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AIDS [[electronic resource] ] : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors
| AIDS [[electronic resource] ] : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (605 p.) |
| Disciplina | 614.5/993 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TurnerCharles F
MillerHeather G MosesLincoln E |
| Soggetto topico |
AIDS (Disease) - United States - Prevention
AIDS (Disease) - United States - Epidemiology Health behavior - United States Sex customs - United States Intravenous drug abuse - United States |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Electronic books. |
| ISBN |
0-309-55929-4
0-585-15413-9 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910455882903321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
AIDS : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors
| AIDS : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C. : , : National Academy Press, , 1989 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (xiii, 589 pages) : illustrations |
| Disciplina | 614.5/993 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TurnerCharles F
MillerHeather G MosesLincoln E |
| Soggetto topico |
AIDS (Disease) - United States - Prevention
AIDS (Disease) - United States - Epidemiology Health behavior - United States Sex customs - United States Intravenous drug abuse - United States |
| ISBN |
0-309-55929-4
0-585-15413-9 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910778788503321 |
| Washington, D.C. : , : National Academy Press, , 1989 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
AIDS : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors
| AIDS : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (xiii, 589 pages) : illustrations |
| Disciplina | 614.5/993 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TurnerCharles F
MillerHeather G MosesLincoln E |
| Soggetto topico |
AIDS (Disease) - United States - Prevention
AIDS (Disease) - United States - Epidemiology Health behavior - United States Sex customs - United States Intravenous drug abuse - United States |
| ISBN |
9780309559294
0309559294 9780585154138 0585154139 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
AIDS -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTE ON AUTHORSHIP -- Contents -- SUMMARY -- Monitoring The Spread Of HIV And Aids -- Statistics On Aids -- Statistics On HIV Infection -- Cdc's Family Of HIV Seroprevalence Surveys -- National Seroprevalence Survey -- Assuring Confidentiality -- Sexual Behavior And Aids -- Same-Gender Sex Among Men -- Teenage And Adult Heterosexuals -- Female Prostitution -- Research And Data Needs -- Data On Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- IV Drug Use And Aids -- Limiting The Spread Of HIV Infection -- Facilitating Change In Health Behaviors -- Evaluating Interventions -- Randomized Field Experiments -- Resources For Evaluation -- Overcoming Barriers To Research And Intervention -- Barriers To Research -- Collaborative Research -- Social Barriers To Intervention -- PART I UNDERSTANDING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- 1 Monitoring The Epidemic's Course -- PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF HIV INFECTION -- Uses Of HIV Prevalence And Incidence Data -- Prevalence Data -- Monitoring Trends -- Incidence Data -- Variation In Estimated Hiv Prevalence For Selected Groups -- Homosexual and Bisexual Men. -- IV Drug Users. -- Hemophiliacs. -- Heterosexual Partners of Persons with HIV Infection or at Recognized Risk. -- Patients at General Care Hospitals. -- Newborn Infants and Women of Reproductive Age. -- Prostitutes. -- Tuberculosis Patients. -- Heterosexuals Without Known Risk Factors.12 -- Variation by Age. -- Variation by Gender. -- Variation Among Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics. -- Geographic Spread of the Epidemic. -- Uncertainties About HIV Prevalence -- Principles And Methods Of Estimating Prevalence -- Probability Samples -- Full Coverage Of The Sample -- Accurate Testing -- Combining Results -- THE 1989 HIV SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM -- Surveillance Of Iv Drug Users -- Sentinel Hospital Surveillance.
Surveys Of STD And TB Clinics And Clinics Serving Women Of Reproductive Age -- Data Management -- Neonatal Screening -- ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL HIV PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE -- The Components Model -- The Epidemiological Model -- Sample Survey Method -- CONCLUSION -- Attributes Of An HIV Monitoring System -- Other Uses Of Data On HIV -- References -- 2 Sexual Behavior And Aids -- STATUS OF THE RESEARCH FIELD -- NEEDED DATA -- Data Needed To Understand The Epidemic's Future Course -- Data Needed To Understand The Epidemic's Dynamics -- THE KINSEY STUDIES -- Quality Of The Kinsey Data -- The Interviews -- Sampling -- Utility Of The Kinsey Data -- Kinsey And The Issue Of Sexual Normality -- After The Kinsey Studies -- TRENDS IN HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD -- Kinsey's Findings -- Studies After Kinsey -- Further Trends During The 1970s -- ADULT HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIORS -- Details Of Survey Execution -- 1988 General Social Survey -- Los Angeles Times Survey -- Survey Results -- Condom Use And Risk Perception -- Special Studies -- Couples Study Data -- White And Afro-American Women In Los Angeles -- TRENDS IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AMONG PERSONS OF THE SAME GENDER -- The Kinsey Research -- From Kinsey To The AIDS Epidemic -- 1970 Kinsey Institute Data On Same-Gender Sexual Behavior -- Research On Same-Gender Male Sex Since The Onset Of The Aids Crisis -- Trends In Same-Gender Sexual Behavior -- Anal Intercourse -- Condom Use -- Other Sexual Activities -- Celibacy, Monogamy, And Multiple Partners -- FEMALE PROSTITUTION -- Social Context Of Prostitution -- Prostitution And Aids -- The Customers Of Prostitutes -- METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SURVEYS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR -- Accuracy Of Self-Reported Data On Sexual Behavior -- Sampling Gay And Bisexual Men -- Developing Reliable Survey Instruments -- Measurement Time Frames. Interviewer Versus Self-Administered Assessments -- Behavioral Specificity -- Reliability And Validity Of Measures -- Sample Coverage -- ANTHROPOLOGY'S PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR -- From 1929 To The 1970s -- The 1980s Prior To AIDS -- Anthropological Research Since Aids -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 3 AIDS and IV Drug Use -- DRUG-USE BEHAVIORS THAT TRANSMIT HIV -- Sharing Drug Injection Equipment -- Social Context Of Needle-Sharing -- Initiation into Drug Use. -- Adolescent IV Drug Use. -- Friendship Networks and Intimate Relationships. -- Shooting Galleries. -- Mechanics Of Drug Use And Sources Of Contamination -- The Syringe. -- The Needle. -- The Cooker. -- The Cotton. -- The Rinse Water. -- Frequency Of Injection -- Polydrug Use -- Sexual Behaviors And IV Drug Use -- Toward A Better Understanding Of Risk-Associated Behaviors -- RISK REDUCTION AMONG IV DRUG USERS -- Changes In Injection Behavior -- Changes In Sexual Behavior -- Toward Reducing Risk-Associated Behavior Among IV Drug Users -- CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON IV DRUG USE -- Research Traditions -- Investigating Risk-Associated Drug Behaviors -- Methods -- Convenience Samples -- Self-Reported Information -- Toward Better Quality Data -- MEASURING THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- Prevalence Of IV Drug Use -- Definition Of An IV Drug User -- Techniques For Estimating The Total Number Of IV Drug Users -- National Aggregates Of State Estimates -- Consumption And Turnover Rates Among IV Drug Users -- Modeling The IV Drug-Using Population: Constraints And Limitations -- Prevalence Of AIDS And HIV Infection Among IV Drug Users -- CONCLUSION -- Bibliography -- PART II INTERVENING TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- 4 Facilitating Change In Health Behaviors -- EDUCATION PROGRAMS -- The Role Of Education And Knowledge In Preventing The Spread Of Hiv Infection. The Function Of Fear In Health Messages -- The Role Of The Media -- Risk Perception -- Adoption And Diffusion Of Innovations -- MOTIVATING AND SUSTAINING BEHAVIORAL CHANGE -- Self-Efficacy -- Altruism -- HIV Antibody Testing -- Sustaining Behavioral Change -- Assessing Change -- Impediments To Individual Action: The Example Of Condom Use -- SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE -- Family, Group, And Community Beliefs -- Community-Level Intervention Programs -- Impediments To Effecting Behavioral Change -- In-Groups Versus Out-Groups: Creating Distance From Risk -- IV Drug Users -- Female Prostitutes -- Innovative And Controversial Approaches To Behavioral Change -- Sterile Needle Programs -- Education Programs For Teenagers -- THE ROLE OF PLANNED VARIATIONS AND EVALUATION -- References -- 5 Evaluating The Effects Of AIDS Interventions -- DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION -- Program Objectives -- Program Design -- Program Implementation -- Defining And Measuring Outcomes -- Inferring Results: The Value Of Controlled Experiments -- Constraints On Evaluation -- RANDOMIZED FIELD EXPERIMENTS -- Examples -- Benefits And Costs Of Well-Designed Experiments -- Threshold Conditions For Randomized Experiments -- Does Present Practice or Policy Need Improvement? -- Is There Significant Uncertainty About The Effectiveness Of The Proposed Treatment? -- Are There Acceptable Alternatives to Randomized Experiments? -- Will The Results Of The Experiment Be Used To Improve Practice Or Policy? -- Voluntary Participation -- Organizations As The Treatment Unit In Field Experiments -- SPECIAL CONCERNS OF EVALUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS -- Target Groups -- Information Base -- Objectives Of AIDS Intervention Programs -- Ethical Issues -- Attrition And Noncompliance -- Measurement And Observation -- IMPLEMENTING GOOD EVALUATIONS -- Bibliography. PART III IMPEDIMENTS TO RESEARCH AND INTERVENTION -- 6 Barriers to Research -- COLLABORATION IN RESEARCH -- FEDERAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL -- Immediate Needs -- Future Needs -- References -- 7 Social Barriers To Aids Prevention -- SOCIAL RESPONSE TO EPIDEMICS -- COMMUNICATING ABOUT SEX -- BARRIERS TO ACTION: RECENT EXAMPLES -- Condom Advertising On Network Television -- Communicating With Inoffensive Language -- Federal AIDS Education Efforts -- Communicating Facts Versus Moral Suasion -- Reflecting Values Versus Imposing Them -- HISTORICAL LESSONS -- The Effects Of Epidemics On Poor People And Minorities -- Stigma -- Defining Stigma -- Effects Of Stigmatization -- Stigma And The Aids Epidemic -- Legal Status Of Homosexual Behaviors -- Toward Dispelling Stigma -- References -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A The Committee's Recommendations -- Monitoring The Epidemic's Course -- Human Sexual Behavior And AIDS -- AIDS AND IV DRUG USE -- FACILITATING CHANGE IN HEALTH BEHAVIORS -- EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF AIDS INTERVENTIONS -- BARRIERS TO RESEARCH -- Appendix B Supplemental Data -- BACKGROUND PAPERS -- ON THE ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES OF NUMBERS OF INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS -- What Is The Definition Of Intravenous Drug User? -- What Definitions Are Used In The "Review"? -- What Population Definition Was Used For Estimating Seroprevalence? -- How Were Numbers Of Ivdus Estimated? -- Overview -- Aggregation Of State Agencies' Estimates -- Illinois And Chicago -- California And Los Angeles -- New York State And New York City -- National Estimates -- Lange's Approach -- Newmeyer's Ratio Estimate -- Conclusions -- References -- MONITORING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- Current Estimates -- Proportional Model -- Multiplicative Model -- Temporal Distribution Model -- Proposal -- Requirements -- Limitations Of Samples Of Convenience -- Design Considerations -- Overview. Sample Size And Efficiency. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911097386703321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
AIDS : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors
| AIDS : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (xiii, 589 pages) : illustrations |
| Disciplina | 614.5/993 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TurnerCharles F
MillerHeather G MosesLincoln E |
| Soggetto topico |
AIDS (Disease) - United States - Prevention
AIDS (Disease) - United States - Epidemiology Health behavior - United States Sex customs - United States Intravenous drug abuse - United States |
| ISBN |
9780309559294
0309559294 9780585154138 0585154139 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
AIDS -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTE ON AUTHORSHIP -- Contents -- SUMMARY -- Monitoring The Spread Of HIV And Aids -- Statistics On Aids -- Statistics On HIV Infection -- Cdc's Family Of HIV Seroprevalence Surveys -- National Seroprevalence Survey -- Assuring Confidentiality -- Sexual Behavior And Aids -- Same-Gender Sex Among Men -- Teenage And Adult Heterosexuals -- Female Prostitution -- Research And Data Needs -- Data On Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- IV Drug Use And Aids -- Limiting The Spread Of HIV Infection -- Facilitating Change In Health Behaviors -- Evaluating Interventions -- Randomized Field Experiments -- Resources For Evaluation -- Overcoming Barriers To Research And Intervention -- Barriers To Research -- Collaborative Research -- Social Barriers To Intervention -- PART I UNDERSTANDING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- 1 Monitoring The Epidemic's Course -- PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF HIV INFECTION -- Uses Of HIV Prevalence And Incidence Data -- Prevalence Data -- Monitoring Trends -- Incidence Data -- Variation In Estimated Hiv Prevalence For Selected Groups -- Homosexual and Bisexual Men. -- IV Drug Users. -- Hemophiliacs. -- Heterosexual Partners of Persons with HIV Infection or at Recognized Risk. -- Patients at General Care Hospitals. -- Newborn Infants and Women of Reproductive Age. -- Prostitutes. -- Tuberculosis Patients. -- Heterosexuals Without Known Risk Factors.12 -- Variation by Age. -- Variation by Gender. -- Variation Among Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics. -- Geographic Spread of the Epidemic. -- Uncertainties About HIV Prevalence -- Principles And Methods Of Estimating Prevalence -- Probability Samples -- Full Coverage Of The Sample -- Accurate Testing -- Combining Results -- THE 1989 HIV SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM -- Surveillance Of Iv Drug Users -- Sentinel Hospital Surveillance.
Surveys Of STD And TB Clinics And Clinics Serving Women Of Reproductive Age -- Data Management -- Neonatal Screening -- ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL HIV PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE -- The Components Model -- The Epidemiological Model -- Sample Survey Method -- CONCLUSION -- Attributes Of An HIV Monitoring System -- Other Uses Of Data On HIV -- References -- 2 Sexual Behavior And Aids -- STATUS OF THE RESEARCH FIELD -- NEEDED DATA -- Data Needed To Understand The Epidemic's Future Course -- Data Needed To Understand The Epidemic's Dynamics -- THE KINSEY STUDIES -- Quality Of The Kinsey Data -- The Interviews -- Sampling -- Utility Of The Kinsey Data -- Kinsey And The Issue Of Sexual Normality -- After The Kinsey Studies -- TRENDS IN HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD -- Kinsey's Findings -- Studies After Kinsey -- Further Trends During The 1970s -- ADULT HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIORS -- Details Of Survey Execution -- 1988 General Social Survey -- Los Angeles Times Survey -- Survey Results -- Condom Use And Risk Perception -- Special Studies -- Couples Study Data -- White And Afro-American Women In Los Angeles -- TRENDS IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AMONG PERSONS OF THE SAME GENDER -- The Kinsey Research -- From Kinsey To The AIDS Epidemic -- 1970 Kinsey Institute Data On Same-Gender Sexual Behavior -- Research On Same-Gender Male Sex Since The Onset Of The Aids Crisis -- Trends In Same-Gender Sexual Behavior -- Anal Intercourse -- Condom Use -- Other Sexual Activities -- Celibacy, Monogamy, And Multiple Partners -- FEMALE PROSTITUTION -- Social Context Of Prostitution -- Prostitution And Aids -- The Customers Of Prostitutes -- METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SURVEYS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR -- Accuracy Of Self-Reported Data On Sexual Behavior -- Sampling Gay And Bisexual Men -- Developing Reliable Survey Instruments -- Measurement Time Frames. Interviewer Versus Self-Administered Assessments -- Behavioral Specificity -- Reliability And Validity Of Measures -- Sample Coverage -- ANTHROPOLOGY'S PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR -- From 1929 To The 1970s -- The 1980s Prior To AIDS -- Anthropological Research Since Aids -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 3 AIDS and IV Drug Use -- DRUG-USE BEHAVIORS THAT TRANSMIT HIV -- Sharing Drug Injection Equipment -- Social Context Of Needle-Sharing -- Initiation into Drug Use. -- Adolescent IV Drug Use. -- Friendship Networks and Intimate Relationships. -- Shooting Galleries. -- Mechanics Of Drug Use And Sources Of Contamination -- The Syringe. -- The Needle. -- The Cooker. -- The Cotton. -- The Rinse Water. -- Frequency Of Injection -- Polydrug Use -- Sexual Behaviors And IV Drug Use -- Toward A Better Understanding Of Risk-Associated Behaviors -- RISK REDUCTION AMONG IV DRUG USERS -- Changes In Injection Behavior -- Changes In Sexual Behavior -- Toward Reducing Risk-Associated Behavior Among IV Drug Users -- CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON IV DRUG USE -- Research Traditions -- Investigating Risk-Associated Drug Behaviors -- Methods -- Convenience Samples -- Self-Reported Information -- Toward Better Quality Data -- MEASURING THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- Prevalence Of IV Drug Use -- Definition Of An IV Drug User -- Techniques For Estimating The Total Number Of IV Drug Users -- National Aggregates Of State Estimates -- Consumption And Turnover Rates Among IV Drug Users -- Modeling The IV Drug-Using Population: Constraints And Limitations -- Prevalence Of AIDS And HIV Infection Among IV Drug Users -- CONCLUSION -- Bibliography -- PART II INTERVENING TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- 4 Facilitating Change In Health Behaviors -- EDUCATION PROGRAMS -- The Role Of Education And Knowledge In Preventing The Spread Of Hiv Infection. The Function Of Fear In Health Messages -- The Role Of The Media -- Risk Perception -- Adoption And Diffusion Of Innovations -- MOTIVATING AND SUSTAINING BEHAVIORAL CHANGE -- Self-Efficacy -- Altruism -- HIV Antibody Testing -- Sustaining Behavioral Change -- Assessing Change -- Impediments To Individual Action: The Example Of Condom Use -- SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE -- Family, Group, And Community Beliefs -- Community-Level Intervention Programs -- Impediments To Effecting Behavioral Change -- In-Groups Versus Out-Groups: Creating Distance From Risk -- IV Drug Users -- Female Prostitutes -- Innovative And Controversial Approaches To Behavioral Change -- Sterile Needle Programs -- Education Programs For Teenagers -- THE ROLE OF PLANNED VARIATIONS AND EVALUATION -- References -- 5 Evaluating The Effects Of AIDS Interventions -- DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION -- Program Objectives -- Program Design -- Program Implementation -- Defining And Measuring Outcomes -- Inferring Results: The Value Of Controlled Experiments -- Constraints On Evaluation -- RANDOMIZED FIELD EXPERIMENTS -- Examples -- Benefits And Costs Of Well-Designed Experiments -- Threshold Conditions For Randomized Experiments -- Does Present Practice or Policy Need Improvement? -- Is There Significant Uncertainty About The Effectiveness Of The Proposed Treatment? -- Are There Acceptable Alternatives to Randomized Experiments? -- Will The Results Of The Experiment Be Used To Improve Practice Or Policy? -- Voluntary Participation -- Organizations As The Treatment Unit In Field Experiments -- SPECIAL CONCERNS OF EVALUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS -- Target Groups -- Information Base -- Objectives Of AIDS Intervention Programs -- Ethical Issues -- Attrition And Noncompliance -- Measurement And Observation -- IMPLEMENTING GOOD EVALUATIONS -- Bibliography. PART III IMPEDIMENTS TO RESEARCH AND INTERVENTION -- 6 Barriers to Research -- COLLABORATION IN RESEARCH -- FEDERAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL -- Immediate Needs -- Future Needs -- References -- 7 Social Barriers To Aids Prevention -- SOCIAL RESPONSE TO EPIDEMICS -- COMMUNICATING ABOUT SEX -- BARRIERS TO ACTION: RECENT EXAMPLES -- Condom Advertising On Network Television -- Communicating With Inoffensive Language -- Federal AIDS Education Efforts -- Communicating Facts Versus Moral Suasion -- Reflecting Values Versus Imposing Them -- HISTORICAL LESSONS -- The Effects Of Epidemics On Poor People And Minorities -- Stigma -- Defining Stigma -- Effects Of Stigmatization -- Stigma And The Aids Epidemic -- Legal Status Of Homosexual Behaviors -- Toward Dispelling Stigma -- References -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A The Committee's Recommendations -- Monitoring The Epidemic's Course -- Human Sexual Behavior And AIDS -- AIDS AND IV DRUG USE -- FACILITATING CHANGE IN HEALTH BEHAVIORS -- EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF AIDS INTERVENTIONS -- BARRIERS TO RESEARCH -- Appendix B Supplemental Data -- BACKGROUND PAPERS -- ON THE ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES OF NUMBERS OF INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS -- What Is The Definition Of Intravenous Drug User? -- What Definitions Are Used In The "Review"? -- What Population Definition Was Used For Estimating Seroprevalence? -- How Were Numbers Of Ivdus Estimated? -- Overview -- Aggregation Of State Agencies' Estimates -- Illinois And Chicago -- California And Los Angeles -- New York State And New York City -- National Estimates -- Lange's Approach -- Newmeyer's Ratio Estimate -- Conclusions -- References -- MONITORING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- Current Estimates -- Proportional Model -- Multiplicative Model -- Temporal Distribution Model -- Proposal -- Requirements -- Limitations Of Samples Of Convenience -- Design Considerations -- Overview. Sample Size And Efficiency. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911147095703321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
AIDS, the second decade / / Heather G. Miller, Charles F. Turner, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors (Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on the Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council)
| AIDS, the second decade / / Heather G. Miller, Charles F. Turner, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors (Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on the Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council) |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1990 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (509 pages) |
| Disciplina | 362.1/9697/9200973 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
MillerHeather G
TurnerCharles F MosesLincoln E |
| Soggetto topico |
AIDS (Disease) - United States
Immunological deficiency syndromes |
| ISBN |
9786610212354
9781280212352 1280212357 9780309568449 0309568447 9780585010908 0585010900 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
AIDS -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- NOTE ON CONTRIBUTIONS -- Contents -- Summary -- THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES -- PREVENTION: THE CONTINUING CHALLENGE -- AIDS Prevention Challenges in the Coming Decade -- Impediments to Improved Intervention -- ADOLESCENTS -- Behaviors That Put Adolescents at Risk -- AIDS Prevention Programs for Teens -- Reaching Adolescents -- Doing Better with Adolescents in the Second Decade -- PROSTITUTES -- Risk Factors -- Interventions -- PROTECTING THE BLOOD SUPPLY -- Exclusionary Procedures -- Maintaining an Adequate Supply of Blood -- Improving the Safety of the Blood Supply -- The Appropriate Use of Blood -- SURVEY METHODS IN AIDS RESEARCH -- Sampling -- Nonresponse Bias -- Validity and Reliability -- Sexual Behavior -- Drug-Using Behaviors -- Summary of Findings -- Improving Measurements -- SYNOPSIS AND MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 The AIDS Epidemic in the Second Decade -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES -- A PICTURE OF EMERGING RISK: THE AIDS EPIDEMIC AMONG WOMEN -- Women Who Inject Drugs -- Female Sexual Partners of IV Drug Users -- Female Sexual Partners of Male Hemophiliacs and Transfusion Recipients -- TRACKING THE EPIDEMIC: DATA NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Prevention: The Continuing Challenge -- IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS AMONG GAY MEN -- Community-Level and Individual Intervention Efforts -- The Impact of Drug Use on Behavior Change -- INTERVENTIONS FOR INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS -- AIDS PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR WOMEN -- Preventing Horizontal Transmission in the Context of Drug Use -- Preventing Vertical Transmission -- The Role of Counseling and Testing in Women's Intervention Programs -- Lessons from Genetic Counseling -- AIDS Prevention Challenges in the Coming Decade -- MAINTAINING RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR.
IMPEDIMENTS TO IMPROVED INTERVENTION -- AIDS-Related Discrimination -- Federal Protections -- State and Local Protections -- Social Attitudes and Public Policy: Obstacles to Continued Progress -- Sexually Explicit Information -- Sterile Needle Programs -- REFERENCES -- 3 AIDS and Adolescents -- THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS AND HIV AMONG ADOLESCENTS -- The Scope of the Problem -- Conclusion -- BEHAVIORS THAT PUT ADOLESCENTS AT RISK -- Sexual Behavior -- Data Sources -- Vaginal Intercourse -- Abstinent Teenagers -- Patterns of Heterosexual Behavior -- Same-Gender Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents -- Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- Conclusion -- Drug Use -- Data Sources and Limitations -- Initiation of Drug Use -- Injection Practices Among Adolescents -- Prevalence of Drug Use -- Differential Patterns of Drug Use -- Clustering of Risk Behaviors -- Subpopulations of Teens at Higher Risk -- Conclusion -- INTERVENING TO PREVENT FURTHER SPREAD OF INFECTION -- Role of Evaluation Research -- Goals of Intervention Programs for Teens -- General Goals -- Specific Program Goals -- WHAT DO TEENS KNOW ABOUT AIDS? -- REACHING ADOLESCENTS -- Aspects of Prevention Programs -- Fear -- Personal Vulnerability -- Facts and Beliefs -- Skills -- Community Norms -- Sources of Messages -- Venues for Program Delivery -- Programs for All Adolescents -- School-Based Programs -- Programs for Out-of-School Youth -- Reaching Teenage Drug Users -- Program Needs for High-Risk and HIV-Seropositive Youth -- DOING BETTER IN THE SECOND DECADE -- REFERENCES -- 4 Interventions for Female Prostitutes -- THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS AND HIV INFECTION AMONG PROSTITUTES -- Risks Related to Drug Use and Sexual Transmission -- Context-Related Risks -- Client-Related Risks -- PATTERNS OF PROSTITUTION -- Street Prostitution -- Brothels -- Massage Parlors -- Outcall Prostitution -- Crack and Prostitution. INTERVENTION PROGRAMS -- Access -- Types of Interventions -- IMPEDIMENTS TO MORE EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS -- Laws Against Prostitution -- AIDS-Related Legislation -- Restriction of Infected Individuals -- Mandatory HIV Testing -- Other Effects of Marginality -- FUTURE NEEDS AND OPTIONS FOR HIV PREVENTION -- REFERENCES -- 5 AIDS and the Blood Supply -- BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM -- THE BLOOD COLLECTION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES -- The Organization of Blood Collection -- Exclusionary Procedures -- Exclusionary Procedures: The Organizational Perspective -- MAINTAINING AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF SAFE BLOOD -- Who Donates Blood? -- What Motivates Donors to Give Blood? -- Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards and Incentives -- Perceived Community Needs and Community Support -- Social Pressure -- Factors That Inhibit Donation -- Medical Ineligibility -- Fear -- Reactions to Donation -- Deferral -- Inconvenience -- Behavioral Theory and Its Application to Donor Recruitment -- Internal Versus External Antecedents to Action -- Intention and Action -- Role Models -- Linking Organizational and Theoretical Issues in Donor Recruitment Strategies -- PROTECTING THE BLOOD SUPPLY FROM HIV INFECTION -- Recruiting "Safe" Donors -- Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups -- Age Groups -- Genders -- Exclusionary Procedures: The Donor Perspective -- The Inappropriate Use of Blood Collection Agencies for HIV Testing -- RESEARCH TO IMPROVE THE EXISTING SYSTEM -- REDUCING THE RISK OF HIV INFECTION THROUGH APPROPRIATE USE OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS -- Trends in Blood Utilization -- Reducing Transfusion Exposure -- Decreasing Unnecessary Use of Blood Products -- Increasing Autologous Donation -- Decreasing Patient Need for Blood Products -- Inactivating Viruses -- Modifying Physician Behavior -- Modifying Patient Behavior -- Directions for Future Research. REFERENCES -- 6 Methodological Issues in AIDS Surveys -- FALLIBILITY OF MEASUREMENT IN OTHER SCIENCES -- RECRUITMENT OF RESPONDENTS IN SEX AND SEROPREVALENCE SURVEYS -- Scope of the Review -- Participation in Sex Surveys -- Data Collection Procedures and Response Rates -- Survey Configurations Associated with High Response Rates -- Use of Telephone Surveys -- Participation in Seroprevalence Surveys -- Nonresponse Bias in Sex and Seroprevalence Surveys -- NONSAMPLING ISSUES IN AIDS SURVEYS -- Terms and Concepts -- Survey Measurement of Sexual Behaviors -- Overview -- Inference in the Presence of Bias -- Assumption of Constant Bias in Measurements -- Approaches to Validation -- EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIORS -- Validation -- Partner Reports -- Other Validation Techniques -- Replication of Surveys on Samples of the Same Population -- Proportion of Teenagers Who Are Sexually Active -- Number of Sexual Partners Reported by Adults -- Replication of Measurements Using Same Respondents -- EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF DRUG-USING BEHAVIORS -- Accuracy of Self-Reports of Drug Use Behaviors -- Measurement Bias -- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS -- Feasibility -- Replicability -- Validity -- Reliability -- IMPROVING VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY -- Literacy -- Alternatives to Self-Reports -- Physical Evidence -- Skills Demonstrations -- Other Safeguards for Surveys -- Randomized Response Techniques -- Pilot Studies -- Pretests -- Cognitive Research Strategies -- ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES -- Examples of Studies Related to HIV Transmission -- Male-Male Sexual Contacts -- Variation in Drug Use Patterns -- Ethnographic Methods -- Ethnographic Methods in AIDS Research -- Findings of Ethnographic Research on AIDS -- Gaps and Deficiencies in Current Ethnographic Research -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix -- Index. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911099333703321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1990 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
AIDS, the second decade / / Heather G. Miller, Charles F. Turner, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors (Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on the Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council)
| AIDS, the second decade / / Heather G. Miller, Charles F. Turner, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors (Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on the Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council) |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1990 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (509 pages) |
| Disciplina | 362.1/9697/9200973 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
MillerHeather G
TurnerCharles F MosesLincoln E |
| Soggetto topico |
AIDS (Disease) - United States
Immunological deficiency syndromes |
| ISBN |
9786610212354
9781280212352 1280212357 9780309568449 0309568447 9780585010908 0585010900 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
AIDS -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- NOTE ON CONTRIBUTIONS -- Contents -- Summary -- THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES -- PREVENTION: THE CONTINUING CHALLENGE -- AIDS Prevention Challenges in the Coming Decade -- Impediments to Improved Intervention -- ADOLESCENTS -- Behaviors That Put Adolescents at Risk -- AIDS Prevention Programs for Teens -- Reaching Adolescents -- Doing Better with Adolescents in the Second Decade -- PROSTITUTES -- Risk Factors -- Interventions -- PROTECTING THE BLOOD SUPPLY -- Exclusionary Procedures -- Maintaining an Adequate Supply of Blood -- Improving the Safety of the Blood Supply -- The Appropriate Use of Blood -- SURVEY METHODS IN AIDS RESEARCH -- Sampling -- Nonresponse Bias -- Validity and Reliability -- Sexual Behavior -- Drug-Using Behaviors -- Summary of Findings -- Improving Measurements -- SYNOPSIS AND MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 The AIDS Epidemic in the Second Decade -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES -- A PICTURE OF EMERGING RISK: THE AIDS EPIDEMIC AMONG WOMEN -- Women Who Inject Drugs -- Female Sexual Partners of IV Drug Users -- Female Sexual Partners of Male Hemophiliacs and Transfusion Recipients -- TRACKING THE EPIDEMIC: DATA NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Prevention: The Continuing Challenge -- IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS AMONG GAY MEN -- Community-Level and Individual Intervention Efforts -- The Impact of Drug Use on Behavior Change -- INTERVENTIONS FOR INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS -- AIDS PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR WOMEN -- Preventing Horizontal Transmission in the Context of Drug Use -- Preventing Vertical Transmission -- The Role of Counseling and Testing in Women's Intervention Programs -- Lessons from Genetic Counseling -- AIDS Prevention Challenges in the Coming Decade -- MAINTAINING RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR.
IMPEDIMENTS TO IMPROVED INTERVENTION -- AIDS-Related Discrimination -- Federal Protections -- State and Local Protections -- Social Attitudes and Public Policy: Obstacles to Continued Progress -- Sexually Explicit Information -- Sterile Needle Programs -- REFERENCES -- 3 AIDS and Adolescents -- THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS AND HIV AMONG ADOLESCENTS -- The Scope of the Problem -- Conclusion -- BEHAVIORS THAT PUT ADOLESCENTS AT RISK -- Sexual Behavior -- Data Sources -- Vaginal Intercourse -- Abstinent Teenagers -- Patterns of Heterosexual Behavior -- Same-Gender Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents -- Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- Conclusion -- Drug Use -- Data Sources and Limitations -- Initiation of Drug Use -- Injection Practices Among Adolescents -- Prevalence of Drug Use -- Differential Patterns of Drug Use -- Clustering of Risk Behaviors -- Subpopulations of Teens at Higher Risk -- Conclusion -- INTERVENING TO PREVENT FURTHER SPREAD OF INFECTION -- Role of Evaluation Research -- Goals of Intervention Programs for Teens -- General Goals -- Specific Program Goals -- WHAT DO TEENS KNOW ABOUT AIDS? -- REACHING ADOLESCENTS -- Aspects of Prevention Programs -- Fear -- Personal Vulnerability -- Facts and Beliefs -- Skills -- Community Norms -- Sources of Messages -- Venues for Program Delivery -- Programs for All Adolescents -- School-Based Programs -- Programs for Out-of-School Youth -- Reaching Teenage Drug Users -- Program Needs for High-Risk and HIV-Seropositive Youth -- DOING BETTER IN THE SECOND DECADE -- REFERENCES -- 4 Interventions for Female Prostitutes -- THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS AND HIV INFECTION AMONG PROSTITUTES -- Risks Related to Drug Use and Sexual Transmission -- Context-Related Risks -- Client-Related Risks -- PATTERNS OF PROSTITUTION -- Street Prostitution -- Brothels -- Massage Parlors -- Outcall Prostitution -- Crack and Prostitution. INTERVENTION PROGRAMS -- Access -- Types of Interventions -- IMPEDIMENTS TO MORE EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS -- Laws Against Prostitution -- AIDS-Related Legislation -- Restriction of Infected Individuals -- Mandatory HIV Testing -- Other Effects of Marginality -- FUTURE NEEDS AND OPTIONS FOR HIV PREVENTION -- REFERENCES -- 5 AIDS and the Blood Supply -- BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM -- THE BLOOD COLLECTION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES -- The Organization of Blood Collection -- Exclusionary Procedures -- Exclusionary Procedures: The Organizational Perspective -- MAINTAINING AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF SAFE BLOOD -- Who Donates Blood? -- What Motivates Donors to Give Blood? -- Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards and Incentives -- Perceived Community Needs and Community Support -- Social Pressure -- Factors That Inhibit Donation -- Medical Ineligibility -- Fear -- Reactions to Donation -- Deferral -- Inconvenience -- Behavioral Theory and Its Application to Donor Recruitment -- Internal Versus External Antecedents to Action -- Intention and Action -- Role Models -- Linking Organizational and Theoretical Issues in Donor Recruitment Strategies -- PROTECTING THE BLOOD SUPPLY FROM HIV INFECTION -- Recruiting "Safe" Donors -- Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups -- Age Groups -- Genders -- Exclusionary Procedures: The Donor Perspective -- The Inappropriate Use of Blood Collection Agencies for HIV Testing -- RESEARCH TO IMPROVE THE EXISTING SYSTEM -- REDUCING THE RISK OF HIV INFECTION THROUGH APPROPRIATE USE OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS -- Trends in Blood Utilization -- Reducing Transfusion Exposure -- Decreasing Unnecessary Use of Blood Products -- Increasing Autologous Donation -- Decreasing Patient Need for Blood Products -- Inactivating Viruses -- Modifying Physician Behavior -- Modifying Patient Behavior -- Directions for Future Research. REFERENCES -- 6 Methodological Issues in AIDS Surveys -- FALLIBILITY OF MEASUREMENT IN OTHER SCIENCES -- RECRUITMENT OF RESPONDENTS IN SEX AND SEROPREVALENCE SURVEYS -- Scope of the Review -- Participation in Sex Surveys -- Data Collection Procedures and Response Rates -- Survey Configurations Associated with High Response Rates -- Use of Telephone Surveys -- Participation in Seroprevalence Surveys -- Nonresponse Bias in Sex and Seroprevalence Surveys -- NONSAMPLING ISSUES IN AIDS SURVEYS -- Terms and Concepts -- Survey Measurement of Sexual Behaviors -- Overview -- Inference in the Presence of Bias -- Assumption of Constant Bias in Measurements -- Approaches to Validation -- EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIORS -- Validation -- Partner Reports -- Other Validation Techniques -- Replication of Surveys on Samples of the Same Population -- Proportion of Teenagers Who Are Sexually Active -- Number of Sexual Partners Reported by Adults -- Replication of Measurements Using Same Respondents -- EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF DRUG-USING BEHAVIORS -- Accuracy of Self-Reports of Drug Use Behaviors -- Measurement Bias -- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS -- Feasibility -- Replicability -- Validity -- Reliability -- IMPROVING VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY -- Literacy -- Alternatives to Self-Reports -- Physical Evidence -- Skills Demonstrations -- Other Safeguards for Surveys -- Randomized Response Techniques -- Pilot Studies -- Pretests -- Cognitive Research Strategies -- ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES -- Examples of Studies Related to HIV Transmission -- Male-Male Sexual Contacts -- Variation in Drug Use Patterns -- Ethnographic Methods -- Ethnographic Methods in AIDS Research -- Findings of Ethnographic Research on AIDS -- Gaps and Deficiencies in Current Ethnographic Research -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix -- Index. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911147291503321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1990 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||