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Handbook of large hydro generators : operation and maintenance / / Glenn Mottershead [et al.]
Handbook of large hydro generators : operation and maintenance / / Glenn Mottershead [et al.]
Autore Mottershead Glenn
Pubbl/distr/stampa Hoboken, NJ : , : IEEE Press : , : Wiley, , [2021]
Descrizione fisica 1 PDF (xvii, 647 pages) : illustrations (some color)
Disciplina 621.313
Altri autori (Persone) BombenStefano
KerszenbaumIsidor
KlempnerGeoff
Collana IEEE Press series on power engineering
Soggetto topico Turbogenerators
Turbogenerators - Maintenance and repair
ISBN 1-119-52418-0
1-119-52416-4
1-119-52420-2
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto 1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 9 -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC NOTIONS ON ELECTRIC POWER 10 -- 1.1.1 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 10 -- 1.1.2 Electricity 12 -- 1.2 ELECTRICAL-MECHANICAL EQUIVALENCE 12 -- 1.3 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) 13 -- 1.4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 15 -- 1.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE OPERATION 15 -- 1.5.1 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction 16 -- 1.5.2 Ampere-Biot-Savart's Law 16 -- 1.5.3 Lenz's Law of Action and Reaction 16 -- 1.5.4 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 17 -- 1.6 THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 17 -- 1.6.1 Background 17 -- 1.6.2 Principles of Construction 18 -- 1.6.3 Rotor Windings 19 -- 1.6.4 Stator Windings 19 -- 1.7 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE - BASIC OPERATION 20 -- 1.7.1 Magnetic Representation 20 -- 1.7.2 Generator Mode - Steady-State Using Vectors 21 -- 1.7.3 System Support - Reactive Power 22 -- 1.7.4 Motor Operation 22 -- 1.7.5 Equivalent Circuit 23 -- 1.7.6 Machine Losses 24 -- 2 GENERATOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 27 -- 2.1 STATOR CORE 28 -- 2.1.1 Laminations 28 -- 2.1.2 Lamination - Slot and Yoke Section 29 -- 2.1.3 Core Piling (stacking) and Clamping 30 -- 2.2 STATOR FRAME 33 -- 2.3 ELECTROMAGNETICS 35 -- 2.4 CORE-END HEATING 38 -- 2.5 FLUX AND ARMATURE REACTION 38 -- 2.6 STATOR CORE AND FRAME FORCES 40 -- 2.7 STATOR WINDINGS 41 -- 2.8 STATOR WINDING WEDGES 45 -- 2.9 ENDWINDING SUPPORT SYSTEMS 48 -- 2.10 STATOR WINDING CONFIGURATIONS 49 -- 2.11 STATOR TERMINAL CONNECTIONS 49 -- 2.12 ROTOR RIM 50 -- 2.13 ROTOR SPIDER/DRUM 56 -- 2.14 ROTOR POLE BODY 57 -- 2.15 ROTOR WINDING AND INSULATION 59 -- 2.16 AMORTISSEUR WINDING 61 -- 2.17 SLIP/COLLECTOR RINGS AND BRUSH GEAR 62 -- 2.18 COOLING Air 62 -- 2.19 ROTOR FANS/BLOWER 63 -- 2.20 ROTOR INERTIA, TORQUE, AND TORSIONAL STRESS 64 -- 2.21 THRUST AND GUIDE BEARINGS 66 -- 2.21.1 Introduction 66 -- 2.21.2 Important Concepts 67 -- 2.21.3 Thrust Bearings 68.
2.21.4 Thrust Bearing Pressure 70 -- 2.21.5 Guide Bearings 70 -- 2.21.6 Deterioration and Failure of the Bearing Surface 72 -- 3 GENERATOR AUXILIARY SYSTEMS 79 -- 3.1 OIL SYSTEMS 80 -- 3.2 STATOR SURFACE AIR COOLING SYSTEM 82 -- 3.2.1 Construction 82 -- 3.2.2 Function 83 -- 3.2.3 Replacement Surface Air Coolers 83 -- 3.2.4 Maintenance 84 -- 3.3 BEARING COOLING COILS AND WATER SUPPLY 84 -- 3.4 STATOR WINDING DIRECT COOLING WATER SYSTEM 85 -- 3.4.1 System Components and Functions 85 -- 3.5 EXCITATION SYSTEMS 87 -- 3.5.1 Types of Excitation Systems 87 -- 3.6 EXCITATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 88 -- 4 OPERATION AND CONTROL 91 -- 4.1 BASIC OPERATING PARAMETERS 92 -- 4.1.1 Machine Rating 93 -- 4.1.2 Apparent Power 93 -- 4.1.3 Power Factor 94 -- 4.1.4 Real Power 95 -- 4.1.5 Terminal Voltage 96 -- 4.1.6 Stator Current 96 -- 4.1.7 Field Voltage 96 -- 4.1.8 Field Current 96 -- 4.1.9 Speed 97 -- 4.1.10 Short-Circuit Ratio 97 -- 4.1.11 Volts per Hertz 97 -- 4.2 OPERATING MODES 99 -- 4.2.1 Shutdown 99 -- 4.2.2 Field Applied Offline (Open Circuit) 99 -- 4.2.3 Synchronized and Loaded (Online) 99 -- 4.2.4 Start-up Operation 99 -- 4.2.5 Online Operation 100 -- 4.2.6 Shutdown Operation 100 -- 4.3 MACHINE CURVES 100 -- 4.3.1 Open-Circuit Saturation Characteristic 100 -- 4.3.2 Short circuit Characteristic 101 -- 4.3.3 Capability Curves 101 -- 4.3.4 V-Curves 104 -- 4.4 SPECIAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 104 -- 4.4.1 Unexcited Operation ("Loss-of-Field" Condition) 104 -- 4.4.2 Negative Sequence Currents 105 -- 4.4.3 Load Cycling and Repetitive Starts 106 -- 4.4.4 Overloading 108 -- 4.4.5 Loss of Cooling 108 -- 4.4.6 Over Fluxing 109 -- 4.4.7 Runaway and Overspeed 109 -- 4.4.8 Loss of Lubricating Oil 109 -- 4.4.9 Out-of-Step Synchronization and "Near" Short Circuits 110 -- 4.4.10 Under and Over Frequency Operation (U/F and O/F) 110 -- 4.5 BASIC OPERATION CONCEPTS 110.
4.5.1 Steady-State Operation 110 -- 4.5.2 Equivalent Circuit and Vector Diagram 111 -- 4.5.3 Power Transfer Equation between the Generator and the Connected System 111 -- 4.5.4 Working with the Fundamental Circuit Equation 112 -- 4.5.5 Parallel Operation of Generators 114 -- 4.5.6 STABILITY 115 -- 4.5.7 Sudden Short Circuits 117 -- 4.5.8 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 118 -- 4.5.9 Voltage and Frequency Variation 119 -- 4.5.10 Negative Sequence Current 119 -- 4.5.11 Over Current 125 -- 4.5.12 Current Transients 126 -- 4.6 GRID-INDUCED TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS 126 -- 4.6.1 Determination of Shaft Torque and Shaft Torsional Stress 126 -- 4.6.2 Material Changes Due to Torsional Vibrations 126 -- 4.6.3 Types of Grid-Induced Events 127 -- 4.7 EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE REGULATION 128 -- 4.7.1 The Exciter 128 -- 4.7.2 Excitation control 129 -- 5 MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS 131 -- 5.1 GENERATOR MONITORING PHILOSOPHIES 132 -- 5.1.1 SIMPLE MONITORING WITH STATIC HIGH LEVEL ALARM LIMITS 133 -- 5.2 DYNAMIC MONITORING WITH LOAD VARYING ALARM LIMITS 134 -- 5.3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 137 -- 5.4 MONITORED PARAMETERS 139 -- 5.4.1 Generator Electrical Parameters 140 -- 5.4.2 Stator Core and Frame 144 -- 5.4.3 Stator Winding 147 -- 5.5 RADIO FREQUENCY MONITORING 156 -- 5.6 CAPACITIVE COUPLING 156 -- 5.7 STATOR SLOT COUPLER 158 -- 5.8 ROTOR 158 -- 5.9 EXCITATION SYSTEM 165 -- 6 GENERATOR PROTECTION 169 -- 6.1 BASIC PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY 170 -- 6.1.1 Generator Protection System 171 -- 6.2 IEEE Device Number 172 -- 6.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS 172 -- 6.3.1 Synchronizer and Sync-Check Relays (Functions 15 and 25) 173 -- 6.3.2 Stator Ground Protection (Functions 59G and 27TH) 173 -- 6.3.3 Phase Backup Protection (Functions 21 and 51VC) 174 -- 6.3.4 Volts/Hertz Protection (Function 24) 175 -- 6.3.5 Reverse/Forward Power Protection (Functions 32R and 32F) 176.
6.3.6 Over/Undervoltage Protection (Functions 59 and 27) 177 -- 6.3.7 Loss of Field Protection (Function 40) 177 -- 6.3.8 Stator Unbalanced Current Protection (Function 46) 178 -- 6.3.9 Voltage Balance Protection (Function 60) 178 -- 6.3.10 Breaker Failure Protection (Function 50BF) 179 -- 6.3.11 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (Function 64F) 180 -- 6.3.12 Inadvertent Energization Protection (50/27) 180 -- 6.3.13 Out-of-Step Operation (Function 78) 181 -- 6.3.14 Over-/Under-Frequency Protection (Function 81O/U) 182 -- 6.3.15 Generator Differential Protection (Function 87) 182 -- 6.4 TRIPPING AND ALARMING METHODS 183 -- 7 INSPECTION PRACTICES AND METHODOLOGY 187 -- 7.1 SITE PREPARATION 188 -- 7.1.1 Foreign Material Exclusion 188 -- 7.1.2 Foreign Material Exclusion Procedures 190 -- 7.2 EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING 191 -- 7.2.1 SAFETY PROCEDURES - ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES 191 -- 7.3 INSPECTION FREQUENCY 193 -- 7.4 GENERATOR ACCESSIBILITY 194 -- 7.5 INSPECTION TOOLS 195 -- 7.6 INSPECTION FORMS 196 -- 8 STATOR INSPECTION 204 -- 8.1 STATOR FRAME SOLEPLATES 205 -- 8.2 STATOR FRAME - GENERAL 210 -- 8.3 STATOR CORE AIR DUCTS 214 -- 8.4 STATOR CORE LAMINATIONS 215 -- 8.5 STATOR CORE CLAMPING SYSTEM 227 -- 8.6 STATOR COILS / BARS 233 -- 8.7 FLOW RESTRICTION IN WATER-COOLED STATOR WINDINGS 239 -- 8.8 STATOR WEDGING SYSTEM 241 -- 8.9 STATOR ENDWINDING 245 -- 8.10 MAIN AND NEUTRAL END LEADS, CABLES, VTS, CTS AND INSULATORS 248 -- 9 Rotor Inspection 252 -- 9.1 ROTOR SPIDER WITH SHRUNK LAMINATED RIMS 254 -- 9.2 ROTOR RIM 259 -- 9.3 ROTOR POLES 262 -- 9.4 Rotor Brakes 273 -- 10 AUXILLIARIES INSPECTION 278 -- 10.1 EXCITATION - FIELD BREAKER 279 -- 10.2 EXCITATION - STATIC EXCITER COMPONENTS 281 -- 10.3 BRUSHLESS EXCITER 281 -- 10.4 STATIC EXCITER TRANSFORMER 283 -- 10.5 EXCITATION - ROTATING EXCITERS 283 -- 10.6 EXCITATION - SLIPRINGS, COMMUTATOR AND BRUSHES 288 -- 10.7 SURFACE AIR COOLERS 298.
10.8 FIRE PROTECTION 300 -- 10.9 GENERAL ITEMS 302 -- 10.10 THRUST AND GUIDE BEARING 305 -- 10.11 MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARIES 307 -- 11 MAINTENANCE AND TESTING 309 -- 11.1 STATOR CORE MECHANICAL 310 -- 11.1.1 Core Tightness 310 -- 11.1.2 Core and Frame Vibration and Testing 311 -- 11.2 STATOR CORE ELECTRICAL TESTS 314 -- 11.2.1 ELCID Testing 314 -- 11.2.2 ELCID Test Procedure 314 -- 11.2.3 High Energy Flux Test 316 -- 11.2.4 Open-circuit saturation curve 324 -- 11.2.5 Short- circuit saturation curve 325 -- 11.2.6 Through-Stud Insulation Resistance 325 -- 11.3 STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS 325 -- 11.3.1 Wedge Tightness 325 -- 11.4 STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS 327 -- 11.4.1 Stator EndWinding Vibration 327 -- 11.5 STATOR WINDING ELECTRICAL TESTS 328 -- 11.5.1 Pretesting Requirements 328 -- 11.5.2 Components of the Winding 328 -- 11.5.3 Stator Winding Semiconducting/Stress Control Repair 333 -- 11.5.4 AC Testing 335 -- 11.5.5 Very Low Frequency (VLF) Testing 342 -- 11.5.6 Dc testing 343 -- 11.5.7 Direct versus Alternating Voltage Testing 351 -- 11.5.8 Polarization Index (PI) 352 -- 11.5.9 Stepped or Ramped Voltage test 355 -- 11.5.10 DC High Potential Test 356 -- 11.5.11 AC High Potential Test 356 -- 11.6 ROTOR MECHANICAL TESTING 358 -- 11.6.1 Rotor Nondestructive Examination 358 -- 11.6.2 Rotor NDE specifics 364 -- 11.7 ROTOR ELECTRICAL TESTING 368 -- 11.7.1 Winding Resistance 368 -- 11.7.2 Insulation Resistance (IR) 369 -- 11.7.3 DC Over Voltage Test 371 -- 11.7.4 Shorted Turns 371 -- 11.7.5 Traditonal Pole Drop Test 372 -- 11.7.6 Impedance Test (VIW) 372 -- 11.7.7 Recurrent Surge Test 373 -- 11.8 Bearings 373 -- 11.8.1 NDE 373 -- 11.8.2 Insulation Resistance 374 -- 11.9 HEAT-RUN TESTING 374 -- 11.9.1 Test Procedure 375 -- 11.9.2 Acceptance Parameters 375 -- 12 MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES, UPGRADES & UPRATES 378 -- 12.1 GENERAL MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES 379 -- 12.1.1 Breakdown Maintenance 379.
12.1.2 Planned Maintenance 379 -- 12.1.3 Predictive Maintenance 379 -- 12.1.4 Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) 380 -- 12.2 OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE HISTORY 380 -- 12.3 MAINTENANCE INTERVALS/Frequency 381 -- 12.4 Planned Outages 381 -- 12.4.1 Minor Outage 382 -- 12.4.2 Major Outage 382 -- 12.5 REHABILITATION, UPRATING/UPGRADING & LIFE EXTENSION 383 -- 12.6 EXCITATION SYSTEM UPGRADES 389 -- 12.6.1 Static Pilot and Conventional Rotating Main Exciter 389 -- 12.6.2 Static Pilot and Rotating Brushless Diode Exciter 390 -- 12.6.3 Rotating Brushless Thyristor Exciter 390 -- 12.6.4 Full Static Exciters 392 -- 12.6.5 Limiters 393 -- 12.6.6 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) 394 -- 12.6.7 Reactive and Active Compensation or Droop 394 -- 12.6.8 Field Current Regulator (FCR) 394 -- 12.6.9 Digital Measuring Transducers 394 -- 12.6.10 The Power Circuit 394 -- 12.7 WORKFORCE 396 -- 12.8 SPARE PARTS 397 -- 12.9 EFFECT OF UPRATING ON GENERATOR LIFE 398 -- 12.10 REQUIRED INFORMATION, TESTS AND INSPECTION PRIOR TO UPRATING/UPGRADING 399 -- 12.11 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE AFTER UPRATING 400 Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910555083703321
Mottershead Glenn  
Hoboken, NJ : , : IEEE Press : , : Wiley, , [2021]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Handbook of large hydro generators : operation and maintenance / / Glenn Mottershead [et al.]
Handbook of large hydro generators : operation and maintenance / / Glenn Mottershead [et al.]
Autore Mottershead Glenn
Pubbl/distr/stampa Hoboken, NJ : , : IEEE Press : , : Wiley, , [2021]
Descrizione fisica 1 PDF (xvii, 647 pages) : illustrations (some color)
Disciplina 621.313
Altri autori (Persone) BombenStefano
KerszenbaumIsidor
KlempnerGeoff
Collana IEEE Press series on power engineering
Soggetto topico Turbogenerators
Turbogenerators - Maintenance and repair
ISBN 1-119-52418-0
1-119-52416-4
1-119-52420-2
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto 1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 9 -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC NOTIONS ON ELECTRIC POWER 10 -- 1.1.1 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 10 -- 1.1.2 Electricity 12 -- 1.2 ELECTRICAL-MECHANICAL EQUIVALENCE 12 -- 1.3 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) 13 -- 1.4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 15 -- 1.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE OPERATION 15 -- 1.5.1 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction 16 -- 1.5.2 Ampere-Biot-Savart's Law 16 -- 1.5.3 Lenz's Law of Action and Reaction 16 -- 1.5.4 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 17 -- 1.6 THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 17 -- 1.6.1 Background 17 -- 1.6.2 Principles of Construction 18 -- 1.6.3 Rotor Windings 19 -- 1.6.4 Stator Windings 19 -- 1.7 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE - BASIC OPERATION 20 -- 1.7.1 Magnetic Representation 20 -- 1.7.2 Generator Mode - Steady-State Using Vectors 21 -- 1.7.3 System Support - Reactive Power 22 -- 1.7.4 Motor Operation 22 -- 1.7.5 Equivalent Circuit 23 -- 1.7.6 Machine Losses 24 -- 2 GENERATOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 27 -- 2.1 STATOR CORE 28 -- 2.1.1 Laminations 28 -- 2.1.2 Lamination - Slot and Yoke Section 29 -- 2.1.3 Core Piling (stacking) and Clamping 30 -- 2.2 STATOR FRAME 33 -- 2.3 ELECTROMAGNETICS 35 -- 2.4 CORE-END HEATING 38 -- 2.5 FLUX AND ARMATURE REACTION 38 -- 2.6 STATOR CORE AND FRAME FORCES 40 -- 2.7 STATOR WINDINGS 41 -- 2.8 STATOR WINDING WEDGES 45 -- 2.9 ENDWINDING SUPPORT SYSTEMS 48 -- 2.10 STATOR WINDING CONFIGURATIONS 49 -- 2.11 STATOR TERMINAL CONNECTIONS 49 -- 2.12 ROTOR RIM 50 -- 2.13 ROTOR SPIDER/DRUM 56 -- 2.14 ROTOR POLE BODY 57 -- 2.15 ROTOR WINDING AND INSULATION 59 -- 2.16 AMORTISSEUR WINDING 61 -- 2.17 SLIP/COLLECTOR RINGS AND BRUSH GEAR 62 -- 2.18 COOLING Air 62 -- 2.19 ROTOR FANS/BLOWER 63 -- 2.20 ROTOR INERTIA, TORQUE, AND TORSIONAL STRESS 64 -- 2.21 THRUST AND GUIDE BEARINGS 66 -- 2.21.1 Introduction 66 -- 2.21.2 Important Concepts 67 -- 2.21.3 Thrust Bearings 68.
2.21.4 Thrust Bearing Pressure 70 -- 2.21.5 Guide Bearings 70 -- 2.21.6 Deterioration and Failure of the Bearing Surface 72 -- 3 GENERATOR AUXILIARY SYSTEMS 79 -- 3.1 OIL SYSTEMS 80 -- 3.2 STATOR SURFACE AIR COOLING SYSTEM 82 -- 3.2.1 Construction 82 -- 3.2.2 Function 83 -- 3.2.3 Replacement Surface Air Coolers 83 -- 3.2.4 Maintenance 84 -- 3.3 BEARING COOLING COILS AND WATER SUPPLY 84 -- 3.4 STATOR WINDING DIRECT COOLING WATER SYSTEM 85 -- 3.4.1 System Components and Functions 85 -- 3.5 EXCITATION SYSTEMS 87 -- 3.5.1 Types of Excitation Systems 87 -- 3.6 EXCITATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 88 -- 4 OPERATION AND CONTROL 91 -- 4.1 BASIC OPERATING PARAMETERS 92 -- 4.1.1 Machine Rating 93 -- 4.1.2 Apparent Power 93 -- 4.1.3 Power Factor 94 -- 4.1.4 Real Power 95 -- 4.1.5 Terminal Voltage 96 -- 4.1.6 Stator Current 96 -- 4.1.7 Field Voltage 96 -- 4.1.8 Field Current 96 -- 4.1.9 Speed 97 -- 4.1.10 Short-Circuit Ratio 97 -- 4.1.11 Volts per Hertz 97 -- 4.2 OPERATING MODES 99 -- 4.2.1 Shutdown 99 -- 4.2.2 Field Applied Offline (Open Circuit) 99 -- 4.2.3 Synchronized and Loaded (Online) 99 -- 4.2.4 Start-up Operation 99 -- 4.2.5 Online Operation 100 -- 4.2.6 Shutdown Operation 100 -- 4.3 MACHINE CURVES 100 -- 4.3.1 Open-Circuit Saturation Characteristic 100 -- 4.3.2 Short circuit Characteristic 101 -- 4.3.3 Capability Curves 101 -- 4.3.4 V-Curves 104 -- 4.4 SPECIAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 104 -- 4.4.1 Unexcited Operation ("Loss-of-Field" Condition) 104 -- 4.4.2 Negative Sequence Currents 105 -- 4.4.3 Load Cycling and Repetitive Starts 106 -- 4.4.4 Overloading 108 -- 4.4.5 Loss of Cooling 108 -- 4.4.6 Over Fluxing 109 -- 4.4.7 Runaway and Overspeed 109 -- 4.4.8 Loss of Lubricating Oil 109 -- 4.4.9 Out-of-Step Synchronization and "Near" Short Circuits 110 -- 4.4.10 Under and Over Frequency Operation (U/F and O/F) 110 -- 4.5 BASIC OPERATION CONCEPTS 110.
4.5.1 Steady-State Operation 110 -- 4.5.2 Equivalent Circuit and Vector Diagram 111 -- 4.5.3 Power Transfer Equation between the Generator and the Connected System 111 -- 4.5.4 Working with the Fundamental Circuit Equation 112 -- 4.5.5 Parallel Operation of Generators 114 -- 4.5.6 STABILITY 115 -- 4.5.7 Sudden Short Circuits 117 -- 4.5.8 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 118 -- 4.5.9 Voltage and Frequency Variation 119 -- 4.5.10 Negative Sequence Current 119 -- 4.5.11 Over Current 125 -- 4.5.12 Current Transients 126 -- 4.6 GRID-INDUCED TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS 126 -- 4.6.1 Determination of Shaft Torque and Shaft Torsional Stress 126 -- 4.6.2 Material Changes Due to Torsional Vibrations 126 -- 4.6.3 Types of Grid-Induced Events 127 -- 4.7 EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE REGULATION 128 -- 4.7.1 The Exciter 128 -- 4.7.2 Excitation control 129 -- 5 MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS 131 -- 5.1 GENERATOR MONITORING PHILOSOPHIES 132 -- 5.1.1 SIMPLE MONITORING WITH STATIC HIGH LEVEL ALARM LIMITS 133 -- 5.2 DYNAMIC MONITORING WITH LOAD VARYING ALARM LIMITS 134 -- 5.3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 137 -- 5.4 MONITORED PARAMETERS 139 -- 5.4.1 Generator Electrical Parameters 140 -- 5.4.2 Stator Core and Frame 144 -- 5.4.3 Stator Winding 147 -- 5.5 RADIO FREQUENCY MONITORING 156 -- 5.6 CAPACITIVE COUPLING 156 -- 5.7 STATOR SLOT COUPLER 158 -- 5.8 ROTOR 158 -- 5.9 EXCITATION SYSTEM 165 -- 6 GENERATOR PROTECTION 169 -- 6.1 BASIC PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY 170 -- 6.1.1 Generator Protection System 171 -- 6.2 IEEE Device Number 172 -- 6.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS 172 -- 6.3.1 Synchronizer and Sync-Check Relays (Functions 15 and 25) 173 -- 6.3.2 Stator Ground Protection (Functions 59G and 27TH) 173 -- 6.3.3 Phase Backup Protection (Functions 21 and 51VC) 174 -- 6.3.4 Volts/Hertz Protection (Function 24) 175 -- 6.3.5 Reverse/Forward Power Protection (Functions 32R and 32F) 176.
6.3.6 Over/Undervoltage Protection (Functions 59 and 27) 177 -- 6.3.7 Loss of Field Protection (Function 40) 177 -- 6.3.8 Stator Unbalanced Current Protection (Function 46) 178 -- 6.3.9 Voltage Balance Protection (Function 60) 178 -- 6.3.10 Breaker Failure Protection (Function 50BF) 179 -- 6.3.11 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (Function 64F) 180 -- 6.3.12 Inadvertent Energization Protection (50/27) 180 -- 6.3.13 Out-of-Step Operation (Function 78) 181 -- 6.3.14 Over-/Under-Frequency Protection (Function 81O/U) 182 -- 6.3.15 Generator Differential Protection (Function 87) 182 -- 6.4 TRIPPING AND ALARMING METHODS 183 -- 7 INSPECTION PRACTICES AND METHODOLOGY 187 -- 7.1 SITE PREPARATION 188 -- 7.1.1 Foreign Material Exclusion 188 -- 7.1.2 Foreign Material Exclusion Procedures 190 -- 7.2 EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING 191 -- 7.2.1 SAFETY PROCEDURES - ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES 191 -- 7.3 INSPECTION FREQUENCY 193 -- 7.4 GENERATOR ACCESSIBILITY 194 -- 7.5 INSPECTION TOOLS 195 -- 7.6 INSPECTION FORMS 196 -- 8 STATOR INSPECTION 204 -- 8.1 STATOR FRAME SOLEPLATES 205 -- 8.2 STATOR FRAME - GENERAL 210 -- 8.3 STATOR CORE AIR DUCTS 214 -- 8.4 STATOR CORE LAMINATIONS 215 -- 8.5 STATOR CORE CLAMPING SYSTEM 227 -- 8.6 STATOR COILS / BARS 233 -- 8.7 FLOW RESTRICTION IN WATER-COOLED STATOR WINDINGS 239 -- 8.8 STATOR WEDGING SYSTEM 241 -- 8.9 STATOR ENDWINDING 245 -- 8.10 MAIN AND NEUTRAL END LEADS, CABLES, VTS, CTS AND INSULATORS 248 -- 9 Rotor Inspection 252 -- 9.1 ROTOR SPIDER WITH SHRUNK LAMINATED RIMS 254 -- 9.2 ROTOR RIM 259 -- 9.3 ROTOR POLES 262 -- 9.4 Rotor Brakes 273 -- 10 AUXILLIARIES INSPECTION 278 -- 10.1 EXCITATION - FIELD BREAKER 279 -- 10.2 EXCITATION - STATIC EXCITER COMPONENTS 281 -- 10.3 BRUSHLESS EXCITER 281 -- 10.4 STATIC EXCITER TRANSFORMER 283 -- 10.5 EXCITATION - ROTATING EXCITERS 283 -- 10.6 EXCITATION - SLIPRINGS, COMMUTATOR AND BRUSHES 288 -- 10.7 SURFACE AIR COOLERS 298.
10.8 FIRE PROTECTION 300 -- 10.9 GENERAL ITEMS 302 -- 10.10 THRUST AND GUIDE BEARING 305 -- 10.11 MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARIES 307 -- 11 MAINTENANCE AND TESTING 309 -- 11.1 STATOR CORE MECHANICAL 310 -- 11.1.1 Core Tightness 310 -- 11.1.2 Core and Frame Vibration and Testing 311 -- 11.2 STATOR CORE ELECTRICAL TESTS 314 -- 11.2.1 ELCID Testing 314 -- 11.2.2 ELCID Test Procedure 314 -- 11.2.3 High Energy Flux Test 316 -- 11.2.4 Open-circuit saturation curve 324 -- 11.2.5 Short- circuit saturation curve 325 -- 11.2.6 Through-Stud Insulation Resistance 325 -- 11.3 STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS 325 -- 11.3.1 Wedge Tightness 325 -- 11.4 STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS 327 -- 11.4.1 Stator EndWinding Vibration 327 -- 11.5 STATOR WINDING ELECTRICAL TESTS 328 -- 11.5.1 Pretesting Requirements 328 -- 11.5.2 Components of the Winding 328 -- 11.5.3 Stator Winding Semiconducting/Stress Control Repair 333 -- 11.5.4 AC Testing 335 -- 11.5.5 Very Low Frequency (VLF) Testing 342 -- 11.5.6 Dc testing 343 -- 11.5.7 Direct versus Alternating Voltage Testing 351 -- 11.5.8 Polarization Index (PI) 352 -- 11.5.9 Stepped or Ramped Voltage test 355 -- 11.5.10 DC High Potential Test 356 -- 11.5.11 AC High Potential Test 356 -- 11.6 ROTOR MECHANICAL TESTING 358 -- 11.6.1 Rotor Nondestructive Examination 358 -- 11.6.2 Rotor NDE specifics 364 -- 11.7 ROTOR ELECTRICAL TESTING 368 -- 11.7.1 Winding Resistance 368 -- 11.7.2 Insulation Resistance (IR) 369 -- 11.7.3 DC Over Voltage Test 371 -- 11.7.4 Shorted Turns 371 -- 11.7.5 Traditonal Pole Drop Test 372 -- 11.7.6 Impedance Test (VIW) 372 -- 11.7.7 Recurrent Surge Test 373 -- 11.8 Bearings 373 -- 11.8.1 NDE 373 -- 11.8.2 Insulation Resistance 374 -- 11.9 HEAT-RUN TESTING 374 -- 11.9.1 Test Procedure 375 -- 11.9.2 Acceptance Parameters 375 -- 12 MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES, UPGRADES & UPRATES 378 -- 12.1 GENERAL MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES 379 -- 12.1.1 Breakdown Maintenance 379.
12.1.2 Planned Maintenance 379 -- 12.1.3 Predictive Maintenance 379 -- 12.1.4 Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) 380 -- 12.2 OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE HISTORY 380 -- 12.3 MAINTENANCE INTERVALS/Frequency 381 -- 12.4 Planned Outages 381 -- 12.4.1 Minor Outage 382 -- 12.4.2 Major Outage 382 -- 12.5 REHABILITATION, UPRATING/UPGRADING & LIFE EXTENSION 383 -- 12.6 EXCITATION SYSTEM UPGRADES 389 -- 12.6.1 Static Pilot and Conventional Rotating Main Exciter 389 -- 12.6.2 Static Pilot and Rotating Brushless Diode Exciter 390 -- 12.6.3 Rotating Brushless Thyristor Exciter 390 -- 12.6.4 Full Static Exciters 392 -- 12.6.5 Limiters 393 -- 12.6.6 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) 394 -- 12.6.7 Reactive and Active Compensation or Droop 394 -- 12.6.8 Field Current Regulator (FCR) 394 -- 12.6.9 Digital Measuring Transducers 394 -- 12.6.10 The Power Circuit 394 -- 12.7 WORKFORCE 396 -- 12.8 SPARE PARTS 397 -- 12.9 EFFECT OF UPRATING ON GENERATOR LIFE 398 -- 12.10 REQUIRED INFORMATION, TESTS AND INSPECTION PRIOR TO UPRATING/UPGRADING 399 -- 12.11 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE AFTER UPRATING 400 Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910831101003321
Mottershead Glenn  
Hoboken, NJ : , : IEEE Press : , : Wiley, , [2021]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Handbook of large turbo-generator operation and maintenance / / Geoff Klempner, Isidor Kerszenbaum
Handbook of large turbo-generator operation and maintenance / / Geoff Klempner, Isidor Kerszenbaum
Autore Klempner Geoff
Edizione [2nd ed.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa Piscataway, New Jersey : , : IEEE Press, , c2008
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (882 p.)
Disciplina 621.31/3
621.313
Altri autori (Persone) KerszenbaumIsidor
KlempnerGeoff
Collana IEEE Press series on power engineering
Soggetto topico Turbogenerators
ISBN 1-118-21040-9
1-282-30351-1
9786612303517
0-470-38276-7
0-470-38270-8
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Preface -- Acknowledgments -- I. THEORY, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION -- 1. Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines -- 1.1 Introduction to Basic Notions on Electric Power -- 1.2 Electrical-Mechanical Equivalence -- 1.3 Alternating Current (ac) -- 1.4 Three-Phase Circuits -- 1.5 Basic Principles of Machine Operation -- 1.6 The Synchronous Machine -- 1.7 Basic Operation of the Synchronous Machine -- 2. Generator Design and Construction -- 2.1 Stator Core -- 2.2 Stator Frame -- 2.3 Flux and Armature Reaction -- 2.4 Electromagnetics -- 2.5 End-Region Effects and Flux Shielding -- 2.6 Stator Core and Frame Forces -- 2.7 Stator Windings -- 2.8 Stator Winding Wedges -- 2.9 End-Winding Support Systems -- 2.10 Stator Winding Configurations -- 2.11 Stator Terminal Connections -- 2.12 Rotor Forging -- 2.13 Rotor Winding -- 2.14 Rotor Winding Slot Wedges -- 2.15 Amor isseur winding -- 2.16 Retaining Rings -- 2.17 Bore Copper and Terminal Connectors -- 2.18 Slip-Collector Rings and Brush Gear -- 2.19 Rotor Shrink Coupling -- 2.20 Rotor Turning Gear -- 2.21 Bearings -- 2.22 Air and Hydrogen Cooling -- 2.23 Rotor Fans -- 2.24 Hydrogen Containment -- 2.25 Hydrogen Coolers -- References -- 3. Generator Auxiliary Systems -- 3.1 Lube-Oil System -- 3.2 Hydrogen Cooling System -- 3.3 Seal-Oil System -- 3.4 Stator Cooling Water System -- 3.5 Exciter Systems -- 4. Operation and Control -- 4.1 Basic Operating Parameters -- 4.2 Operating Modes -- 4.3 Machine Curves -- 4.4 Special Operating Conditions -- 4.5 Basic Operation Concepts -- 4.6 System Considerations -- 4.7 Grid-Induced Torsional Vibrations -- 4.8 Excitation and Voltage Regulation -- 4.9 Performance Curves -- 4.10 Sample of Generator Operating Instructions -- References -- 5. Monitoring and Diagnostics -- 5.1 Generator Monitoring Philosophies -- 5.2 Simple Monitoring with Static High-Level Alarm Limits -- 5.3 Dynamic Monitoring with Load-Varying Alarm Limits -- 5.4 Artificial Intelligence Diagnostic Systems -- 5.5 Monitored Parameters.
References -- 6. Generator Protector -- 6.1 Basic Protection Philosophy -- 6.2 Generator Protective Functions -- 6.3 Brief Description of Protective Functions -- 6.4 Specialized Protection Schemes -- 6.5 Tripping and Alarming Methods -- References -- II. INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND TESTING -- 7. Inspection Practices and Methodology -- 7.1 Site Preparation -- 7.2 Experience and Training -- 7.3 Safety procedures--Electrical Clearances -- 7.4 Inspection Frequency -- 7.5 Generator Accessibility -- 7.6 Inspection Tools -- 7.7 Inspection Forms -- References -- 8. Stator Inspection -- 8.1 Stator Frame and Casing -- 8.2 Stator Core -- 8.3 Stator Windings -- 8.4 Phase Connectors and Terminals -- 8.5 Hydrogen Coolers -- References -- Additional Reading -- 9. Rotor Inspection -- 9.1 Rotor Cleanliness -- 9.2 Retaining Rings -- 9.3 Fretting/Movement at Interference Fit Surfaces of Wedges and Rings -- 9.4 Centering (Balance) Rings -- 9.5 Fan Rings or Hubs -- 9.6 Fan Blades -- 9.7 Bearings and Journals -- 9.8 Balance Weights and Bolts -- 9.9 End Wedges and Damper Windings -- 9.10 Other Wedges -- 9.11 Windings--General -- 9.12 Rotor Windings--Slot Region -- 9.13 End Windings and Main Leads -- 9.14 Collector Rings -- 9.15 Collector Ring Insulation -- 9.16 Bore Copper and Radial (Vertical) Terminal Stud Connectors -- 9.17 Brush-Spring Pressure and General Condition -- 9.18 Brush Rigging -- 9.19 Shaft Voltage Discharge (Grounding) Brushes -- 9.20 Rotor Winding Main Lead Hydrogen Sealing--Inner and Outer -- 9.21 Circumferential Pole Slots (Body Flex Slots) -- 9.22 Blocked Rotor Radial Vent Holes--Shifting of Winding and/or Insulation -- 9.23 Couplings and Coupling Bolts -- 9.24 Bearing Insulation -- 9.25 Hydrogen Seals -- 9.26 Rotor-Body Zone Rings -- 9.27 Rotor Removal -- References -- 10. Auxiliaries Inspection -- 10.1 Lube-Oil System -- 10.2 Hydrogen Cooling System -- 10.3 Seal-Oil System -- 10.4 Stator Cooling Water System -- 10.5 Exciters -- 11. Generator Maintenance Testing -- 11.1 Stator Core Mechanical tests.
11.2 Stator Core Electrical tests -- 11.3 Stator Winding Mechanical Tests -- 11.4 Water-Cooled Stator Winding Tests -- 11.5 Stator winding Electrical Tests -- 11.6 Rotor Mechanical Testing -- 11.7 Rotor Electrical Testing -- 11.8 Hydrogen Seals -- 11.9 Bearings -- 11.10 Thermal Sensitivity Testing and Analysis -- 11.11 Heat-Run Testing -- 11.12 Hydrogen Leak Detection -- References -- 12. Maintenance -- 12.1 General Maintenance Philosophies -- 12.2 Operational and Maintenance History -- 12.3 Maintenance Intervals/Frequency -- 12.4 Types of Maintenance -- 12.5 Work Site Location -- 12.6 Workforce -- 12.7 Spare Parts -- 12.8 Uprating -- 12.9 Long-Term Storage and Mothballing -- 12.10 Life Cycle Management (LCM) -- 12.11 Single Point Vulnerability (SPV) Analysis -- References -- Index.
Record Nr. UNISA-996218718203316
Klempner Geoff  
Piscataway, New Jersey : , : IEEE Press, , c2008
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