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Measuring poverty [[electronic resource] ] : a new approach / / Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, editors ; Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance: Concepts, Information Needs, and Measurement Methods ... [et al.]
| Measuring poverty [[electronic resource] ] : a new approach / / Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, editors ; Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance: Concepts, Information Needs, and Measurement Methods ... [et al.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, c1995 |
| Descrizione fisica | xviii, 501 p. : ill |
| Disciplina | 362.5/2/015195 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
CitroConstance F <1942-> (Constance Forbes)
MichaelRobert T |
| Soggetto topico | Poverty - United States - Statistical methods |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Electronic books. |
| ISBN |
1-280-19353-0
9786610193530 0-309-53848-3 0-585-02255-0 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910456018603321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, c1995 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Measuring poverty [[electronic resource] ] : a new approach / / Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, editors ; Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance: Concepts, Information Needs, and Measurement Methods ... [et al.]
| Measuring poverty [[electronic resource] ] : a new approach / / Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, editors ; Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance: Concepts, Information Needs, and Measurement Methods ... [et al.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, c1995 |
| Descrizione fisica | xviii, 501 p. : ill |
| Disciplina | 362.5/2/015195 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
CitroConstance F <1942-> (Constance Forbes)
MichaelRobert T |
| Soggetto topico | Poverty - United States - Statistical methods |
| ISBN |
0-309-17684-0
1-280-19353-0 9786610193530 0-309-53848-3 0-585-02255-0 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910778768703321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, c1995 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Measuring poverty : a new approach / / Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, editors ; Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance: Concepts, Information Needs, and Measurement Methods ... [et al.]
| Measuring poverty : a new approach / / Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, editors ; Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance: Concepts, Information Needs, and Measurement Methods ... [et al.] |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, c1995 |
| Descrizione fisica | xviii, 501 p. : ill |
| Disciplina | 362.5/2/015195 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
CitroConstance F <1942-> (Constance Forbes)
MichaelRobert T |
| Soggetto topico | Poverty - United States - Statistical methods |
| ISBN |
0-309-17684-0
1-280-19353-0 9786610193530 0-309-53848-3 0-585-02255-0 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Measuring Poverty -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary and Recommendations -- THE CURRENT POVERTY MEASURE: EVALUATION -- RECOMMENDATION: A NEW POVERTY MEASURE -- SETTING AND UPDATING THE POVERTY THRESHOLD -- ADJUSTING THE THRESHOLD -- DEFINING FAMILY RESOURCES -- EFFECTS -- NEEDED DATA -- OTHER ISSUES IN POVERTY MEASUREMENT -- RELATING THE POVERTY MEASURE TO ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- WHAT IS POVERTY? -- THE OFFICIAL U.S. POVERTY MEASURE -- Development of the Measure -- Adequacy of the Current Measure -- Work Patterns of Families with Children -- Composition of Families and Households -- Geographic Differences in Prices -- Increases in Medical Care Costs and Benefits -- Taxes -- Provision of In-Kind Benefits -- Increase in the Standard of Living -- ALTERNATIVE POVERTY MEASURES AND CRITERIA FOR A MEASURE -- Types of Poverty Thresholds -- Absolute and Relative Thresholds -- Expert Budgets: The U.S. Experience -- Other Approaches -- Definitions of Family Resources -- Criteria for a Poverty Measure -- Public Acceptability -- Statistical Defensibility -- Operational Feasibility -- A NEW APPROACH TO POVERTY MEASUREMENT: RECOMMENDATIONS -- A New Poverty Measure -- Periodic Reviews -- The Poverty Threshold -- Updating the Thresholds -- Threshold Concepts: Assessment -- Recommended Threshold Concept and Updating -- Setting the Initial Threshold -- Adjusting the Thresholds-Equivalence Scale -- Adjusting the Thresholds-Geographic Variations -- Defining Family Resources -- In-Kind Benefits-Nonmedical -- Medical Care Costs -- Taxes -- Work-Related Expenses -- Child Support Payments -- Services from Home Ownership -- Assets -- Effects -- Distributional Effects -- Effects of Selected Components -- Effects on the Poverty Rate -- Time Trends -- Needed Data -- Other Issues in Poverty Measurement.
Time Period -- Unit of Analysis -- Other Measures -- USE OF THE POVERTY MEASURE IN GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS -- The Poverty Measure and Program Eligibility -- Need Standards for Programs That Use the Official Measure -- Need Standards for AFDC -- The Poverty Measure and AFDC Benefit Standards -- 2 Poverty Thresholds -- THRESHOLD CONCEPTS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- The Two-Adult/Two-Child Reference Family -- Nondiscretionary Expenses -- Updating the Thresholds -- Setting the Initial Threshold -- EXPERT BUDGETS -- Multiplier Approaches -- The Original U.S. Poverty Thresholds -- The Orshansky Multiplier over Time -- Other Multiplier Approaches -- Categorical Approaches -- Detailed Budget Approaches -- York Family Budget Unit -- BLS Family Budgets Program -- Schwarz and Volgy Budget -- Conclusions -- Updating for Price Changes -- RELATIVE THRESHOLDS -- International Examples -- U.S. Expert Committee on Family Budget Revisions -- Issues in Deriving Relative Thresholds -- Behavior of Relative Thresholds Over Time -- SUBJECTIVE THRESHOLDS -- Research Findings -- Behavior of Subjective Thresholds Over Time -- CONCLUSIONS -- IMPLEMENTING THE PROPOSED APPROACH -- Setting the Initial Threshold -- Analysis of 1989-1991 CEX Data -- The Basic Bundle -- The Multiplier -- The Basic Bundle and Multiplier Together -- Comparison with Other Thresholds -- Analysis Over Time -- Further Evaluation -- 3 Adjusting Poverty Thresholds -- ADJUSTMENTS BY FAMILY TYPE -- The Concept of an Equivalence Scale -- Overview and Recommendation -- The Current Equivalence Scale -- Alternative Equivalence Scales -- Programmatic Equivalence Scales -- Behavioral Scales -- The Engel and Iso-Prop Methods -- The Rothbarth and Other Methods -- Subjective Scales -- Recommended Procedure -- ADJUSTMENTS BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA -- Overview and Recommendations -- Feasibility and Desirability. Research Findings on Price Differences -- Estimating Geographic Variations in Housing Costs -- HUD Fair Market Rents -- BLS Family Budgets Program -- Hedonic Models -- Discussion -- Recommended Approach -- Updating the Housing Cost Index -- Further Research -- 4 Defining Resources -- OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION -- ALTERNATIVES FOR DEFINING RESOURCES -- Resources as Disposable Income -- Adjusting Income, Not Thresholds -- Recommendation -- Resources as Consumption or Expenditures -- Rationale -- Implications -- Assessment -- A Crisis Definition of Resources -- Methodological and Measurement Issues -- Implications -- Assessment -- PROPOSED RESOURCE DEFINITION -- Money Income -- Nonmedical In-Kind Benefits -- Census Bureau Valuation Procedures -- Assessment of Valuation Approaches -- Needed Research and Development -- Medical Care Needs and Resources -- Proposed Approach: Recommendation -- Alternative Approaches -- Current Poverty Measure -- Adding Health Insurance Benefits to Income -- A Comprehensive Single Index -- A Two-Index Poverty Measure -- Separate Measures of Medical Care Risk and Economic Poverty -- Taxes -- Census Bureau Tax Estimation Procedures -- Assessment -- Work-Related Expenses -- Child Care -- Other Work-Related Expenses -- Child Support Payments -- Home Ownership Services -- 5 Effects of the Proposed Poverty Measure -- DATA AND PROCEDURES -- Poverty Measure Alternatives -- Threshold Adjustments -- Imputation Procedures for Proposed Resource Definition -- In-Kind Benefit Values and Taxes -- Out-of-Pocket Medical Care Expenditures -- Child Care Expenses -- Other Work-Related Expenses -- Distribution of Imputed Values -- RESULTS -- Effects with a Constant Poverty Rate -- Effects with a New Threshold -- The Overall Rate -- Groups -- Marginal Effects -- Equivalence Scale Effects -- Accuracy of Medical Care Expense Imputations. Prior Income Years -- Data and Procedures -- Results -- Poverty Rates Using SIPP -- DATA SOURCES -- Recommendations -- Data Sources for Income -- The March CPS -- The Alternative of SIPP -- Orienting SIPP to Poverty Measurement -- Transition -- Research Recommendations -- Income Data in Other Surveys -- Income Data in the Decennial Census -- Expenditure Data -- 6 Other Issues in Measuring Poverty -- TIME PERIOD -- Recommendation -- Short-Term Measures -- Long-Term Measures -- UNIT OF ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION -- Unit of Analysis -- Recommendations -- Discussion -- Unit of Presentation -- INDEXES OF POVERTY -- Recommendation -- Alternative Indexes -- Indexes with Alternative Resource Definitions -- THE LIMITED SCOPE OF MEASURING ECONOMIC POVERTY -- 7 Use of the Poverty Measure in Government Assistance Programs -- RECOMMENDATION -- GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS -- Overview -- Determining Income Eligibility: Selected Programs -- Head Start -- School Nutrition Programs -- WIC -- Food Stamps -- USING THE PROPOSED POVERTY MEASURE -- The Thresholds -- The Family Resource Definition -- Simplified Determination of Disposable Income -- Full Determination of Disposable Income -- Other Issues -- 8 The Poverty Measure and AFDC -- DETERMINING PROGRAM BENEFIT LEVELS -- Proposals for AFDC Minimum Benefits: A Brief History -- The Matching Formula -- A Supplementary Program with a National Benefit Standard-Food Stamps -- A National Minimum Benefit Standard for AFDC -- Issues in Program Benefit Design -- Budget Constraints -- Targeting Strategies and Preferences -- Program Interactions -- Program Incentives -- Work Effects -- Family Structure Decisions -- Migration Effects -- Summary -- Federal-State Cost Sharing -- Summary -- DETERMINING STATE AFDC STANDARDS OF NEED -- Recommendation -- Program Regulations -- Standard Setting in the 1970s. Standard Setting in the 1980s -- Differences Among States -- Differences in Need Standards and Benefits -- Differences in Equivalence Scales -- Trends in Need Standards and Benefits -- Conclusions -- Comparative Advantage of the Proposed Poverty Measure -- Problematic Aspects of the Proposed Poverty Measure -- Program Interactions -- Implications of Updating for Costs and Caseloads -- Effects of Updating on Program Incentives -- Summary -- APPENDICES -- APPENDIX A Dissent -- MEASURING THE POVERTY LINE -- UPDATING THE POVERTY LINE -- CHOOSING A RANGE FOR THE POVERTY LINE -- MEASURING FAMILY RESOURCES: THE ISSUE OF MEDICAL CARE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX B Data Sources for Measuring Poverty -- MAJOR FEATURES OF THE CEX, MARCH CPS, PSID, AND SIPP -- Consumer Expenditure Survey -- Design and Use -- Content of the Interview Survey -- CPS March Income Supplement -- Design -- Content -- Panel Study of Income Dynamics -- Design -- Content -- Survey of Income and Program Participation -- Design -- Content -- Summary Comparisons -- Quality of Income Data -- THE MARCH CPS AND SIPP COMPARED -- Categories of Information -- Taxes -- Nonmedical In-Kind Benefits -- Medical Benefits/Costs -- Child Care and Other Work Expenses -- Child Support Payments -- Asset Holdings -- Ability to Support Other Estimates -- Shorter or Longer Term Measures -- State Estimates -- Related Measures -- Quality of Income Data -- Population Undercoverage -- Household and Person Nonresponse -- Item Nonresponse -- Other Sources of Error -- Aggregate Comparisons -- APPENDIX C The Interdependence of Time and Money -- ''TIME IS MONEY -- Illustration -- Expenditure Data -- Discussion -- RESEARCH APPROACHES -- Time Poor: A Measurement -- Calculating Earnings Capacity -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX D Assistance Programs for People with Low-Incomes. PROGRAMS THAT TIE ELIGIBILITY TO THE POVERTY GUIDELINES. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910825909503321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, c1995 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Pay equity [[electronic resource] ] : empirical inquiries / / Robert T. Michael, Heidi I. Hartmann, and Brigid O'Farrell, editors ; Panel on Pay Equity Research, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council
| Pay equity [[electronic resource] ] : empirical inquiries / / Robert T. Michael, Heidi I. Hartmann, and Brigid O'Farrell, editors ; Panel on Pay Equity Research, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 |
| Descrizione fisica | xiv, 258 p. : ill |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
MichaelRobert T
HartmannHeidi I O'FarrellBrigid |
| Soggetto topico |
Pay equity
Wages |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Electronic books. |
| ISBN |
1-280-21465-1
9786610214655 0-309-54297-9 0-585-14392-7 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910455411403321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Pay equity [[electronic resource] ] : empirical inquiries / / Robert T. Michael, Heidi I. Hartmann, and Brigid O'Farrell, editors ; Panel on Pay Equity Research, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council
| Pay equity [[electronic resource] ] : empirical inquiries / / Robert T. Michael, Heidi I. Hartmann, and Brigid O'Farrell, editors ; Panel on Pay Equity Research, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 |
| Descrizione fisica | xiv, 258 p. : ill |
| Disciplina | 331.2/1 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
MichaelRobert T
HartmannHeidi I O'FarrellBrigid |
| Soggetto topico |
Pay equity
Wages |
| ISBN |
1-280-21465-1
9786610214655 0-309-54297-9 0-585-14392-7 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910778706503321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Pay equity : empirical inquiries / / Robert T. Michael, Heidi I. Hartmann, and Brigid O'Farrell, editors ; Panel on Pay Equity Research, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council
| Pay equity : empirical inquiries / / Robert T. Michael, Heidi I. Hartmann, and Brigid O'Farrell, editors ; Panel on Pay Equity Research, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 |
| Descrizione fisica | xiv, 258 p. : ill |
| Disciplina | 331.2/1 |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
MichaelRobert T
HartmannHeidi I O'FarrellBrigid |
| Soggetto topico |
Pay equity
Wages |
| ISBN |
1-280-21465-1
9786610214655 0-309-54297-9 0-585-14392-7 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Pay Equity -- Copyright -- Contents -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS -- PANEL MEMBERS -- RESEARCHERS -- DISCUSSANTS -- STAFF -- GUESTS -- PAY EQUITY: ASSESSING THE ISSUES -- THE EMPERICAL INQUIRIES -- Gender Differences in Wages: Wage Determination for Individuals -- Male-Female Salaries and Promotions in a Large, Private Firm -- Occupational Segregation and Earnings -- Labor Market Crowding and Earnings of Women -- Sex-Role, Occupational Choice, and Salary -- Jobs and Occupations as the Unit of Analysis -- Effects of Demographic Composition on Pay Rates for Jobs -- Occupational Differences and Earnings -- Implementation of Comparable Worth Policies -- Iowa's Comparable Worth Plan -- Pay Equity in Minnesota -- Women's Pay in Australia, Great Britain, and the United States -- CONCLUSION -- Research Consensus -- Research Needs -- PART I GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WAGES: WAGE DETERMINATION FOR INDIVIDUALS -- 1 Salaries, Salary Growth, and Promotions of Men and Women in a Large, Private Firm -- The Firm -- Method -- Sample and Measures -- Analyses -- Results -- Decomposition of Salary Differences -- Decomposition of Salary Growth Differences -- Decomposition of Promotion Differences -- Effect of Percentage Female -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- COMMENTARY -- References -- 2 Measuring the Effect of Occupational Sex and Race Composition on Earnings -- Research Method -- Discussion of the Data -- Empirical Results -- Jobs with a Disproportionate Number of Women and Minorities -- Empirical Results by Industrial Sector -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 3 Effects of Excess Supply on the Wage Rates of Young Women -- Investigating Crowding Effects -- Differences in Female Labor Markets -- Differences by Occupation -- Methods -- General Labor Market Variables -- Key Explanatory Variables -- Empirical Results.
Occupation -- Personal Characteristics -- Alternative Causal Explanations -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 The Effects of Sex-Role-Related Factors on Occupational Choice and Salary -- The Occupational Choices of Men and Women -- The Influence of Sex-Role-Related Factors -- Occupational Information -- Self-Confidence -- Risk-Taking Behavior -- Integrating Sex-Role-Related Factors -- Summary and Implications -- References -- PART II JOBS AND OCCUPATIONS AS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS -- 5 Pay the Man: Effects of Demographic Composition on Prescribed Wage Rates in the California Civil Service -- The Setting -- Hypotheses -- Data and Methods -- The Sample -- Operationalization -- Cross-Sectional Analyses -- Effects of Demographic Composition -- Educational and Experience Requirements -- Penalties Associated with the Presence of Women and Nonwhites in a Job -- Trend Analyses -- Enduring Jobs: Cross-Sectional Regressions, 1979 and 1985 -- Comparing 1985 Penalties in Enduring Jobs and Job Births -- Longitudinal Analyses -- Examining the Crowding Hypothesis: The Interaction Between Employment Growth and Changes in Demographic Composition -- Summary and Implications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix -- COMMENTARY -- Reference -- 6 Comparable Worth, Occupational Labor Markets, and Occupational Earnings: Results from the 1980 Census -- Alternative Theories and Literatures -- Theory and Hypotheses -- Previous Tests of Related Theory -- Method -- Measurement of Job Content -- Measurement of Occupational Labor Market Conditions -- Measurement of Annualized Earnings -- Results -- Descriptive Analyses -- Multivariate Analyses -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Occupational Segregation, Compensating Differentials, and Comparable Worth -- Possible Causes of Sex Differences -- Differences in Productivity. Differences in Utility Functions -- Discrimination -- Analytic Framework -- Estimation Issues -- The Data -- Estimated Wage Equations -- Results -- Adding Demographic and Personal Characteristics -- Adding the Full Set of "Comparable Worth" Factors -- Results for Other Ethnic Groups -- Changes in Sex Composition -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- COMMENTARY -- PART III COMPARABLE WORTH IMPLEMENTATION -- 8 Comparable Worth and the Structure of Earnings: The Iowa Case -- Historical Background -- Hypotheses -- Methodology and Data -- Results -- Tabulations -- Human Capital Model -- Comparable Worth Model -- Human Capital-Job Attributes Model -- Predicted Pay Ratios -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 The Impact of Pay Equity on Public Employees: State of Minnesota Employees' Attitudes Toward Wage Policy Innovation -- Policy History -- Content -- Implementation -- Wage Changes and Labor Relations -- Data and Methods -- Survey Design -- Variables -- Support -- Knowledge -- Experience -- Perceived Impact -- Material Position -- Organizational Position -- Ideological Beliefs -- Sample Characteristics -- Findings -- Support -- Knowledge -- Experience -- Perceived Impact -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Women's Pay in Australia, Great Britain, and the United States: The Role of Laws, Regulations, and Human Capital -- Relevance of the Human Capital Model -- Method of Analysis -- Results from the Earnings Equations -- The Importance of Institutions -- Australia -- Britain -- United States -- Employment and Unemployment -- Conclusions -- References -- Appendix: Definition of Variables Used in the Regression Equations -- Australia -- Education Variables -- Experience -- Children -- Area -- Marital Status -- Great Britain -- Education Variables -- Experience -- Children -- Area -- Marital Status -- United States. Education Variables -- Experience -- Children -- Area -- Marital Status -- COMMENTARY -- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910828407903321 |
| Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||