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Intro -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Comparing and Contrasting Local Government in Federal Systems -- 1 A Problem of (Col)location -- 2 Re-locating Local Government in Federal Studies -- 3 How Many Tiers Are There? The Constitutional Regime of Local Government -- 3.1 `Local´ Constitutional Recognition -- 3.2 The Distribution of Competences over Local Government -- 3.3 Between Homogeneity and Asymmetry -- 4 The Regime of Local Government -- 5 `A Democratic Character´. The Scope of Local Autonomy -- 5.1 Territorial Demarcation -- 5.2 Allocating Functions at the Local Level -- 6 Local Finance: Beyond the Two-Tier Paradigm(s)? -- 6.1 `General´ Spending Power as a Challenge to the Two-Tier Paradigm? -- 6.2 Fiscal Centralisation as the Sword of Damocles over the Federal Paradigm? -- 6.3 The Mixed Paradigm as an Additional Category? -- 7 Concluding Remarks: Few Certainties and Still a Long Way to Go -- References -- Part I: The Federal-Local Connection in Mature Federations -- The US Local Government Organisation: Origins, Development, and Federal Implications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Development of Local Governments in the US -- 3 The Basic Features of US Local Governments -- 3.1 County Governments -- 3.2 Municipal Governments -- 3.3 Township Governments -- 3.4 Special Districts -- 3.5 School Districts -- 4 Sources of Funding for Local Governments -- 5 The Relationships Between State and Local Governments from the Perspective of US Federalism -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Local Governments in the Canadian Federal System: Institutions, Jurisdiction and Cooperation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Context of Local Governments in Canada -- 3 Structure and Institutions of Local Governments -- 4 Jurisdiction over Local Governments -- 5 Intergovernmental Relations with the Provincial or Federal Governments.
6 Horizontal Cooperation Between Local Governments -- 7 The Finance of Local Governments -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Local Governance in the Swiss Federal System. Comparative and Alternative Approaches to the Traditional Paradigm -- 1 In-Context Overview of the System of Local Government -- 1.1 Constitutional Steps that Led to the Modern Swiss Federal State Municipalities -- 1.1.1 Constitution of 1848 -- 1.1.2 Constitutional Revisions of 1874 and 1998 -- 1.2 From Local Associations to Political Municipalities -- 1.2.1 From Local Associations to Political Municipalities -- 1.2.2 Swiss Municipalities Between Homogeneity and Heterogeneity -- 2 Structure and Institutions of Local Governments -- 2.1 Dual Role of the Municipalities -- 2.1.1 Political (or Constitutional) Level -- 2.1.2 Administrative Level -- 2.2 Other Subdivisions of Municipalities -- 2.2.1 Communes Bourgeoises -- 2.2.2 Public Law-Based Communities -- 3 Jurisdiction over Local Governments -- 3.1 Political Municipality: A Second Political Body -- 3.1.1 Principle of Subsidiarity -- 3.1.2 What It Means in Practice -- 3.2 Municipal Autonomy in Relation to the Cantons and the Federal Court -- 3.2.1 Interplay Between Municipalities and Cantons -- 3.2.2 Protection Before the Federal Court -- 4 Municipalities and Their Relation to Territorial Demarcation -- 4.1 How to Adjust Municipalities´ Boundaries and Their Functional Role -- 4.1.1 Territorial Changes of Cantons and Municipalities -- 4.1.2 Discrepancy Between Municipalities and Their Community of Interests -- 4.2 Amalgamation of Municipalities -- 4.2.1 Cantonal Incentives for Merging Municipalities -- 4.2.2 When a Municipality Joins Another Canton -- 5 Intergovernmental Relations with Local Governments -- 5.1 Local Governments in Relation with the Federal Level -- 5.2 Local Governments in Relation with Cantons -- 6 Horizontal Cooperation.
6.1 Incentives to Inter-Municipal Collaboration -- 6.1.1 Sectors of Collaborations -- 6.2 Four Types of Inter-Municipal Collaborations -- 6.2.1 The Regional Conferences and the Entente Communales -- 6.2.2 The Associations of Municipalities and the Agglomerations -- 7 Local Finance -- 7.1 Competition at the Sub-National Level -- 7.1.1 Tax Competition Between Cantons -- 7.1.2 Structural Competition Between Municipalities -- 7.2 Sub-National Solidarity System -- 7.2.1 National Financial Equalisation Mechanism -- 7.2.2 Inter-Municipal Financial Equalisation Within the Cantons -- References -- Local Governments in Germany Between Growing Challenges and Precarious Budgets -- 1 In-Context Overview of the System of Local Government -- 2 In-Context Overview of the German System of Local Government -- 2.1 Historic Development and the Constitutional Framework Related to Local Level -- 2.2 The Local Level and Its Functions -- 2.3 Recent Development Trends -- 3 Structure and Institutions of Local Government(s) -- 4 Jurisdiction over Local Governments -- 5 Territorial Demarcation -- 6 Intergovernmental (Vertical and Horizontal) Relations -- 7 Local Finance -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Local Government in Australia: Constitutionally Subordinate, but Vibrant and Fundamental -- 1 Overview -- 2 Structure and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Legal Status of Local Government in Australia -- 4 Territorial Demarcation -- 4.1 Demarcation Within the State and Territory Jurisdictions -- 4.2 Regional Territorial Demarcation by the Federal Government -- 5 Intergovernmental Relations and Intermunicipal Cooperation -- 5.1 Intergovernmental Relations -- 5.2 Intermunicipal Cooperation -- 6 Local Government Finance -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Local Governance in Austria: Diversity in Homogeneity.
1 Introduction: Municipalities as the Third Territorial Level of the Republic -- 1.1 Historical Evolution -- 1.1.1 The Establishment of Uniform Municipalities During the Monarchy -- 1.1.2 District Authorities and the Transition from Monarchy to Republic -- 1.1.3 The Evolution of Local Governance in the B-VG -- 1.2 Three Layers of Homogeneity -- 1.2.1 Relative Socio-Economic Homogeneity -- 1.2.2 Strong Constitutional Homogeneity: The Exceptional Case of Austria -- 1.2.3 Functional Homogeneity of Municipalities -- 2 Institutional Design: Homogeneity with Exceptions and Länder Competence -- 2.1 The Concept of Municipal Uniformity and Its Exceptions -- 2.1.1 Vienna: Federal Capital, Land, and Municipality -- 2.1.2 Towns with Their Own Statutes and Further Asymmetries -- 2.2 Institutions of Municipalities -- 2.2.1 Homogeneous Elements: Three Necessary Institutions -- 2.2.2 Diversified Elements: Significant Scope for Länder Action -- 3 Material Design: Homogeneity, Two Spheres of Functions, and Double-Track Competence -- 3.1 Division into Two Spheres of Functions and Necessity of Task Allocation -- 3.2 Municipal Autonomy in the Autonomous Sphere of Functions -- 3.2.1 Scope and Characteristics -- 3.2.2 Legal Protection Before the Constitutional Court -- 3.3 Functional Federal or Länder Authorities in the Delegated Sphere of Functions -- 4 Territorial Demarcation: Central Role of the Länder -- 4.1 Federal Constitutional Framework -- 4.2 Länder Legislation -- 5 Collective and Individual Vertical Relations -- 5.1 Institutionalised Representation of Interests -- 5.2 Individual Relations with the Federation and the Länder -- 5.2.1 Parallel Relations According to Competences and Länder Dominance -- 5.2.2 Supervision and Other Examples -- 6 Horizontal Cooperation -- 6.1 Municipal Associations.
6.2 Administrative Associations and Further Instruments of Cooperation -- 7 Local Finance: Elements of a Three-Layered Federalism with Federal Dominance -- 7.1 Fiscal Constitutional Act -- 7.2 Fiscal Equalisation Act -- 7.2.1 A Financial System Negotiated in a Political Three-Partner System -- 7.2.2 Resulting Revenue Structure -- 7.3 Consultation Mechanism and Stability Pact: A Legal Three-Partner System -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: The Federal-Local Connection in Devolutionary Federations -- The Municipal Regime in Argentina -- 1 The Four Orders of Government of the Argentine Federation -- 2 The Status of Local Government in the Federal Constitution: Municipal Autonomy -- 3 The Municipal Regimes in the Provincial Constitutions -- 4 Municipal Organic Charters -- 5 Types of Local Governments -- 6 Constitutional Violations of Municipal Autonomy -- References -- The Municipality in the Mexican Federal System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theorical Framework: The Mexican Federal System -- 3 The Mexican Political System and the Local Entities -- 4 Organic Configuration of the Municipalities -- 4.1 The Mexican Municipality Within the Competencies System of the Mexican Federalism -- 4.2 The Sources of Local Financing -- 5 Mechanisms of Constitutional Control of the Local Governments -- 5.1 Judicial Control in Mexico -- 5.2 Federal Constitutional Control -- 5.3 Constitutional Controversy in the Local Governments -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Local Governance in Belgium: A Taste of `Institutional Lasagna´ Belgian Style -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A General Overview: Collectivities and Administrations -- 3 A Regional Organisation, with Some Exceptions -- 4 Local Authorities -- 4.1 The Municipality -- 4.2 The Province -- 5 The Distribution of Competences Regarding Local Governance -- 5.1 The Constitutional Principles.
5.2 Legislative Implementation.
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Comparative Constitutional Justice / / Matteo Nicolini and Silvia. Bagni
