Free Movement of Persons and Religious Freedom Within the EU -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Free Movement of Persons: A Brief Overview -- 3 First Question: How Would an Asylum Application Made by a Union Citizen Who Believes That They Are Not Allowed to Practise Their Religion in Their Country of Origin Be Considered? -- 4 Second Question: Can a Religious Marriage Form the Basis for Family Reunification?.
5 Third Question: On What Basis Can a Union Citizen Who Wishes to Live in a Religious Community or Who Is a Minister of Religion Reside in a Different Member State from Their Country of Origin? -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Religious Freedom and Employment Discrimination in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Legal Framework: Directive 2000/78 and the General Principle of Non-Discrimination -- 2.1 Directive 2000/78 and the Fight Against Discrimination Based on Religion and Belief -- 2.2 The Interaction Between Directive 2000/78 and the General Principle of Non-Discrimination -- 3 The Ban on Wearing Religious Symbols at Work: Direct, Indirect or Intersectional Discrimination? -- 3.1 The Islamic Headscarf Ban: Gender Discrimination, Religious Discrimination or Intersectional Discrimination? -- 3.2 The Ban on Wearing Religious Symbols at Work: Direct or Indirect Discrimination? -- 3.3 The Requirements of Legitimate Aim and Proportionality -- 4 Exceptions to the Prohibition of Discrimination: Can a Characteristic Related to Religion Be a Genuine and Determining Occupational Requirement? -- 5 Religious Freedom and 'Faith-Based Employers' -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Jus Migrandi and Personal Beliefs of Migrants Coming from Third States: Practice from the EU Asylum Policy -- 1 International Protection Within the EU -- 2 The Relationship Between Religion and International Protection -- 3 The Notion of Religion -- 4 The Credibility Assessment in the EU Asylum System -- 5 The Problem of Sur Place Conversions -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- The EU and the Status of Churches, Religious Associations, Philosophical and Non-Confessional Organisations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Article 17 TFEU Dialogue -- 2.1 Historical Introduction: The Initiative 'Soul for Europe'.
2.2 The Principles of the Dialogue: Open, Transparent and Regular -- 2.2.1 Open -- 2.2.2 Transparent -- 2.2.3 Regular -- 2.3 Actors on the Side of the European Institutions -- 2.4 The External Dimension of the Dialogue -- 2.4.1 Special Envoy on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief Outside of the European Union -- 2.4.2 The EU Guidelines -- 3 Other EU Religion-Related Provisions -- 4 Possibility of a Concordat? -- 5 On the Legal Status of the Clergy -- 6 A Brief Outlook to the EU Court of Justice Jurisprudence on Religious Issues -- References -- Navigating Between Animal Welfare and Freedom of Religion -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Notion of Animal Welfare in the EU -- 3 Animal Welfare Versus Freedom of Religion: The Case of Ritual Slaughter -- 4 Right to Freedom of Religion and Personal Belief in the ECJ Case Law: Ritual Slaughter as a Case Study -- 5 The Principle of Subsidiarity and the Member States' Margin of Appreciation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Other International Actors in the European Context -- Freedom of Religion or Belief: The Role of the Holy See -- 1 A Methodological Overview -- 1.1 Agreements Concluded -- 1.2 Presence in Intergovernmental Context -- 2 Facts, Guidelines and Standards -- 3 Strategical Consideration and Approach -- 3.1 Doctrinal Overview and Foundations -- 3.2 The Limits to Protection -- 3.3 Towards New Meanings? -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- The International Labour Organisation and Freedom of Religious Belief -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The International Labour Organisation -- 3 Conventions and Recommendations -- 3.1 Fundamental Conventions -- 3.2 Governance Conventions -- 3.3 Technical Conventions -- 4 The Benefits of the ILO Standards -- 4.1 A Route Towards Decent Work -- 4.2 An International Legal Framework for a Fair and Stable Globalisation.
4.3 Establishing Conditions of Equality.
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Protection and Promotion of Freedom of Religions and Beliefs in the European Context / / edited by Luca Paladini, Maria del Ángel Iglesias Vázquez, and Philippe Couvreur
