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Energy savings / / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar
| Energy savings / / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Weinheim, Germany, : Wiley-VCH, 2012 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (378 p.) |
| Disciplina |
660.28
660.28426 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TsotsasEvangelos
MujumdarA. S |
| Collana | Modern drying technology |
| Soggetto topico |
Drying
Drying agents Drying equipment industry - Energy conservation Energy conservation |
| ISBN |
3-527-64401-6
1-283-41404-X 9786613414045 3-527-63168-2 3-527-63169-0 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Modern Drying Technology: Energy Savings; Contents; Series Preface; Preface of Volume 4; List of Contributors; Recommended Notation; EFCE Working Party on Drying; Address List; 1 Fundamentals of Energy Analysis of Dryers; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Energy in Industrial Drying; 1.3 Fundamentals of Dryer Energy Usage; 1.3.1 Evaporation Load; 1.3.2 Dryer Energy Supply; 1.3.3 Evaluation of Energy Inefficiencies and Losses: Example; 1.3.3.1 Dryer Thermal Inefficiencies; 1.3.3.2 Inefficiencies in the Utility (Heat Supply) System; 1.3.3.3 Other Energy Demands; 1.3.4 Energy Cost and Environmental Impact
1.3.4.1 Primary Energy Use1.3.4.2 Energy Costs; 1.3.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Footprint; 1.4 Setting Targets for Energy Reduction; 1.4.1 Energy Targets; 1.4.2 Pinch Analysis; 1.4.2.1 Basic Principles; 1.4.2.2 Application of Pinch Analysis to Dryers; 1.4.2.3 The Appropriate Placement Principle Applied to Dryers; 1.4.2.4 Pinch Analysis and Utility Systems; 1.4.3 Drying in the Context of the Overall Process; 1.5 Classification of Energy Reduction Methods; 1.5.1 Reducing the Heater Duty of a Convective Dryer; 1.5.2 Direct Reduction of Dryer Heat Duty 1.5.2.1 Reducing the Inherent Heat Requirement for Drying1.5.2.2 Altering Operating Conditions to Improve Dryer Efficiency; 1.5.3 Heat Recovery and Heat Exchange; 1.5.3.1 Heat Exchange Within the Dryer; 1.5.3.2 Heat Exchange with Other Processes; 1.5.4 Alternative Utility Supply Systems; 1.5.4.1 Low Cost utilities; 1.5.4.2 Improving Energy Supply System Efficiency; 1.5.4.3 Combined Heat and Power; 1.5.4.4 Heat Pumps; 1.6 Case Study; 1.6.1 Process Description and Dryer Options; 1.6.2 Analysis of Dryer Energy Consumption; 1.6.3 Utility Systems and CHP; 1.7 Conclusions; References 2 Mechanical Solid-Liquid Separation Processes and Techniques2.1 Introduction and Overview; 2.2 Density Separation Processes; 2.2.1 Froth Flotation; 2.2.2 Sedimentation; 2.3 Filtration; 2.3.1 Cake Filtration; 2.3.2 Sieving and Blocking Filtration; 2.3.3 Crossflow Micro- and Ultra-Filtration; 2.3.4 Depth and Precoat Filtration; 2.4 Enhancement of Separation Processes by Additional Electric or Magnetic Forces; 2.5 Mechanical/Thermal Hybrid Processes; 2.6 Important Aspects of Efficient Solid-Liquid Separation Processes; 2.6.1 Mode of Apparatus Operation 2.6.2 Combination of Separation Apparatuses2.6.3 Suspension Pre-Treatment Methods to Improve Separation Conditions; 2.7 Conclusions; References; 3 Energy Considerations in Osmotic Dehydration; 3.1 Scope; 3.2 Introduction; 3.3 Mass Transfer Kinetics; 3.3.1 Pretreatments; 3.3.2 Product; 3.3.3 Osmotic Solution; 3.3.4 Treatment Conditions; 3.4 Modeling of Osmotic Dehydration; 3.5 Osmotic Dehydration - Two Major Issues; 3.5.1 Quality Issues; 3.5.2 Energy Issues; 3.5.2.1 Osmo-Convective Drying; 3.5.2.2 Osmo-Freeze Drying; 3.5.2.3 Osmo-Microwave Drying; 3.5.2.4 Osmotic-Vacuum Drying; 3.6 Conclusions References |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910139293503321 |
| Weinheim, Germany, : Wiley-VCH, 2012 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Modern drying technology . Volume 3 Product quality and formulation [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar
| Modern drying technology . Volume 3 Product quality and formulation [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Weinheim, Germany, : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., 2011 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (432 p.) |
| Disciplina | 303.625 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TsotsasEvangelos
MujumdarA. S |
| Collana | Modern Drying Technology |
| Soggetto topico | Drying |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Electronic books. |
| ISBN |
1-283-30235-7
9786613302359 3-527-64399-0 3-527-63166-6 3-527-63167-4 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Modern Drying Technology: Product Quality and Formulation; Contents; Series Preface; Preface of Volume 3; List of Contributors; Recommended Notation; EFCE Working Party on Drying: Address List; 1 Quality Changes in Food Materials as Influenced by Drying Processes; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Biochemical Reactions Induced by Drying; 1.3 Physical Transformations During Drying; 1.4 Mechanical Transformations Induced by Drying; 1.5 Storage and Rehydration of Food Products; 1.6 Conclusion; References; 2 Impact of Drying on the Mechanical Properties and Crack Formation in Rice; 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Impact of Drying Conditions on Head Rice Yield for Paddy and Parboiled Rice2.3 Characterization of Fissures Formation by Image Analysis Techniques; 2.4 Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of the Rice Material; 2.4.1 Stress-Strain Relationships for Linear Materials; 2.4.2 Failure Strength in Rice Grains; 2.5 Modeling the Impact of Drying on the Final Quality of Rice Grains; 2.6 Conclusion; References; 3 Characterization and Control of Physical Quality Factors During Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals in Vials; 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Characterization Methods of the Key Quality Factors During Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals in Vials3.2.1 State Diagram, Melting Curves, Vitreous Transition, Collapse Temperature; 3.2.2 Characterization Methods: DSC, MDSC, Freeze-Drying Microscopy; 3.2.3 Ice Structure and Morphology: Cold Chamber Optical Microscopy; 3.2.4 Heat Flux Heterogeneity in the Sublimation Chamber; 3.2.5 Permeability of Freeze-Drying Cake: Pressure Rise Tests; 3.2.6 Estimation of Mean Product Temperature; 3.3 Influence of Freezing and Freeze-Drying Parameters on Physical Quality Factors 3.3.1 Influence of Freezing Protocol on Ice Morphology3.3.1.1 Influence of Freezing Rate; 3.3.1.2 Influence of Vial Type and Filling Height; 3.3.1.3 Annealing; 3.3.2 Controlled Nucleation; 3.3.2.1 Controlled Nucleation by Ultrasound Sonication; 3.3.2.2 Effect of Ultrasound on Structural and Morphological Properties; 3.3.3 Relationship between Nucleation Temperatures and Sublimation Rates; 3.3.4 Freeze-Dried Cake Morphology; 3.3.4.1 Water Vapor Mass Transfer Resistance; 3.3.4.2 Freeze-Dried Layer Permeability; 3.3.5 Importance of Temperature Control 3.3.6 Influence of Operating Conditions on Sublimation Kinetics3.4 Product Quality and Stability During Drying and Storage; 3.4.1 Product Quality and Formulation; 3.4.2 Product Quality and Polymorphism; 3.5 Conclusions; References; 4 In-Line Product Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals In Freeze-Drying Processes; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Control of the Freezing Step; 4.3 Monitoring of the Primary Drying; 4.3.1 Monitoring of Single Vials; 4.3.2 Monitoring of a Group of Vials; 4.3.3 Monitoring of the Whole Batch; 4.3.3.1 Detection of the Endpoint of the Primary Drying 4.3.3.2 Monitoring the Primary Drying Using the Measurement of the Sublimation Flux |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910139580103321 |
| Weinheim, Germany, : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., 2011 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Modern drying technology . Volume 3 Product quality and formulation [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar
| Modern drying technology . Volume 3 Product quality and formulation [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Weinheim, Germany, : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., 2011 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (432 p.) |
| Disciplina | 303.625 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TsotsasEvangelos
MujumdarA. S |
| Collana | Modern Drying Technology |
| Soggetto topico | Drying |
| ISBN |
1-283-30235-7
9786613302359 3-527-64399-0 3-527-63166-6 3-527-63167-4 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Modern Drying Technology: Product Quality and Formulation; Contents; Series Preface; Preface of Volume 3; List of Contributors; Recommended Notation; EFCE Working Party on Drying: Address List; 1 Quality Changes in Food Materials as Influenced by Drying Processes; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Biochemical Reactions Induced by Drying; 1.3 Physical Transformations During Drying; 1.4 Mechanical Transformations Induced by Drying; 1.5 Storage and Rehydration of Food Products; 1.6 Conclusion; References; 2 Impact of Drying on the Mechanical Properties and Crack Formation in Rice; 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Impact of Drying Conditions on Head Rice Yield for Paddy and Parboiled Rice2.3 Characterization of Fissures Formation by Image Analysis Techniques; 2.4 Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of the Rice Material; 2.4.1 Stress-Strain Relationships for Linear Materials; 2.4.2 Failure Strength in Rice Grains; 2.5 Modeling the Impact of Drying on the Final Quality of Rice Grains; 2.6 Conclusion; References; 3 Characterization and Control of Physical Quality Factors During Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals in Vials; 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Characterization Methods of the Key Quality Factors During Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals in Vials3.2.1 State Diagram, Melting Curves, Vitreous Transition, Collapse Temperature; 3.2.2 Characterization Methods: DSC, MDSC, Freeze-Drying Microscopy; 3.2.3 Ice Structure and Morphology: Cold Chamber Optical Microscopy; 3.2.4 Heat Flux Heterogeneity in the Sublimation Chamber; 3.2.5 Permeability of Freeze-Drying Cake: Pressure Rise Tests; 3.2.6 Estimation of Mean Product Temperature; 3.3 Influence of Freezing and Freeze-Drying Parameters on Physical Quality Factors 3.3.1 Influence of Freezing Protocol on Ice Morphology3.3.1.1 Influence of Freezing Rate; 3.3.1.2 Influence of Vial Type and Filling Height; 3.3.1.3 Annealing; 3.3.2 Controlled Nucleation; 3.3.2.1 Controlled Nucleation by Ultrasound Sonication; 3.3.2.2 Effect of Ultrasound on Structural and Morphological Properties; 3.3.3 Relationship between Nucleation Temperatures and Sublimation Rates; 3.3.4 Freeze-Dried Cake Morphology; 3.3.4.1 Water Vapor Mass Transfer Resistance; 3.3.4.2 Freeze-Dried Layer Permeability; 3.3.5 Importance of Temperature Control 3.3.6 Influence of Operating Conditions on Sublimation Kinetics3.4 Product Quality and Stability During Drying and Storage; 3.4.1 Product Quality and Formulation; 3.4.2 Product Quality and Polymorphism; 3.5 Conclusions; References; 4 In-Line Product Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals In Freeze-Drying Processes; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Control of the Freezing Step; 4.3 Monitoring of the Primary Drying; 4.3.1 Monitoring of Single Vials; 4.3.2 Monitoring of a Group of Vials; 4.3.3 Monitoring of the Whole Batch; 4.3.3.1 Detection of the Endpoint of the Primary Drying 4.3.3.2 Monitoring the Primary Drying Using the Measurement of the Sublimation Flux |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910830915303321 |
| Weinheim, Germany, : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., 2011 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Modern drying technology . Volume 1 Computational tools at differents cales [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar
| Modern drying technology . Volume 1 Computational tools at differents cales [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Weinheim, : Wiley-VCH, c2007 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (360 p.) |
| Disciplina |
660.2842
660.28426 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TsotsasEvangelos
MujumdarA. S |
| Collana | Modern Drying Technology |
| Soggetto topico |
Drying
Chemistry, Technical |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Electronic books. |
| ISBN |
1-283-37043-3
9786613370433 3-527-63163-1 3-527-63162-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Modern Drying Technology Volume- 1; Contents; Series Preface; Preface of Volume 1; List of Contributors; Recommended Notation; EFCE Working Party on Drying: Address List; 1 Comprehensive Drying Models based on Volume Averaging: Background, Application and Perspective; 1.1 Microscopic Foundations of the Macroscopic Formulation; 1.2 The Macroscopic Set of Equations; 1.3 Physical Phenomena Embedded in the Equations; 1.3.1 Low-temperature Convective Drying; 1.3.1.1 The Constant Drying Rate Period; 1.3.1.2 The Decreasing Drying Rate Period
1.3.2 Drying at High Temperature: The Effect of Internal Pressure on Mass Transfer1.4 Computational Strategy to Solve the Comprehensive Set of Macroscopic Equations; 1.4.1 The Control-volume Finite-element (CV-FE) Discretization Procedure; 1.4.2 Evaluation of the Tensor Terms at the CV Face; 1.4.3 Solution of the Nonlinear System; 1.4.3.1 Outer (Nonlinear) Iterations; 1.4.3.2 Construction of the Jacobian; 1.4.3.3 Inner (Linearized System) Iterations; 1.5 Possibilities Offered by this Modeling Approach: Convective Drying; 1.5.1 High-temperature Convective Drying of Light Concrete 1.5.1.1 Test 1: Superheated Steam1.5.1.2 Tests 2 and 3: Moist Air, Soft and Severe Conditions; 1.5.2 Typical Drying Behavior of Softwood: Difference Between Sapwood and Heartwood; 1.6 Possibilities Offered by this Modeling Approach: Less-common Drying Configurations; 1.6.1 Drying with Volumetric Heating; 1.6.2 The Concept of Identity Drying Card (IDC); 1.6.3 Drying of Highly Deformable Materials; 1.7 Homogenization as a Way to Supply the Code with Physical Parameters; 1.8 The Multiscale Approach; 1.8.1 Limitations of the Macroscopic Formulation 1.8.2 The Stack Model: An Example of Multiscale Model1.8.2.1 Global Scale; 1.8.2.2 Local Scale; 1.8.2.3 Coupling Approach; 1.8.2.4 Samples Simulations; 1.8.2.5 Accounting for Wood Variability; 1.8.2.6 Accounting for Drying Quality; Conclusion; 2 Pore-network Models: A Powerful Tool to Study Drying at the Pore Level and Understand the Influence of Structure on Drying Kinetics; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Isothermal Drying Model; 2.2.1 Model Description; 2.2.1.1 Network Geometry and Corresponding Data Structures; 2.2.1.2 Boundary-layer Modeling; 2.2.1.3 Saturation of Pores and Throats 2.2.1.4 Vapor Transfer2.2.1.5 Capillary Pumping of Liquid; 2.2.1.6 Cluster Labeling; 2.2.1.7 Drying Algorithm; 2.2.2 Simulation Results and Experimental Validation; 2.2.3 Gravity and Liquid Viscosity - Stabilized Drying Front; 2.2.3.1 Modeling Gravity; 2.2.3.2 Modeling Liquid Viscosity; 2.2.3.3 Dimensionless Numbers and Length Scales; 2.2.3.4 Phase Distributions and Drying Curves; 2.2.4 Film Flow; 2.2.5 Wettability Effects; 2.2.6 First Drying Period; 2.3 Model Extensions; 2.3.1 Heat Transfer; 2.3.2 Multicomponent Liquid; 2.4 Influence of Pore Structure; 2.4.1 Pore Shapes 2.4.2 Coordination Number |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910133645003321 |
| Weinheim, : Wiley-VCH, c2007 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Modern drying technology . Volume 1 Computational tools at differents cales [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar
| Modern drying technology . Volume 1 Computational tools at differents cales [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Weinheim, : Wiley-VCH, c2007 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (360 p.) |
| Disciplina |
660.2842
660.28426 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TsotsasEvangelos
MujumdarA. S |
| Collana | Modern Drying Technology |
| Soggetto topico |
Drying
Chemistry, Technical |
| ISBN |
1-283-37043-3
9786613370433 3-527-63163-1 3-527-63162-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Modern Drying Technology Volume- 1; Contents; Series Preface; Preface of Volume 1; List of Contributors; Recommended Notation; EFCE Working Party on Drying: Address List; 1 Comprehensive Drying Models based on Volume Averaging: Background, Application and Perspective; 1.1 Microscopic Foundations of the Macroscopic Formulation; 1.2 The Macroscopic Set of Equations; 1.3 Physical Phenomena Embedded in the Equations; 1.3.1 Low-temperature Convective Drying; 1.3.1.1 The Constant Drying Rate Period; 1.3.1.2 The Decreasing Drying Rate Period
1.3.2 Drying at High Temperature: The Effect of Internal Pressure on Mass Transfer1.4 Computational Strategy to Solve the Comprehensive Set of Macroscopic Equations; 1.4.1 The Control-volume Finite-element (CV-FE) Discretization Procedure; 1.4.2 Evaluation of the Tensor Terms at the CV Face; 1.4.3 Solution of the Nonlinear System; 1.4.3.1 Outer (Nonlinear) Iterations; 1.4.3.2 Construction of the Jacobian; 1.4.3.3 Inner (Linearized System) Iterations; 1.5 Possibilities Offered by this Modeling Approach: Convective Drying; 1.5.1 High-temperature Convective Drying of Light Concrete 1.5.1.1 Test 1: Superheated Steam1.5.1.2 Tests 2 and 3: Moist Air, Soft and Severe Conditions; 1.5.2 Typical Drying Behavior of Softwood: Difference Between Sapwood and Heartwood; 1.6 Possibilities Offered by this Modeling Approach: Less-common Drying Configurations; 1.6.1 Drying with Volumetric Heating; 1.6.2 The Concept of Identity Drying Card (IDC); 1.6.3 Drying of Highly Deformable Materials; 1.7 Homogenization as a Way to Supply the Code with Physical Parameters; 1.8 The Multiscale Approach; 1.8.1 Limitations of the Macroscopic Formulation 1.8.2 The Stack Model: An Example of Multiscale Model1.8.2.1 Global Scale; 1.8.2.2 Local Scale; 1.8.2.3 Coupling Approach; 1.8.2.4 Samples Simulations; 1.8.2.5 Accounting for Wood Variability; 1.8.2.6 Accounting for Drying Quality; Conclusion; 2 Pore-network Models: A Powerful Tool to Study Drying at the Pore Level and Understand the Influence of Structure on Drying Kinetics; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Isothermal Drying Model; 2.2.1 Model Description; 2.2.1.1 Network Geometry and Corresponding Data Structures; 2.2.1.2 Boundary-layer Modeling; 2.2.1.3 Saturation of Pores and Throats 2.2.1.4 Vapor Transfer2.2.1.5 Capillary Pumping of Liquid; 2.2.1.6 Cluster Labeling; 2.2.1.7 Drying Algorithm; 2.2.2 Simulation Results and Experimental Validation; 2.2.3 Gravity and Liquid Viscosity - Stabilized Drying Front; 2.2.3.1 Modeling Gravity; 2.2.3.2 Modeling Liquid Viscosity; 2.2.3.3 Dimensionless Numbers and Length Scales; 2.2.3.4 Phase Distributions and Drying Curves; 2.2.4 Film Flow; 2.2.5 Wettability Effects; 2.2.6 First Drying Period; 2.3 Model Extensions; 2.3.1 Heat Transfer; 2.3.2 Multicomponent Liquid; 2.4 Influence of Pore Structure; 2.4.1 Pore Shapes 2.4.2 Coordination Number |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910829988903321 |
| Weinheim, : Wiley-VCH, c2007 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||