| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Epidemiology and Basic Sciences -- 1: The Epidemiology of Acute Fractures in Sport -- 1.1 Overall Epidemiology -- 1.2 Types of Sport -- 1.3 Open Fractures -- 1.4 Multiple Fractures -- 1.5 The Changing Epidemiology of Sports Fractures -- 1.6 Sports Fractures in the Older Population -- 1.7 Sports Fractures -- 1.8 Soccer -- 1.8.1 Upper Limb Fractures -- 1.8.2 Lower Limb Fractures -- 1.9 Rugby -- 1.9.1 Upper Limb Fractures -- 1.9.2 Lower Limb Fractures -- 1.9.3 Axial Skeleton Fractures -- 1.10 Cycling -- 1.10.1 Upper Limb Fractures -- 1.10.2 Lower Limb Fractures -- 1.10.3 Axial Skeleton Fractures -- 1.11 Skiing and Snowboarding -- 1.11.1 Upper Limb Fractures -- 1.11.2 Lower Limb Fractures -- 1.11.3 Axial Skeleton Fractures -- 1.12 Basketball -- 1.12.1 Upper Limb Fractures -- 1.12.2 Lower Limb Fractures -- 1.13 Horse Riding -- 1.13.1 Upper Limb Fractures -- 1.13.2 Lower Limb Fractures -- 1.13.3 Axial Skeleton Fractures -- 1.14 Ice Skating -- 1.15 Martial Arts -- 1.16 Cricket -- 1.17 Hockey -- 1.18 Skateboarding -- 1.19 Sledging -- 1.20 Roller Skating -- 1.21 Boxing -- 1.22 Motor Sports -- 1.23 Golf -- 1.24 Trampolining -- 1.25 Athletics -- 1.26 Badminton, Tennis and Squash -- 1.27 Gymnastics -- 1.28 Other Fractures -- 1.29 American Football -- 1.30 Baseball -- 1.31 Ice Hockey -- Review -- Questions -- Answers -- References -- 2: The Epidemiology of Stress Fractures in Sport -- 2.1 Stress Fracture Epidemiology -- 2.1.1 Stress Fractures: Military -- 2.1.2 Stress Fractures: Running -- 2.1.3 Stress Fractures: Tennis -- 2.1.4 Stress Fractures: Basketball -- 2.1.5 Stress Fracture: Pediatric and Adolescent Athletes -- 2.1.6 Stress Fractures: Other Sports and Sites -- 2.2 Conclusion -- Review -- Questions -- Answers -- References.
3: Acute Fracture Injuries in Sport -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fracture Healing -- 3.2.1 Primary Fracture Healing -- 3.2.2 Secondary Fracture Healing -- 3.2.3 Fracture Healing and Treatment -- 3.2.4 Non-union -- 3.3 Injury Patterns -- 3.3.1 Epidemiology and Classification -- 3.3.2 Injury Patterns -- 3.4 The Biomechanics of Fracture Injury -- 3.4.1 Force of Injury -- 3.4.2 Bone Resistance -- 3.4.3 Injury Stability -- 3.5 General Treatment Principles -- 3.5.1 Sport-Specific Principles -- 3.5.2 Conservative Management -- 3.5.3 Surgical Management -- 3.5.4 Open Fractures -- 3.6 The Biomechanics of Fracture Fixation -- 3.6.1 Conservative Treatment Methods -- 3.6.2 Surgical Treatment Methods -- 3.6.3 Plate Fixation -- 3.6.4 Screw Fixation -- 3.6.5 Intra-medullary Nail Fixation -- 3.6.6 K-Wire Fixation -- 3.7 Fracture Prevention -- 3.7.1 Injury Surveillance -- 3.7.2 Protective Practice -- 3.7.3 Protective Equipment -- 3.7.4 Modification of Technique -- 3.8 Summary -- Review -- Questions -- Answers -- References -- 4: Stress Fracture Injuries in Sport -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Holistic Approach to Stress Fractures -- 4.3 Athletes at Risk for Stress Fractures -- 4.3.1 Vitamin D Insufficiency -- 4.3.2 The Female Athlete Triad and Caloric Insufficiency -- 4.3.3 The Male Endurance Athlete Tetrad -- 4.4 Pathophysiology -- 4.5 Clinical Presentation -- 4.6 Imaging Evaluation -- 4.6.1 Radiographs -- 4.6.2 Bone Scintigraphy -- 4.6.3 Computed Tomography (CT Scan) -- 4.6.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 4.6.5 Ultrasound -- 4.6.6 Classification/Grading -- 4.7 Risk Assessment -- 4.7.1 High Risk, Intermediate Risk, and Low Risk Stress Fractures -- 4.7.2 Management of High-Risk Stress Fractures -- 4.7.3 Management of Low Risk Stress Fractures -- 4.7.4 Insufficiency Fractures -- 4.8 Return to Sports Participation.
4.9 Prevention of Stress Injuries to Bone -- 4.10 Biologic Healing Enhancement -- 4.10.1 Electrical Osseous Stimulation -- 4.10.2 Parathyroid Hormone Stimulation -- 4.10.3 Subchondroplasty and Intraosseous Bioplasty -- 4.10.4 Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) -- 4.11 Summary -- Review -- Questions -- Answers -- References -- 5: Models for Understanding and Preventing Fractures in Sport -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 What Is the Problem That Needs Addressing? -- 5.3 Identifying Risk Factors That Lead to the Problem -- 5.3.1 Musculoskeletal Structure and Function -- 5.3.2 Skeletal Pathology -- 5.3.3 Children, Adolescence and Youth -- 5.3.4 Adults -- 5.4 From Understanding to Prevention -- 5.5 Determining What Interventions Can Best Address the Problem -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Orthobiologics for Fracture Healing in the Athlete -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Orthobiologics -- 6.3 Bone Grafts -- 6.3.1 Autologous Bone Grafts -- 6.3.2 Bone Allograft -- 6.3.3 Demineralised Bone Matrix (DBM) -- 6.3.4 Bone Graft Substitutes -- 6.3.4.1 Calcium Sulphate -- 6.3.4.2 Calcium Phosphate -- 6.3.4.3 Tricalcium Phosphate -- 6.3.4.4 Composite Grafts -- 6.3.5 Stem Cell Allografts -- 6.4 Cell Therapies -- 6.4.1 Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate -- 6.4.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma -- 6.5 Osteoinductive Growth Factors and Proteins -- 6.5.1 Bone Morphogenetic Protein -- 6.5.2 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor -- 6.5.3 Parathyroid Hormone -- 6.5.4 Vitamin D and Calcium -- 6.5.5 Bioabsorbable Implants -- 6.5.6 miRNA -- 6.6 Influence of Systemic Factors -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Fracture Rehabilitation -- 7.1 Rehabilitation Principles for Acute Fractures -- 7.1.1 Fracture Alignment and Surgical Fixation -- 7.1.2 Immobilisation -- 7.1.3 Weight Bearing Status, Assistive Devices and Activity Modifications.
7.1.4 Therapy: Restoring Range of Motion, Strength and Function -- 7.2 Rehabilitation of Stress Fractures -- 7.2.1 Fracture Alignment and Surgical Fixation -- 7.2.2 Immobilisation -- 7.2.3 Weight Bearing Status, Assistive Devices and Activity Restrictions -- 7.2.4 Therapy: Restoring Range of Motion, Strength and Function -- 7.3 Additional Factors Affecting Bone Healing -- Review -- Questions (and Answers in bold) -- References -- 8: Bone Health in Athletes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Bone Physiology -- 8.3 Skeletal Loading -- 8.4 Bone Strength in Athletes -- 8.5 Low Energy Availability and Bone Health in Athletes -- 8.6 Bone Stress Injury and Fracture -- 8.7 Management of Bone Health in the Athlete -- 8.7.1 Bone Health Assessment -- 8.7.2 Nutrition -- 8.7.3 Resistance Exercise -- 8.7.4 Hormone Therapy -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- Part II: Acute Fractures in Sport: Upper Limb -- 9: Acute Fractures in Sport: Shoulder -- 9.1 Clavicle Fractures -- 9.1.1 Epidemiology -- 9.1.2 Classification -- 9.1.3 Diagnosis -- 9.1.4 Treatment -- 9.1.4.1 Emergency Department -- 9.1.4.2 Surgical Decision-Making -- 9.1.4.3 Midshaft Fractures -- 9.1.4.4 Lateral-Third Fractures -- 9.1.4.5 Medial-Third Fractures -- 9.1.5 Rehabilitation -- 9.1.5.1 Evidence for Return to Function -- 9.1.6 Complications -- 9.1.7 Preventative Measures -- 9.2 Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries -- 9.2.1 Epidemiology -- 9.2.2 Classification -- 9.2.3 Diagnosis -- 9.2.4 Treatment -- 9.2.4.1 Surgical Decision-Making -- 9.2.4.2 Surgical Techniques -- Mechanical Stability -- Biological Healing -- 9.2.4.3 Authors' Preferred Technique -- Acute Injury (Within 4 Weeks) -- Chronic Injury -- 9.2.5 Complications -- 9.2.6 Rehabilitation -- 9.2.7 Preventative Measures -- 9.3 Glenohumeral Instability -- 9.3.1 Epidemiology -- 9.3.1.1 Recurrent Instability.
9.3.2 Classification -- 9.3.3 Diagnosis -- 9.3.3.1 Emergency Department -- 9.3.3.2 Outpatient Department -- Glenoid Lesions -- Humeral Lesions -- 9.3.4 Treatment -- 9.3.4.1 Closed Treatment of Acute Dislocations -- 9.3.4.2 Conservative Management -- 9.3.4.3 Surgical Decision-Making -- 9.3.4.4 Surgical Techniques -- 9.3.4.5 Soft Tissue Procedures -- Labral (Bankart) Repair -- Bony Bankart Repair -- SLAP Repair -- Remplissage -- HAGL Repair -- 9.3.4.6 Bony Procedures -- Glenoid Augmentation: The Modified Bristow-Latarjet Procedure -- Humeral Osteoplasty -- Humeral Head Augmentation -- 9.3.5 Complications -- 9.3.5.1 Complications of Injury [102] -- 9.3.5.2 Complications of Surgery -- 9.3.6 Rehabilitation -- 9.3.7 Preventative Measures -- 9.4 Proximal Humerus Fractures -- 9.4.1 Epidemiology -- 9.4.2 Classification -- 9.4.3 Diagnosis -- 9.4.4 Treatment -- 9.4.5 Preventative Measures -- 9.5 Humeral Shaft Fractures -- 9.5.1 Epidemiology -- 9.5.2 Classification -- 9.5.2.1 Descriptive Classification -- 9.5.2.2 AO-OTA Classification [127] -- 9.5.2.3 Other Radiographic Features -- 9.5.3 Diagnosis -- 9.5.4 Management -- 9.5.4.1 Surgical Decision-Making -- 9.5.4.2 Non-operative Protocol -- 9.5.4.3 Surgical Techniques -- 9.5.4.4 Authors' Preferred Technique -- 9.5.5 Complications -- 9.5.5.1 Non-operative Management -- 9.5.5.2 Operative Management -- 9.5.6 Rehabilitation -- 9.5.7 Preventative Measures -- Review -- Questions -- Answers -- Referrences -- 10: Acute Fractures in Sport: Elbow -- 10.1 Epidemiology of Elbow Fractures in Sport -- 10.2 Specific Elbow Fractures in Sport -- 10.2.1 Distal Humerus -- 10.2.1.1 Epidemiology -- 10.2.1.2 Diagnosis -- 10.2.1.3 Classification -- 10.2.1.4 Treatment -- 10.2.1.5 Rehabilitation -- 10.2.1.6 Complications -- 10.2.2 Medial Epicondyle Fractures -- 10.2.2.1 Epidemiology.
10.2.2.2 Diagnosis.
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The Achilles Tendon : An Atlas of Surgical Procedures / / edited by Hajo Thermann, Christoph Becher, Michael R. Carmont, Jón Karlsson, Nicola Maffulli, James Calder, C. Niek van Dijk
