Seismic data interpretation and evaluation for hydrocarbon exploration and production : a practitioner's guide / / Niranjan C. Nanda

• Autore: Nanda Niranjan C.
• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• Edizione: Second edition.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (307 pages)
• Disciplina: 551.22
• Soggetto topico: Seismology - Data processing; Computer science - Mathematics; Mines and mineral resources
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Exploration Seismic -- 1 Seismic Wave and Rock-Fluid Properties -- Abstract -- Seismic Wave and Propagation -- Energy Losses -- Absorption -- Scattering -- Transmission -- Spherical (Geometrical) Divergence -- Geological Significance of Energy Attenuation -- Seismic Properties -- Rock-Fluid Properties -- Seismic Rock Physics and Petrophysics -- Rock Microstructure -- Physical Properties of Rocks -- Elasticity and Elastic Constants -- Bulk Density -- Porosity, Pore Size and Shapes (Pore Geometry) -- Texture -- Fractures and Cracks, Geometry -- Anisotropy -- Fluid Properties of Rocks -- Pore Fluid and Saturation -- Gassmann's Equations -- Permeability -- Viscosity -- Pressure -- Normal Pressures (Hydrostatic Pressure) -- Abnormal Pressures -- Overpressures -- Underpressures or Subnormal Pressures -- Temperature -- Seismic Rock Physics Modelling (RPM) -- Mechanical Properties of Rocks, Geomechanics -- Young's Modulus -- Poisson's Ratio -- In Situ Stress -- Mechanical Earth Modelling (MEM) -- Limitations of Modelling -- References -- 2 Seismic Reflection Principles-Basics -- Abstract -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) -- Seismic Resolution -- Vertical Resolution -- Lateral (Spatial) Resolution and Fresnel Zone, Migration -- Migration -- Interference of Closely Spaced Reflections -- Types of Reflectors -- Discrete Reflectors -- Transitional Reflectors -- Complex Reflectors -- Innate Attributes of a Reflection Signal -- Amplitude and Strength -- Phase -- Frequency (Bandwidth) -- Polarity -- Polarity Display Conventions, Acquisition Source Wavelet -- Arrival Time (Onset of Reflection) -- Velocity -- Average Velocity -- Stacking Velocity -- RMS Velocity -- Migration Velocity -- Interval Velocity (Vint) -- Instantaneous Velocity (Vinst) -- Seismic Display -- Display Modes. ; Plotting Scales (Vertical and Horizontal) -- References -- 3 Seismic Interpretation Methods -- Abstract -- Category I: Structural Interpretation (2D) -- Identification of Horizons and Correlation -- Identification of Horizons -- Correlation of Horizons -- Contouring and Maps -- Time Structure Maps -- Depth Maps or Structure Maps -- Relief Maps -- Isochrones/Isopachs -- Paleo-Structural Analysis -- Category II: Stratigraphic Interpretation (2D) -- Seismic Calibration -- Overlaying Log Curves on Seismic -- Continuous Velocity Logs (CVL) -- Synthetic Seismogram -- Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) -- Depth Conversion -- Velocity Modelling -- Case Example -- Interval Velocity for Evaluation of Rock Properties -- Seismic Structure Maps -- Contouring Example -- Seismogeological Section -- Category III: Seismic Stratigraphy Interpretation -- Category IV: Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy Interpretation -- Low Stand Systems Tract (LST) -- Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) -- High Stand Systems Tract (HST) -- Application of Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy -- Seismic Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Interpretation -- References -- 4 Tectonics and Seismic Interpretation -- Abstract -- Structures Associated with Extensional Stress Regimes -- Compaction/Drape Folds -- Horsts and Grabens -- Normal Faults, Types and Compaction Faults -- Normal Faults -- Compaction Faults -- Listric and Growth Faults and Roll-Over Structures -- Cylindrical Faults and Associated Toe Thrusts, Imbricates -- Structures Associated with Compressional Stress Regimes -- Folds -- Reverse Faults, Thrusts & -- Overthrusts -- Structures Associated with Shear Stress (Wrench) Regimes -- En Echelon Conical Folds -- Half Grabens with High-Angle Faults -- Flower Structures and Inversions -- Strike-Slip Faults -- Salt/Shale Structures -- Salt Diapirs-Types -- References. ; 5 Seismic Stratigraphy and Seismo-Tectonics in Petroleum Exploration -- Abstract -- Basin Evaluation -- Source and Generation Potential -- Reservoir Facies -- Migration, Pathways and Timing -- Primary Migration -- Secondary Migration -- Migration Pathways -- Migration Timing -- Entrapment and Preservation -- Entrapment -- Preservation -- Basin and Petroleum System Modelling (BPSM) -- Petroleum System Modelling (PSM) -- Geochemical Evaluation of Source and Generation Potential -- TOC and kerogen -- Thermal Maturity -- Limitations of Petroleum System Modelling -- Fault Attributes Analysis and Fault Seal Integrity -- Faults as Conduits -- Faults as Seals -- Fault Seal Integrity -- Prospect Generation and Evaluation -- Techno- Economic Analysis -- Technical (Geologic) Risk Assessment -- Type of Source -- Migration Timing and Pathways -- Type of Reservoir (Clastic/carbonate) -- Type of Trap -- Estimate of Hydrocarbon In-Place (Volumetric) -- References -- 6 Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators (DHI) -- Abstract -- DHI Amplitude Anomalies -- 'Bright Spot' -- 'Dim Spot' -- 'Flat Spot' -- Supporting Evidence for DHI Anomalies -- Validation of DHI Anomalies -- Angle Stack Amplitudes, Near- and Far- Stacks for Validation -- Delineation and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Sands -- Case Example -- Limitations of DHI -- References -- 7 Borehole Seismic Techniques -- Abstract -- Check-Shot Survey -- Acquisition Layouts and Energy Source -- The T-D Curve (Velocity Function) -- Benefits of Check-Shot Surveys -- Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) -- Zero Offset VSP (ZVSP) -- Source Wavelet Recording and Benefits for Seismic Data Processing -- Corridor Stack -- Prediction ahead of Drill Bit -- Offset (Non-zero) VSP -- Walkaway VSP -- Benefits of VSP -- Check-Shot and VSP Survey Comparison -- Well (Seismic) Velocity and Sonic Velocity Dissimilarities -- Sonic Drift Correction. ; Limitations of Check-Shot and VSP Surveys -- Cross-Well (Borehole) Survey -- Traveltime Tomography -- Reflection Tomography -- Tomography Applications -- Microseismic Surveys -- Monitoring 'Fracking' -- Limitations -- References -- Reservoir and Production Seismic -- 8 Evaluation of High-Resolution 3D and 4D Seismic Data -- Abstract -- 3D High Resolution Seismic -- Data Acquisition -- Prestack Time and Depth Migration (PSTM/PSDM) -- Prestack Migration (PSTM) -- Prestack Depth Migration (PSDM) -- PSDM Limitations -- Case Example -- 3D Seismic Interpretation and Evaluation Techniques -- Horizontal-View Seismic -- Horizontal-View Amplitude Slices -- Time Slice (Horizontal) -- Horizon Slice -- Stratal Slice -- Window-Based Amplitude -- Horizontal-View Seismic for Sequence Stratigraphy Interpretation (SSSI) -- SSSI Framework: Horizon Cube -- SSSI Framework: Wheeler Domain -- 3D Volume Interpretation and Visualization -- 3D Seismic Applications -- Pore Pressure Prediction -- Offshore Shallow Drilling Hazards Prediction -- Reservoir Delineation and Characterisation -- Reservoir Delineation -- Seismic-Well Tie and Horizon Correlation -- Depth Maps -- Reservoir Characterisation -- Porosity -- Shaliness -- Permeability -- Fluid Saturation -- Reservoir Heterogeneity -- 4D (Production Seismic) -- Seismic Reservoir Monitoring (SRM) -- Dynamic Reservoir Characterisation -- Reservoir Drive Types, Water/gas Coning and Gas Phase Formation-4D Indicators -- Reservoir Drive Types -- 4D Indicators-Drive Mechanisms, Coning and Gas Phase Formation -- Detection of Bypassed Hydrocarbon (Oil) -- Permeability Barriers and High Permeable Paths -- Secondary and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Monitoring -- Reservoir Geomechanics -- Deformation and Linked Fluid Flow -- Soft Reservoirs -- Hard Reservoirs -- 3D and 4D Seismic Roles in Exploration and Production. ; 4D Seismic: Limitations -- References -- 9 Shear Wave Seismic, AVO and Vp/Vs Analysis -- Abstract -- Shear Wave Properties - Basics -- Polarization of Waves -- P-wave Polarization -- Shear Wave Data Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation -- Mode Converted Shear Waves, P-SV, P-SH and P-SV-P Waves -- Multicomponent Surveys (3C and 4C) -- Benefits of Shear Wave Studies -- Imaging Below Offshore Gas Chimneys -- Validating DHI (P-wave Amplitude Anomalies) -- AVO Analysis for Validation of Hydrocarbon Sands -- AVO Amplitude Analysis -- AVO Classification -- Class 1 AVO (High-Impedance Gas Sand) Model -- Class 3 AVO (Low-Impedance Gas Sand) Model -- Class 2 AVO (Near-Zero Impedance Gas Sand) Model -- Class 4 AVO (Low-Impedance Gas Sand with Hard Top Seal) Model -- Gradient and Intercept Analysis -- Cross-Plot of Intercept and Gradient -- Poisson's Ratio, Angular Reflectivity in AVO Analysis -- Case Example -- Anisotropy Effect in AVO Analysis -- AVO Modelling, Elastic and Zoeppritz's Gather -- Limitations of AVO Analysis -- Vp/Vs Analysis, Prediction of Rock-Fluid Properties -- Vp/Vs for Fluid Prediction -- Case Example -- Vp/Vs for Lithology Prediction -- Vp/Vs for Porosity and Clay Content Prediction -- Shear Wave Birefringence, Fracture Prediction -- Limitations of Fracture Prediction -- References -- 10 Analysing Seismic Attributes -- Abstract -- Primary Attributes -- Tuning Thickness: Thin Bed Definition and Amplitude Variation -- Complex Trace Analysis-Amplitude, Frequency, Phase Polarity Sweetness -- Instantaneous Amplitude (Reflection Strength) -- Instantaneous Frequency -- Polarity -- Sweetness -- Instantaneous Phase -- Spectral Decomposition (AVF) -- Geometric Attributes -- Dip and Azimuth -- Curvature -- Coherence -- Ant-Tracking -- Limitations of Ant-Tracking -- Multiattributes Analysis and Composite Coloured (Overlay) Displays. ; Multiattributes Analysis.
• Titolo autorizzato: Seismic Data Interpretation and Evaluation for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production
• ISBN: 3-030-75301-8
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910488724803321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Advances in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production