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Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery : From Basics to Advanced Concepts and Applications
Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery : From Basics to Advanced Concepts and Applications
Autore Hu Ming
Edizione [1st ed.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (931 pages)
Altri autori (Persone) LiXiaoling
Collana Wiley Series in Drug Discovery and Development Series
ISBN 1-119-66069-6
1-119-66066-1
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Barriers to Oral Bioavailability - An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Physicochemical Factors -- 1.1.2 Biological Factors -- 1.1.3 Diet and Food Effects -- 1.1.4 Drug-Drug Interactions -- 1.1.5 Scientific Disciplines Involved -- References -- Chapter 2 Solubility of Pharmaceutical Solids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fundamentals of Solubility -- 2.2.1 Definition -- 2.2.2 Thermodynamics of Solubility -- 2.2.3 Solubility and Dissolution -- 2.2.4 Factors that Affect Solubility -- 2.2.4.1 Solute Factors -- 2.2.4.2 Solvent Factors -- 2.2.5 Pharmaceutically Relevant Solubility -- 2.2.5.1 Medium of Solubility Determination -- 2.2.5.2 In Vitro Solubility -- 2.2.5.3 Estimation of Solubility in the GI Tract -- 2.3 Solubility and Oral Bioavailability -- 2.4 Strategies to Improve Solubility -- 2.4.1 Formulation through Salt Formation -- 2.4.2 Formulation Through Amorphous Solid Dispersions -- 2.4.3 Formulation Through Lipid and Surfactant‐Based Formulations -- 2.4.4 Formulation Through Other Approaches -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 In Vitro Dissolution of Pharmaceutical Solids -- 3.1 Dissolution Theory and Fundamentals -- 3.1.1 Background and Rationale -- 3.1.2 Why Dissolution Testing -- 3.1.3 Theoretical Concepts -- 3.1.4 Properties of the API -- 3.1.5 Examples of Techniques to Alter Dissolution Rate Based on the Dissolution Theory -- 3.1.5.1 Nanotechnology - Changing the Surface Area Term in the Equation -- 3.1.5.2 Solid Dispersions - Changing the Solubility Term in the Equation -- 3.2 Dissolution of Drug Products -- 3.2.1 Type of Dosage Forms and Common Dissolution Mechanisms -- 3.2.1.1 Immediate‐Release Dosage Forms -- 3.2.1.2 Modified‐Release Dosage Forms -- 3.2.2 Factors Affecting Dissolution -- 3.2.2.1 Drug and Excipient Properties.
3.2.2.2 Drug Product Formulation and Processing Conditions -- 3.3 In Vitro Dissolution Methods for Ensuring Quality of Commercial Drug Products -- 3.3.1 Compendial Dissolution Apparatus -- 3.3.2 General Compendial Dissolution Conditions -- 3.4 In Vitro Dissolution Methods in Product Development -- 3.4.1 Intrinsic Dissolution Apparatus -- 3.4.2 Use of Non‐Compendial Apparatus -- 3.4.2.1 Surface Dissolution Imager (SDI) -- 3.4.2.2 Small‐Volume Apparatus -- 3.4.2.3 Other Non‐Compendial Apparatus -- 3.4.3 Use of Non‐Compendial Dissolution Media -- 3.4.4 Use of Non‐Sink Conditions -- 3.5 Automation in Dissolution Testing and Prediction -- 3.5.1 Automated Sampling -- 3.5.2 In Situ Analysis -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Biological and Physiological Features of the Gastrointestinal Tract Relevant to Oral Drug Absorption -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biological Features of Gastrointestinal Tract -- 4.2.1 Absorption Pathways -- 4.2.1.1 Transcellular and Paracellular Absorption Pathways -- 4.2.1.2 Facilitated and Carrier‐Mediated Absorption Pathways -- 4.2.2 Peyer's Patches -- 4.3 Physiological Features of Gastrointestinal Tract -- 4.3.1 pH of Gastrointestinal Fluids -- 4.3.2 Biliary Secretion -- 4.3.3 Gastrointestinal Microflora -- 4.3.4 Gastrointestinal Transit and Motility -- 4.3.4.1 Gastric Emptying Rate -- 4.3.4.2 Intestinal Motility -- 4.4 Other Physiological Factors -- 4.4.1 Age Effects -- 4.4.2 Gender Effects -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Absorption of Drugs Via Passive Diffusion and Carrier‐Mediated Pathways -- Disclaimer -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Passive Diffusion -- 5.2.1 Passive Diffusion Described by Fick's First Law -- 5.2.2 Rate‐Limiting Step in Intestinal Drug Absorption -- 5.2.2.1 Gastric‐Emptying Rate‐Limited Absorption -- 5.2.2.2 Perfusion Rate‐Limited Absorption -- 5.2.2.3 Dissolution Rate‐Limited Absorption.
5.2.2.4 Diffusion/Permeability Rate‐Limited Absorption -- 5.3 Carrier‐Mediated Transport -- 5.3.1 Competitive, Noncompetitive, and Un‐competitive Inhibition -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Determinant Factors for Passive Absorption of Drugs -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fundamentals of Drug Absorption -- 6.2.1 Gut Wall -- 6.2.2 Pathways of Absorption -- 6.2.2.1 Transcellular Pathway -- 6.2.2.2 Paracellular Pathway -- 6.2.2.3 Transporter‐Mediated Pathway -- 6.2.2.4 Total Passive Permeation (Paracellular and Transcellular Pathways) -- 6.2.3 Driving Forces for Passive Absorption -- 6.2.3.1 Concentration Gradient -- 6.2.3.2 Pressure Gradient -- 6.3 Absorption Determining Factors -- 6.3.1 Physiological Factors -- 6.3.1.1 Gastric Emptying Time -- 6.3.1.2 Gastric pH -- 6.3.1.3 Intestinal Transit Times -- 6.3.2 Physicochemical Factors -- 6.3.2.1 Solubility -- 6.3.2.2 Permeability -- 6.3.2.3 "pH Partition Theory" and pKa -- 6.3.2.4 Particle Size and Surface Area -- 6.3.2.5 Salt Form -- 6.3.2.6 Polymorphic Form and Amorphous API -- 6.3.2.7 Lipinski Rule of 5 -- 6.3.3 Formulation Factors Affecting Oral Absorption -- 6.4 Rate Limiting Steps in Absorption and Prediction of Dosing Amount Absorbed -- 6.4.1 The Maximum Absorbable Dose (MAD) -- 6.4.2 Dose Number (Do), Absorption Number (An), and Dissolution Number (Dn) -- 6.4.3 Permeability Limited Absorption -- 6.4.4 Dissolution Rate Limited Absorption -- 6.4.5 Solubility-Permeability Limited Absorption -- 6.4.6 Estimation of the Fraction Absorbed (Fa) in General Cases -- 6.5 Overview of In Silico Prediction of Absorption and Pharmacokinetics for Oral Dosage Forms -- 6.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Protein Binding and Drug Distribution -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Protein-Drug Binding in Plasma -- 7.3 Modeling of Binding Equilibria -- 7.3.1 Stoichiometric Model -- 7.3.2 Site‐Oriented Model.
7.3.3 Free Drug Fraction -- 7.4 Bioanalytical Methods for Studying Drug-Protein Binding -- 7.4.1 Outline of Bioanalytical Approaches -- 7.4.2 Affinity Chromatography -- 7.4.3 Solid Phase Microextraction -- 7.4.4 Ultrafiltration -- 7.4.5 Equilibrium Dialysis -- 7.4.6 Other Approaches -- 7.4.7 Alternatives to Determining Plasma Protein Binding -- 7.5 Impact of Drug-Protein Binding on Pharmacokinetic Parameters -- 7.5.1 Volume of Distribution -- 7.5.2 Clearance -- 7.5.3 Half‐life -- 7.6 Physicochemical Factors that Affect Protein-Drug Binding and Drug Distribution -- 7.7 Physiological and Pathological Factors that Affect Protein-Drug Binding and Drug Distribution -- References -- Chapter 8 Drug Transport Across the Placental Barrier -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Administered During Pregnancy -- 8.2.1 Absorption -- 8.2.2 Distribution -- 8.2.3 Metabolism -- 8.2.4 Excretion -- 8.3 Placental Development and Structure -- 8.4 Functions of the Human Placenta -- 8.5 Mechanisms of Drug Transport Across the Placenta -- 8.5.1 Passive Diffusion -- 8.5.2 Facilitated Diffusion -- 8.5.3 Active Transport -- 8.5.4 Endocytosis -- 8.6 Mechanisms of Drug Metabolism Within the Placenta -- 8.7 Strategies to Alter Drug Transport Across the Placenta -- 8.8 Experimental Models of the Human Placenta -- 8.8.1 Animal Models -- 8.8.2 Ex Vivo Placental Perfusion -- 8.8.3 In Vitro Trophoblast Tissue Preparations -- 8.8.4 Primary Cells from Human Placenta -- 8.8.5 Continuous Cell Lines -- 8.8.6 Placenta‐on‐a‐Chip -- 8.8.7 In Silico Models -- References -- Chapter 9 Biopharmaceutics Classification System: Theory and Practice -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Theory -- 9.2.1 Bioavailability and Bioequivalence -- 9.2.2 Oral Drug Absorption Prediction -- 9.2.2.1 Plug Flow Model -- 9.2.2.2 Compartmental Absorption and Transit Model.
9.2.3 Biopharmaceutics Classification System -- 9.3 BCS‐based Biowaiver -- 9.4 BCS Waiver Case Studies -- 9.4.1 Case Study 1 -- 9.4.1.1 Solubility -- 9.4.1.2 Permeability -- 9.4.1.3 Dissolution -- 9.4.2 Case Study 2 -- 9.4.2.1 Solubility -- 9.4.2.2 Permeability -- 9.4.2.3 Dissolution -- 9.4.3 Case Study 3 -- 9.4.3.1 Formulation -- 9.4.3.2 Solubility -- 9.4.3.3 Dissolution -- 9.5 BCS: Additional Regulatory Applications -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Effects of Food on Drug Absorption -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Food-Drug Interactions (Food Effects) in Clinical Therapy and Drug Development -- 10.1.1.1 Regulatory Considerations of Food Effects -- 10.1.1.2 Food-Drug Interactions in Clinical Therapy -- 10.1.1.3 Positive, Negative, and No Food Effects -- 10.1.1.4 Absorption of Drugs -- 10.1.1.5 Metabolism and Transport in the Gastrointestinal Tract (see also Chapter 11) -- 10.1.1.6 Permeability in the Gastrointestinal Tract -- 10.1.1.7 Food‐Induced Changes on Drug Bioavailability -- 10.2 Mechanisms of Food Effects -- 10.2.1 Factors Causing Positive Food Effects -- 10.2.2 Factors Causing Negative Food Effects -- 10.3 Prediction of Food Effects -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 Drug Metabolism in Gastrointestinal Tract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) as Drug Disposition Organ -- 11.1.2 Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes in GIT -- 11.1.2.1 Enzymes for Phase I Metabolism -- 11.1.2.2 Enzymes for Phase II Metabolism -- 11.1.3 Regulation of Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes by Nuclear Receptors -- 11.1.4 Diseases Associated with Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes -- 11.2 Role of Intestinal Efflux Transporters in the Drug Disposition -- 11.2.1 Efflux Transporters in Intestine -- 11.2.1.1 P‐gp -- 11.2.1.2 MRP2 -- 11.2.1.3 BCRP -- 11.2.2 Regulation of Efflux Transporters by Nuclear Receptors (See Also Chapter 41).
11.3 Drug Metabolism-Transporter Coupling in Drug Disposition in GIT.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910830441403321
Hu Ming  
Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery : From Basics to Advanced Concepts and Applications
Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery : From Basics to Advanced Concepts and Applications
Autore Hu Ming
Edizione [1st ed.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (931 pages)
Disciplina 615.19
Altri autori (Persone) LiXiaoling
Collana Wiley Series in Drug Discovery and Development Series
Soggetto topico Drug delivery systems
Pharmacokinetics
ISBN 9781119660699
1119660696
9781119660668
1119660661
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Barriers to Oral Bioavailability - An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Physicochemical Factors -- 1.1.2 Biological Factors -- 1.1.3 Diet and Food Effects -- 1.1.4 Drug-Drug Interactions -- 1.1.5 Scientific Disciplines Involved -- References -- Chapter 2 Solubility of Pharmaceutical Solids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fundamentals of Solubility -- 2.2.1 Definition -- 2.2.2 Thermodynamics of Solubility -- 2.2.3 Solubility and Dissolution -- 2.2.4 Factors that Affect Solubility -- 2.2.4.1 Solute Factors -- 2.2.4.2 Solvent Factors -- 2.2.5 Pharmaceutically Relevant Solubility -- 2.2.5.1 Medium of Solubility Determination -- 2.2.5.2 In Vitro Solubility -- 2.2.5.3 Estimation of Solubility in the GI Tract -- 2.3 Solubility and Oral Bioavailability -- 2.4 Strategies to Improve Solubility -- 2.4.1 Formulation through Salt Formation -- 2.4.2 Formulation Through Amorphous Solid Dispersions -- 2.4.3 Formulation Through Lipid and Surfactant‐Based Formulations -- 2.4.4 Formulation Through Other Approaches -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 In Vitro Dissolution of Pharmaceutical Solids -- 3.1 Dissolution Theory and Fundamentals -- 3.1.1 Background and Rationale -- 3.1.2 Why Dissolution Testing -- 3.1.3 Theoretical Concepts -- 3.1.4 Properties of the API -- 3.1.5 Examples of Techniques to Alter Dissolution Rate Based on the Dissolution Theory -- 3.1.5.1 Nanotechnology - Changing the Surface Area Term in the Equation -- 3.1.5.2 Solid Dispersions - Changing the Solubility Term in the Equation -- 3.2 Dissolution of Drug Products -- 3.2.1 Type of Dosage Forms and Common Dissolution Mechanisms -- 3.2.1.1 Immediate‐Release Dosage Forms -- 3.2.1.2 Modified‐Release Dosage Forms -- 3.2.2 Factors Affecting Dissolution -- 3.2.2.1 Drug and Excipient Properties.
3.2.2.2 Drug Product Formulation and Processing Conditions -- 3.3 In Vitro Dissolution Methods for Ensuring Quality of Commercial Drug Products -- 3.3.1 Compendial Dissolution Apparatus -- 3.3.2 General Compendial Dissolution Conditions -- 3.4 In Vitro Dissolution Methods in Product Development -- 3.4.1 Intrinsic Dissolution Apparatus -- 3.4.2 Use of Non‐Compendial Apparatus -- 3.4.2.1 Surface Dissolution Imager (SDI) -- 3.4.2.2 Small‐Volume Apparatus -- 3.4.2.3 Other Non‐Compendial Apparatus -- 3.4.3 Use of Non‐Compendial Dissolution Media -- 3.4.4 Use of Non‐Sink Conditions -- 3.5 Automation in Dissolution Testing and Prediction -- 3.5.1 Automated Sampling -- 3.5.2 In Situ Analysis -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Biological and Physiological Features of the Gastrointestinal Tract Relevant to Oral Drug Absorption -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biological Features of Gastrointestinal Tract -- 4.2.1 Absorption Pathways -- 4.2.1.1 Transcellular and Paracellular Absorption Pathways -- 4.2.1.2 Facilitated and Carrier‐Mediated Absorption Pathways -- 4.2.2 Peyer's Patches -- 4.3 Physiological Features of Gastrointestinal Tract -- 4.3.1 pH of Gastrointestinal Fluids -- 4.3.2 Biliary Secretion -- 4.3.3 Gastrointestinal Microflora -- 4.3.4 Gastrointestinal Transit and Motility -- 4.3.4.1 Gastric Emptying Rate -- 4.3.4.2 Intestinal Motility -- 4.4 Other Physiological Factors -- 4.4.1 Age Effects -- 4.4.2 Gender Effects -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Absorption of Drugs Via Passive Diffusion and Carrier‐Mediated Pathways -- Disclaimer -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Passive Diffusion -- 5.2.1 Passive Diffusion Described by Fick's First Law -- 5.2.2 Rate‐Limiting Step in Intestinal Drug Absorption -- 5.2.2.1 Gastric‐Emptying Rate‐Limited Absorption -- 5.2.2.2 Perfusion Rate‐Limited Absorption -- 5.2.2.3 Dissolution Rate‐Limited Absorption.
5.2.2.4 Diffusion/Permeability Rate‐Limited Absorption -- 5.3 Carrier‐Mediated Transport -- 5.3.1 Competitive, Noncompetitive, and Un‐competitive Inhibition -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Determinant Factors for Passive Absorption of Drugs -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fundamentals of Drug Absorption -- 6.2.1 Gut Wall -- 6.2.2 Pathways of Absorption -- 6.2.2.1 Transcellular Pathway -- 6.2.2.2 Paracellular Pathway -- 6.2.2.3 Transporter‐Mediated Pathway -- 6.2.2.4 Total Passive Permeation (Paracellular and Transcellular Pathways) -- 6.2.3 Driving Forces for Passive Absorption -- 6.2.3.1 Concentration Gradient -- 6.2.3.2 Pressure Gradient -- 6.3 Absorption Determining Factors -- 6.3.1 Physiological Factors -- 6.3.1.1 Gastric Emptying Time -- 6.3.1.2 Gastric pH -- 6.3.1.3 Intestinal Transit Times -- 6.3.2 Physicochemical Factors -- 6.3.2.1 Solubility -- 6.3.2.2 Permeability -- 6.3.2.3 "pH Partition Theory" and pKa -- 6.3.2.4 Particle Size and Surface Area -- 6.3.2.5 Salt Form -- 6.3.2.6 Polymorphic Form and Amorphous API -- 6.3.2.7 Lipinski Rule of 5 -- 6.3.3 Formulation Factors Affecting Oral Absorption -- 6.4 Rate Limiting Steps in Absorption and Prediction of Dosing Amount Absorbed -- 6.4.1 The Maximum Absorbable Dose (MAD) -- 6.4.2 Dose Number (Do), Absorption Number (An), and Dissolution Number (Dn) -- 6.4.3 Permeability Limited Absorption -- 6.4.4 Dissolution Rate Limited Absorption -- 6.4.5 Solubility-Permeability Limited Absorption -- 6.4.6 Estimation of the Fraction Absorbed (Fa) in General Cases -- 6.5 Overview of In Silico Prediction of Absorption and Pharmacokinetics for Oral Dosage Forms -- 6.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Protein Binding and Drug Distribution -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Protein-Drug Binding in Plasma -- 7.3 Modeling of Binding Equilibria -- 7.3.1 Stoichiometric Model -- 7.3.2 Site‐Oriented Model.
7.3.3 Free Drug Fraction -- 7.4 Bioanalytical Methods for Studying Drug-Protein Binding -- 7.4.1 Outline of Bioanalytical Approaches -- 7.4.2 Affinity Chromatography -- 7.4.3 Solid Phase Microextraction -- 7.4.4 Ultrafiltration -- 7.4.5 Equilibrium Dialysis -- 7.4.6 Other Approaches -- 7.4.7 Alternatives to Determining Plasma Protein Binding -- 7.5 Impact of Drug-Protein Binding on Pharmacokinetic Parameters -- 7.5.1 Volume of Distribution -- 7.5.2 Clearance -- 7.5.3 Half‐life -- 7.6 Physicochemical Factors that Affect Protein-Drug Binding and Drug Distribution -- 7.7 Physiological and Pathological Factors that Affect Protein-Drug Binding and Drug Distribution -- References -- Chapter 8 Drug Transport Across the Placental Barrier -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Administered During Pregnancy -- 8.2.1 Absorption -- 8.2.2 Distribution -- 8.2.3 Metabolism -- 8.2.4 Excretion -- 8.3 Placental Development and Structure -- 8.4 Functions of the Human Placenta -- 8.5 Mechanisms of Drug Transport Across the Placenta -- 8.5.1 Passive Diffusion -- 8.5.2 Facilitated Diffusion -- 8.5.3 Active Transport -- 8.5.4 Endocytosis -- 8.6 Mechanisms of Drug Metabolism Within the Placenta -- 8.7 Strategies to Alter Drug Transport Across the Placenta -- 8.8 Experimental Models of the Human Placenta -- 8.8.1 Animal Models -- 8.8.2 Ex Vivo Placental Perfusion -- 8.8.3 In Vitro Trophoblast Tissue Preparations -- 8.8.4 Primary Cells from Human Placenta -- 8.8.5 Continuous Cell Lines -- 8.8.6 Placenta‐on‐a‐Chip -- 8.8.7 In Silico Models -- References -- Chapter 9 Biopharmaceutics Classification System: Theory and Practice -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Theory -- 9.2.1 Bioavailability and Bioequivalence -- 9.2.2 Oral Drug Absorption Prediction -- 9.2.2.1 Plug Flow Model -- 9.2.2.2 Compartmental Absorption and Transit Model.
9.2.3 Biopharmaceutics Classification System -- 9.3 BCS‐based Biowaiver -- 9.4 BCS Waiver Case Studies -- 9.4.1 Case Study 1 -- 9.4.1.1 Solubility -- 9.4.1.2 Permeability -- 9.4.1.3 Dissolution -- 9.4.2 Case Study 2 -- 9.4.2.1 Solubility -- 9.4.2.2 Permeability -- 9.4.2.3 Dissolution -- 9.4.3 Case Study 3 -- 9.4.3.1 Formulation -- 9.4.3.2 Solubility -- 9.4.3.3 Dissolution -- 9.5 BCS: Additional Regulatory Applications -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Effects of Food on Drug Absorption -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Food-Drug Interactions (Food Effects) in Clinical Therapy and Drug Development -- 10.1.1.1 Regulatory Considerations of Food Effects -- 10.1.1.2 Food-Drug Interactions in Clinical Therapy -- 10.1.1.3 Positive, Negative, and No Food Effects -- 10.1.1.4 Absorption of Drugs -- 10.1.1.5 Metabolism and Transport in the Gastrointestinal Tract (see also Chapter 11) -- 10.1.1.6 Permeability in the Gastrointestinal Tract -- 10.1.1.7 Food‐Induced Changes on Drug Bioavailability -- 10.2 Mechanisms of Food Effects -- 10.2.1 Factors Causing Positive Food Effects -- 10.2.2 Factors Causing Negative Food Effects -- 10.3 Prediction of Food Effects -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 Drug Metabolism in Gastrointestinal Tract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) as Drug Disposition Organ -- 11.1.2 Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes in GIT -- 11.1.2.1 Enzymes for Phase I Metabolism -- 11.1.2.2 Enzymes for Phase II Metabolism -- 11.1.3 Regulation of Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes by Nuclear Receptors -- 11.1.4 Diseases Associated with Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes -- 11.2 Role of Intestinal Efflux Transporters in the Drug Disposition -- 11.2.1 Efflux Transporters in Intestine -- 11.2.1.1 P‐gp -- 11.2.1.2 MRP2 -- 11.2.1.3 BCRP -- 11.2.2 Regulation of Efflux Transporters by Nuclear Receptors (See Also Chapter 41).
11.3 Drug Metabolism-Transporter Coupling in Drug Disposition in GIT.
Record Nr. UNINA-9911019555903321
Hu Ming  
Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui