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COVER -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT PAGE -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 Protecting Springs in a Changing World Through Sound Science and Policy -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. THREATS TO SPRINGS AND THEIR VALUES -- 1.3. METHODS, TOOLS, AND TECHNIQUES TO UNDERSTAND SPRING HYDROGEOLOGY -- 1.4. POLICY AND GOVERNANCE APPROACHES FOR THE PROTECTION OF SPRINGS -- REFERENCES -- Part I Threats to Springs and Their Values -- Chapter 2 Assessing Pollution and Depletion of Large Artesian Springs in Florida's Rapidly Developing Water-Rich Landscape -- 2.1. THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF FLORIDA'S ARTESIAN SPRINGS -- 2.1.1. Florida Springs Regional Occurrence and Magnitude -- 2.1.2. Summary of Florida Springs Flow and Water Quality Changes -- 2.1.3. Observed Ecological Impairments in Florida Springs -- 2.2. QUANTIFYING SOURCES OF FLORIDA SPRING/AQUIFER POLLUTION AND DEPLETION -- 2.2.1. Introduction to the Blue Water Audit -- 2.2.2. Nitrogen Estimation -- 2.2.3. Groundwater Withdrawal Estimation -- 2.2.4. Validation -- 2.2.5. Floridan Aquifer System Footprints -- 2.2.6. Nitrogen Loading in the Florida Springs Region -- 2.2.7. Groundwater Consumption in the Florida Springs Region -- 2.3. UTILIZING WATER AND NUTRIENT MASS BALANCES TO DIRECT SPRINGS PROTECTION AND RECOVERY -- 2.3.1. Simplified Groundwater Mass Balance -- 2.3.2. Simplified Nitrogen Mass Balance -- 2.4. INFORMING THE PUBLIC OF SPRINGS AND AQUIFER HEALTH STATUS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Regional Passive Saline Encroachment in Major Springs of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida (1991-2020) -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM -- 3.3. ENCROACHMENT -- 3.4. STUDY AREA, MATERIALS, AND METHODS -- 3.5. STATISTICAL METHODS -- 3.6. RESULTS -- 3.7. DISCUSSION -- 3.7.1. Conceptual Model -- 3.7.2. Passive Encroachment.
3.8. POTENTIAL DRIVERS OF THE OBSERVED PASSIVE ENCROACHMENT -- 3.8.1. Decreasing Rainfall and Consequent Decreases in Recharge -- 3.8.2. Groundwater Extraction -- 3.8.3. Sea-Level Rise -- 3.9. UNRESOLVED ISSUES AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL ENCROACHMENT MONITORING -- 3.9.1. Unresolved Issues -- 3.9.2. Need for Increased Saline Encroachment Monitoring -- 3.10. KEY FINDINGS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Karst Spring Processes and Storage Implications in High Elevation, Semiarid Southwestern United States -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. STUDY AREA -- 4.2.1. Kaibab Plateau -- 4.2.2. Mogollon Rim -- 4.2.3. Hydrogeology -- 4.3. RESEARCH METHODS -- 4.3.1. Field Methods and Data Management -- 4.3.2. Hydrograph Analysis -- 4.3.3. Regression Modeling -- 4.3.4. Stable Isotope Analysis -- 4.4. RESULTS -- 4.4.1. Base-Flow Recession Analysis -- 4.4.2. Hydrograph Results -- 4.4.3. Regression Modeling -- 4.4.4. Response Timing -- 4.4.5. Stable Isotope Analysis -- 4.5. DISCUSSION -- 4.5.1. Interpretation of Drainage Properties -- 4.5.2. Seasonal Water Storage -- 4.5.3. Snowpack -- 4.6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Nitrogen Contamination and Acidification of Groundwater Due to Excessive Fertilizer Use for Tea Plantations -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.1.2. Nitrogen Fertilizer Compounds and Their Toxicity -- 5.1.3. Acidic Groundwater Pollution Caused by Excess Nitrogen Fertilizer Used for Tea Plantation -- 5.1.4. Absorption of Nitrogen Components by Tea Plants (Tea Plantation) -- 5.1.5. Reducing N2O Emission Gas from Excess Fertilizer Helps Prevent Global Warming -- 5.2. METHODS AND MATERIALS -- 5.3. SOIL WATER CHEMISTRY AT TEA PLANTATIONS LOCATED ON VOLCANIC LOAM (FIELD RESULT 1) -- 5.4. WATER CHEMISTRY FOR THE KIKU TEA PLANTATION, SHIZUOKA, EXHIBITING A LOW PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION SPRING (FIELD RESULT 2).
5.5. WATER CHEMISTRY FOR A CATCHMENT CONTAINING A TEA PLANTATION AND OTHER LAND USES (FIELD RESULT 3) -- 5.6. DISCUSSION -- 5.6.1. Groundwater Chemistry Changes Occurring from the Soil Surface to Spring in Tea Plantation (Comparing Results 1 and 2) -- 5.6.2. Effect of Reducing the Amount of Nitrogen Fertilizer Used from Result 2 -- 5.6.3. Nitrogen Contamination for Combination Land Use (Result 3) -- 5.7. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Springs of the Southwestern Great Artesian Basin, Australia: Balancing Sustainable Use and Cultural and Environmental Values -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. THE GREAT ARTESIAN BASIN SPRINGS -- 6.2.1. Cultural and Ecological Values -- 6.2.2. Geology and Hydrogeology of the Great Artesian Basin -- 6.2.3. Springs -- 6.3. OLYMPIC DAM AND ITS GAB WELLFIELDS -- 6.4. ASSESSING WELLFIELD A IMPACTS ON SPRINGS AND BORES -- 6.4.1. Spring Flow and Groundwater Level Trends Through Time -- 6.4.2. Spring Flows and Groundwater Level Correlation -- 6.4.3. Discussion: Protecting Springs -- 6.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part II Methods, Tools, and Techniques to Understand Spring Hydrogeology -- Chapter 7 Environmental Tracers to Study the Origin and Timescales of Spring Waters -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. BEFORE TRACERS ARE APPLIED -- 7.2.1. Propagation of Pressure Versus Transport of Water -- 7.2.2. Springs Versus Wells -- 7.2.3. Hydrochemistry and Geophysics -- 7.3. ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS: KINDS, THE CONCEPT OF AGE, AND SIMPLE MODELING -- 7.3.1. Tracers for Groundwater or Solute Origin and Infiltration Conditions -- 7.3.2. Tracers for the Timescales of Water Movement -- 7.4. CASE STUDY: THE FISCHA-DAGNITZ SPRING, AUSTRIA -- 7.4.1. Hydrogeological Setting -- 7.4.2. Science in Several Steps: The History of Environmental Tracers at Fischa-Dagnitz.
7.4.3. What Is the Age of the Water at the Fischa-Dagnitz Spring? -- 7.5. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity of Springs at a Pilot-Scale: Applications in Semiarid Mediterranean Areas in Lebanon -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. FIELD SITE -- 8.3. INVESTIGATION METHODS -- 8.3.1. High-Resolution Data Collection -- 8.3.2. Tracer Experiments and Identification of Transport Parameters -- 8.4. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS -- 8.4.1. High-Resolution Data As Insight to Systems Hydrodynamics -- 8.4.2. Assessment of Spring Intrinsic Vulnerability -- 8.4.3. Assessment of Spring Specific Vulnerability -- 8.4.4. From Conceptual to Numerical Models -- 8.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 Uncertainties in Understanding Groundwater Flow and Spring Functioning in Karst -- 9.1. PECULIARITIES OF KARST HYDROGEOLOGY -- 9.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 9.3. THE ALBURNI MASSIF -- 9.4. RESULTS -- 9.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 The Great Subterranean Spring of Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, and the Potential Impact of Subsurface Urban Heat Islands -- INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. BACKGROUND -- 10.2.1. Cave and Spring -- 10.2.2. Discovery of Thermal Anomaly -- 10.2.3. Geology -- 10.3. METHODS -- 10.4. RESULTS -- 10.5. DISCUSSION -- 10.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part III Policy and Governance Approaches for the Protection of Springs -- Chapter 11 Community-Based Water Resource Management: Pathway to Rural Water Security in Timor-Leste? -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. COMMUNITY-MANAGED RURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE -- 11.3. GROWING WATER SECURITY CHALLENGES -- 11.3.1. Challenges of Community-Based Management -- 11.3.2. Challenges of Water Quantity -- 11.3.3. Challenges of Water Quality.
11.4. TOWARD IMPROVED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY APPROACHES -- 11.4.1. Toward Integrated Water Resource Management -- 11.4.2. Toward Community-Based Water Resource Management -- 11.5. WATER SECURITY REQUIRES RESILIENT SOCIOECOLOGICAL-TECHNICAL WATER SYSTEMS -- 11.6. METHODOLOGY -- 11.7. COMMUNITY-BASED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A PATHWAY TO RURAL WATER SECURITY IN TIMOR-LESTE? -- 11.7.1. Willingness to Use Community-Based Water Resource Management -- 11.7.2. Water System Resilience Under CBWRM -- 11.7.3. Pathways Toward Resilient Rural Water Systems in Timor-Leste: Between IWRM and CBWRM -- 11.8. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 Setting Benthic Algal Abundance Targets to Protect Florida Spring Ecosystems -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. DERIVATION OF BENTHIC ALGAL TARGETS IN STREAMS: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE -- 12.3. COMPARISON OF ALGAL TARGETS TO SELECTED FLORIDA SPRING-RUN STREAMS -- 12.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 Protecting Springs in the Southwest Great Artesian Basin, Australia -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. THE GREAT ARTESIAN BASIN AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE -- 13.3. THREATS TO GAB SPRINGS THROUGH RECENT GROUNDWATER SCIENCE -- 13.4. THE NATIONAL REGULATORY RESPONSE TO SPRING THREATS -- 13.5. THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN REGULATORY RESPONSE: THE FAR NORTH WATER ALLOCATION PLAN -- 13.6. TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH MONITORING -- 13.7. GAB SPRINGS ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN AND TEMPLATE (GABSAMP) -- 13.8. CLOSING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 Patterns in the Occurrence of Fecal Bacterial Indicators at Public Mineral Springs of Central Victoria, 1986-2013 -- 14.1. BACKGROUND AND MONITORING HISTORY -- 14.2. SPRING FLOW SYSTEMS AND OCCURRENCE -- 14.3. BACTERIAL MONITORING -- 14.4. CLIMATE AND SPRING HYDROLOGY.
14.5. OUTCOMES OF REMEDIATION OF SPRING SITES.
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Chemical characteristics, water sources and pathways, and age distribution of ground water in the contributing recharge area of a public-supply well near Tampa, Florida, 2002-05 [[electronic resource] /] / by Brian G. Katz ... [and others]
