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Intro -- Cover -- Contents -- About the authors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Disclaimer -- Chapter 1 : Water sources and quality parameters -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources of Water -- 1.2.1 Surface water -- 1.2.2 Groundwater -- 1.3 Drinking Water Quality Parameters -- 1.3.1 Physical parameters -- 1.3.1.1 pH -- 1.3.1.2 Colour, taste and odour -- 1.3.1.3 Turbidity/total suspended solids -- 1.3.1.4 Total dissolved solids -- 1.3.1.5 Dissolved gases -- 1.3.2 Chemical parameters -- 1.3.2.1 Hardness -- 1.3.2.2 Major ions -- 1.3.2.3 Heavy metals -- 1.3.3 Microbiological -- 1.3.3.1 Bacteria -- 1.3.3.2 Virus -- 1.3.3.3 Protozoa -- 1.3.3.4 Helminths -- 1.3.3.5 Phytoplankton -- 1.3.4 Emerging contaminants in water -- 1.3.4.1 Pesticides -- 1.3.4.2 Pharmaceutical and personal care products -- 1.3.4.3 Radioactive elements -- 1.4 Summary -- Chapter 2 : Water supply systems and the need for point-of-use treatment systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Water Supply Systems -- 2.2.1 Catchment -- 2.2.2 Source -- 2.2.3 Treatment plant -- 2.2.4 Distribution network -- 2.2.5 Households -- 2.3 Major Contaminants in Water Sources -- 2.4 Treatment for Surface Water Sources -- 2.4.1 Aerator -- 2.4.2 Pre-sedimentation -- 2.4.3 Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation -- 2.4.3.1 Coagulation -- 2.4.3.2 Flocculation -- 2.4.3.3 Sedimentation -- 2.4.4 Filtration -- 2.4.4.1 Filter materials -- 2.4.4.2 Types of filters -- 2.5 Treatment for Groundwater -- 2.5.1 Pre-filtration (optional) -- 2.5.2 Electrocoagulation -- 2.5.3 Adsorption -- 2.5.4 Membrane filtration -- 2.5.5 Disinfection -- 2.5.5.1 Chlorination -- 2.5.5.2 Ultraviolet disinfection.
2.5.5.3 Ozonation -- 2.5.5.4 Copper-silver ionisation -- 2.5.6 Solar disinfection -- 2.6 Degradation of Water Quality at the Source -- 2.7 Deterioration of Water Quality from Source and Centralised Water Treatment Plants to Households -- 2.7.1 Need for point-of-use water treatment systems -- 2.7.2 Summary -- Chapter 3 : Point-of-use water treatment systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Point-of-Entry and Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems -- 3.2.1 Point-of-Entry water treatment systems -- 3.2.2 Point-of-use water treatment systems -- 3.3 Classification of Point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 3.4 Components of Membrane-Based POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment Systems -- 3.4.1 Storage tank -- 3.4.2 Pre-treatment -- 3.4.2.1 Media filters -- 3.4.2.2 Cartridge filters -- 3.4.2.3 Activated carbon filters -- 3.4.3 Membranes -- 3.4.3.1 Transport mechanism -- 3.4.3.2 Structure -- 3.4.3.3 Geometry -- 3.4.3.4 Nature -- 3.4.3.5 Pore size -- 3.4.4 Post-treatment -- 3.4.4.1 Ultraviolet disinfection -- 3.4.4.2 Remineralisation -- 3.4.4.3 Total dissolved solids adjustment/controller -- 3.4.4.4 Sensors -- 3.5 Limitations of POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment Systems -- 3.6 Smart and Futuristic Membrane-Based POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment Systems -- 3.7 Summary -- Chapter 4 : Design of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Design Parameters for Membrane-Based point-of-use Water Treatment System -- 4.2.1 Capacity -- 4.2.1.1 Case study 1 -- 4.2.1.2 Case study 2 -- 4.2.2 Pre-treatment system -- 4.2.2.1 Dimension of activated carbon filter -- 4.2.3 Membranes (size, length, area, recovery, rejection) -- 4.2.3.1 Membrane area calculation -- 4.2.3.2 Membrane length calculation.
4.2.3.3 Per cent rejection -- 4.2.3.4 Per cent recovery -- 4.2.4 Membrane module -- 4.2.4.1 Feed spacer -- 4.2.4.2 Permeate spacer -- 4.2.4.3 Permeate tube -- 4.2.4.4 Endcap -- 4.2.5 Post-treatment -- 4.2.5.1 Chlorination -- 4.2.5.2 Ultraviolet disinfection -- 4.2.5.3 Total dissolved solids adjustment/controller (bypass, adding chemicals, etc.) -- 4.3 Design of Multi-Stage Membrane-Based POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment System -- 4.4 summary -- Chapter 5 : Modelling membrane operations in membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Principles of Modelling -- 5.3 Transport Models Used in Modelling Membrane Processes -- 5.4 Modelling reverse osmosis Process -- 5.4.1 Modelling transport phenomena in reverse osmosis membrane -- 5.4.2 Membrane reliability modelling -- 5.4.3 Modelling transport and fouling mechanisms -- 5.4.4 Modelling concentration polarisation -- 5.4.5 Energy consumption -- 5.4.5.1 Specific energy consumption -- 5.4.5.2 Energy efficiency -- 5.5 Case studies -- 5.5.1 Modelling velocity field and concentration polarisation -- 5.5.1.1 Velocity field -- 5.5.1.2 Concentration polarisation -- 5.5.2 Effect of spacer filament geometry on velocity field and concentration polarisation -- 5.5.2.1 Velocity field -- 5.5.2.2 Concentration polarisation -- 5.6 Summary -- Chapter 6 : Operation and maintenance of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Operation and Maintenance Related Challenges of point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 6.2.1 Clogging of the pre-treatment unit -- 6.2.2 Clogging/fouling of membranes -- 6.2.2.1 Types of fouling -- 6.2.3 Failure of post-treatment -- 6.2.4 Non-functional sensors.
6.3 Preventive Maintenance of Membrane-Based POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment Systems -- 6.3.1 Maintenance of pre-treatment unit -- 6.3.2 Maintenance of membrane unit -- 6.3.2.1 Membrane unit cleaning -- 6.3.2.2 Anti-foulant chemical design -- 6.3.3 Maintenance of post-treatment -- 6.4 Troubleshooting of POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment System -- 6.4.1 Consistently replace reverse osmosis pre-filters -- 6.4.2 Test hardness of feed water -- 6.4.3 Test pressure of feed water -- 6.4.4 Inspect feed water temperature -- 6.4.5 Test total dissolved solids of product water -- 6.4.6 Test reject water -- 6.4.7 Replacement of membranes -- 6.4.8 Routine cleaning and disinfection -- 6.5 Summary -- Chapter 7 : Techno-economic analysis of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Cost-Effectiveness of Centralised Water Treatment Plants -- 7.3 Cost-Effectiveness of point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 7.4 P o U Water Treatment Systems Market Dynamics -- 7.4.1 Driver: increasing water contamination -- 7.4.2 Restraint: high installation, equipment and operational cost -- 7.4.3 Opportunity: scarcity of clean water in developing and underdeveloped countries -- 7.4.4 Challenge: ageing infrastructure -- 7.4.5 Counter-top units are the widely preferred device of point-of-use water treatment systems -- 7.4.6 Increased demand from the residential sector -- 7.4.7 Reverse osmosis is the most preferred point-of-use water treatment technology -- 7.5 Country-Wise Costs of point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 7.6 Economic Analysis of point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 7.6.1 Capital investment -- 7.6.2 Cost of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems.
7.7 Global Market Size of Membrane-Based point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 7.8 Cost Details of Membrane-Based point-of-use Water Treatment Systems: A Case Study From India -- 7.9 Summary -- Chapter 8 : Certification and evaluation of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Standards for Evaluation/Certification from International Agencies -- 8.2.1 World Health Organisation -- 8.2.2 National Science Foundation/American National Standards Institute -- 8.2.3 National Science Foundation-International -- 8.2.4 Water Quality India Association -- 8.3 Country-Specific Standards for Evaluation/Certification -- 8.3.1 Brazil -- 8.3.2 Canada -- 8.3.3 China -- 8.3.4 European Union -- 8.3.5 India -- 8.3.6 Mexico -- 8.3.7 The United States of America -- 8.4 Certification/Evaluation Process -- 8.4.1 Certification process description -- 8.4.1.1 Process development -- 8.4.1.2 Technical Review Board -- 8.4.2 Certification process -- 8.4.2.1 Application -- 8.4.2.2 Document review, preliminary audit, and finalisation of activities -- 8.4.2.3 Contract -- 8.4.2.4 Evaluation -- 8.4.3 Point-of-use water treatment system testing schedules -- 8.4.3.1 Testing schedule considerations -- 8.4.3.2 Communication to the manufacturer -- 8.4.3.3 Complaints and appeals -- 8.4.3.4 Surveillance -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- Index.
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Membrane based Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment System / / Pawan Kumar Labhasetwar, Anshul Yadav
