| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Currency Equivalents -- 1. Assessing Access -- Growth, Poverty Reduction, and Access to Financial Services -- Basic Supply-Side Measures of Financial Services Offered in Brazil -- Demand-Side Measures of Access: An Enterprise Survey -- Demand-Side Measures of Access: A Survey of Urban Individuals -- Analysis of Survey Results: What Factors Are Associated with Access? -- An Econometric Investigation of Determinants of Access -- Summary of Findings and Policy Implications -- Annex 1.1 Financial Markets and Welfare-Enhancement: Microeconomic Aspects -- Annex 1.2 Technical Note on Estimation: Urban Financial Survey -- 2. Expanding Microfinance -- Microcredit, Access, and Poverty: A New Paradigm? -- Microfinance in Brazil: Evolution and Status -- Microfinance in Brazil: Constraints and Challenges -- Microfinance Regulation and Supervision: Future Policy Options -- The Credit Cooperative Movement and Its Contributions to Access -- Legal, Regulatory, and Supervisory Framework for Credit Cooperatives -- Annex 2.1 Microfinance and Technology -- 3. Downscaling Private Banks -- Deposit Services: Small Clients and Special Savings -- Credit Services: Provision of Small Loans -- Entry Requirements, Prices, and Transaction Costs -- Delivery Channels: Branches, ATMs, and Correspondent Banking -- New Technologies: Use of the Internet and Phone Banking -- Downscaling of Banks Elsewhere: What Can Banks Do? -- Annex 3.1 Bank Downscaling: One Bank's Viewpoint -- 4. Partnering Nonbanks -- Introduction -- Factoring -- Leasing -- Consumer Finance for Individuals and Trade Finance for Enterprises -- 5. Channeling Rural Finance -- Specialized Finance and Directed Credit in Brazil -- Overview of Rural Finance in Brazil -- Analysis of the Present System of Agricultural Credit.
Designing Rural Financial Systems: Principles and Experience -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Annex 5.1 The Subsidy Dependence Index: Rationale and Calculation -- Annex 5.2 Old and New Approaches to Rural Finance: Goals and Principles -- Annex 5.3 The New Approach to Rural Finance: Indonesia's BRI-Unit Desas -- 6. Installing Institutional Infrastructure -- Creditor Rights, Security Interests, and Access to Credit -- Security Interests -- Credit Information and Credit Reporting -- 7. Enlisting the Government -- Government Policy and Access: Macro-and Regulatory Environment -- Proactive Government Policies: Supportive Microeconomic Measures -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Statistical Tables -- Endnotes -- Bibliography -- List of Institutions and Web Addresses -- Index -- Figures -- 1.1 Growth in Numbers of Financial Institutions, 1993-2002 -- 1.2 Evolution of Financial Service Outlets in Brazil, 1994-2002 -- 1.3 Ownership of Bank Service Points in Brazil -- 1.4 Branch Density by State in Brazil -- 1.5 Municipalities with No Services -- 1.6 Brazil and Other Countries: Population Served per Bank Branch -- 1.7 Deposit and Savings Behavior: Survey of Urban Individuals -- 1.8 Role of Location in Financial Access -- 1.9 The Role of Income in Different Measures of Financial Access -- 2.1 Growth of Loan Portfolio and Client Base of Main Microfinance Providers in Brazil -- 2.2 Growth of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Self-Help Groups in India, and Top 10 MFIs in Bolivia -- 2.3 Comparison of Interest Rates Charged on Loans with Other Institutions in Latin America -- 2.4 Capital, Deposits, and Loans of the SICOOB and SICREDI Cooperative Systems, 1998-2001 -- 2.5 Cooperatives in Brazil, by Type of Cooperative, 2001 -- 2.6 Evolution of Profits and Equity for the SICOOB Cooperative System.
3.1 Interest Rates for Special Savings Deposits and Term Deposits, 1999-2002 -- 3.2 Structure of Aggregate Deposits, December 2001 -- 3.3 Structure of Deposits below R5,000 by Type, Institution, Numbers of Clients, and Value, December 2001 -- 3.4 Structure of Sight and Special Savings Deposits from R1,000 to R5,000, December 2001 -- 3.5 Credit Operations with Nonearmarked Funds, July 2000 to December 2002 -- 3.6 Regional Distribution of ATMs Relative to Population and Income in Brazil -- 3.7 Bank Transactions and Cellular Phone Costs in Brazil and Other Countries -- 3.8 Teledensity and Gross Domestic Product per Capita and Telecommunications in Brazil and Other Countries -- 3.9 Main Telephone Line, Cellular, and Internet Penetration in Brazil and Other Countries -- 3.10 Online Internet Banking in Brazil and Asia -- 3.11 Internet Use and Online Banking in Brazil and the United States -- 4.1 Loans to Companies and Individuals in Brazil, by Instrument -- 4.2 Evolution of the Portfolio of Factoring Companies Associated with ANFAC -- 4.3 Factoring Companies' Portfolios, by Sector, 2000-01 -- 4.4 Evolution of Purchase Factor, Interest Rates, and Spreads in Brazil, July 1994 to February 2003 -- 4.5 Evolution of the Leasing Portfolio and Operations in Brazil, by Type of Asset, 1990 to February 2003 -- 4.6 Types of Indexation in Leasing Contracts in Brazil, 1998 to February 2003 -- 4.7 Evolution of Leasing Operations, by Sector, 1993 to February 2003 -- 4.8 Finance Companies' Role in Consumer Credit in Brazil -- 5.1 Trends and Composition of Directed Credit, 2000-02 -- 5.2 Nominal and Real Interest Rates in Rural Credit in Brazil, 1995-2001 -- 5.3 Credit Flows to Agriculture: Reductions with Fluctuation,1969-2002 -- 5.4 Flow of Funds under the National Rural Credit System -- 5.5 Sources of Funds for Agricultural Credit: Increased Obligatory Lending.
5.6 Rural Credit from PRONAF -- 5.7 Agricultural Production and Formal Agricultural Credit -- 5.8 Correlation of Volume of Credit and Land Price Value -- 5.9 Distribution of Agricultural Credit by Contract Size -- 5.10 Narrowing Spread between the SELIC Rate and the Controlled Agricultural Interest Rate -- 5.11 Integrated Credit and Insurance Products: Suggestions for Efficiency Gains -- 6.1 Spreads in Bank Intermediation in Brazil -- 6.2 Registration Costs of Mortgages in the State of São Paulo -- 6.3 Use of Credit Registries by Different Entities -- 6.4 International Examples of Credit Registry Information -- 7.1 Ratios of Credit to GDP and Debt to GDP over Time in Brazil, January 1995 to March 2003 -- 7.2 Shares of Securities in Bank Assets (December 1999 to December 2002) and Money Supply in Brazil (July 1994 to June 2003) -- 7.3 Trends in Spreads and Reserve Requirements in Brazil, January 1995 to March 2003 -- Tables -- 1.1 Income Distribution: An International Comparison -- 1.2 Depth of Financial Markets: Brazil and Other Emerging Economies, 1999/2000 -- 1.3 Branch Density across Brazilian Regions -- 1.4 Provision of Bank Services across Regions -- 1.5 Provision of Bank Services across Municipalities, 1996 -- 1.6 Public and Private Provision of Bank Services across Regions -- 1.7 Bank Branch Density: An International Comparison -- 1.8 What Explains Bank Branch Services across Municipalities? -- 1.9 What Explains Public versus Private Bank Branch Services across Municipalities in Brazil? -- 1.10 Financing Constraints in Brazil: An International Comparison -- 1.11 Indicator of Access: Access to Financial Institutions -- 1.12 Access to Loans and Credits -- 1.13 Access to Loans and Credits: Reasons for Loan Refusals -- 1.14 Determinants of Access to Financial Services: Results.
1.15 Econometric Results: Determinants of Volume of Credit Requested and Approved -- 1.16 Econometric Results: The Probability of Using Public Banks for Access, Deposits, and Credit -- 1.17 Econometric Results: The Probability of Using Public Banks for Real Estate Purchase -- 2.1 BNDES Program of Support to Microenterprises, 1997 to 2002 -- 2.2 Credit Cooperatives and MFIs in Brazil, 1997-2002 -- 2.3 Main Microfinance Providers in Brazil, end-2001 -- 2.4 Microfinance Penetration in Brazil and Other Latin American Countries, 2001 -- 2.5 Selected Performance Indicators of Main Microfinance Institutions in Brazil -- 2.6 Loan Quality Indicators, Selected Sample of MFIs in Latin America -- 2.7 Operational Efficiency Indicators, Selected Sample of MFIs in Latin America -- 2.8 Comparison of Average Loan Size across Latin America -- 2.9 Sources of Funding and Interest Rates Charged by Main Brazilian MFIs -- 2.10 COFIDE Financing to MFIs, by December 2001 -- 2.11 Capital Requirements for Regulated MFIs -- 2.12 Number of Cooperatives in Brazil, by Type -- 2.13 Distribution of Rural Credit, by Purpose and Lending Institution -- 2.14 CRESOL Membership, by Farm Size and Annual Income, 1999 -- 2.15 Credit Cooperatives in Brazil and Other Countries, 2001 -- 2.16 Evolution of WOCCU-Affiliated Credit Unions in Brazil -- 2.17 Classification of Assets for Banks and Select Cooperatives, by Level of Risk -- 2.18 Key Financial Indicators for the SICREDI Cooperative System -- 3.1 Structure of Deposits by Type and Institution, December 2001 -- 3.2 Three Main Reasons for Wanting a Bank Account -- 3.3 One Year of Treasury Direct Retail Bond Sales in Brazil, January 2002 to January 2003 -- 3.4 Share of Brazil's Commercial Banks in the Small-Loan Market in Terms of Loan Value, November 2001.
3.5 Recent Evolution of Bank Shares in the Small-Loan Market, December 2000 to November 2001.
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Access to financial services in Brazil [[electronic resource] /] / Anjali Kumar
