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Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Jobs Matter for Ghana -- Challenges and Constraints to Expanding Job Opportunities -- Priorities and Possible Solutions -- Note -- References -- Chapter 1 The Context for Job Creation in Ghana -- Main Messages -- The Ghana Success Story: Two Decades of High Growth and Significant Poverty Reduction -- New Challenges: Less Inclusive Growth and Macroeconomic Imbalances -- Growing Working-Age Population and Significant Urbanization -- Labor Productivity and Job Creation in Ghana: Quality versus Quantity of Jobs -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 A Profile of Jobs in Ghana: Where and How Do People Work? -- Main Messages -- What Is a Good Job? -- The 2012 Snapshot of Jobs -- Who Are the Jobless? -- Who Lacks Access to Better Jobs? The Challenges of Creating More Inclusive Jobs -- The Transformation of the Landscape of Jobs in Ghana -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Transitions into Work and the Role of Skills -- Main Messages -- Education, Skills, and Jobs -- Transitions into Work -- Skills Development for Labor Markets -- Note -- References -- Chapter 4 Where Are Jobs Created? -- Main Messages -- Jobs and the Private Sector -- Mapping Jobs to Formal Nonagricultural Firms -- The Profile of Informal Off-Farm Household Enterprises and Jobs -- What Prevents Microenterprises from Transforming to Job-Creating Firms? -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Jobs for Development in Ghana: What Can Policy Do? -- How Many Jobs and What Kind of Jobs? -- Policy Options to Foster More Productive Jobs -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Opportunities and Challenges of Urbanization -- Box 1.2 The Role of Agriculture in Structural Change and Poverty Reduction in Africa -- Box 1.3 Separating Out the Drivers of Growth -- Box 2.1 Sources of Data for the Profile of Labor Status.
Box 2.2 Definitions of Labor Market Indicators -- Box 2.3 Estimating Informality in Ghana's Labor Markets -- Box 2.4 International Migration from Ghana -- Box 3.1 Child Labor in Ghana -- Box 3.2 Results from the STEP Household Survey on Education, Skills, Employment, and Productivity -- Box 4.1 Firm-Level Data Used -- Box 4.2 What Is an Off-Farm Household Enterprise? -- Box 4.3 The Challenges of Street Vending in Ghana -- Box 5.1 Jobs for Development: Some Messages from the World Development Report on Jobs -- Box 5.2 Harnessing Digital Technologies to Address Information Asymmetries -- Box 5.3 Labor Market Regulations and Institutions -- Box 5.4 Improving Existing Skill Development and Active Labor Market Programs to Facilitate the Transition of Youth to Productive Jobs in Ghana -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Economic Growth in Ghana as Compared with Its African Peers -- Figure 1.2 Natural Resources as Drivers of Growth -- Figure 1.3 Economic Structure and Contribution to Growth, by Sector -- Figure 1.4 Decline in Poverty Rates in Ghana -- Figure 1.5 Ghana's Population, by Age and Gender -- Figure 1.6 Growth of Urban and Rural Populations -- Figure 1.7 Urban and Rural Population, by Age and Gender, 2010 -- Figure 1.8 Ghana's Employment-Growth Elasticity Compared with Other Lower-Middle-Income Countries -- Figure 1.9 Total Employment Creation, by Economic Sector, 2005-12 -- Figure 1.10 Value Added per Worker, by Economic Sector and Year -- Figure 2.1 Labor Status of the Population in Ghana, 2012 -- Figure 2.2 Employment-to-Population Ratios, by Age Group, Gender, and Region -- Figure 2.3 Employment -- Figure 2.4 Jobs Skills and Educational Attainment -- Figure 2.5 Median Monthly Earnings, by Sector of Work -- Figure 2.6 Job Security and Benefits, by Sector of Work -- Figure 2.7 Hours Worked per Week in Primary Activity, by Sector of Work.
Figure 2.8 Household Diversification across Farm and Off-Farm Sectors -- Figure 2.9 Composition of the Jobless Population -- Figure 2.10 Inactivity Types and Levels of Economic Activity, by Gender -- Figure 2.11 Sector of Employment, by Age Group and Gender -- Figure 2.12 Regional and Educational Disparities in Sectors of Work -- Figure 2.13 Wage Distribution by Worker and Job Characteristics -- Figure 2.14 Earnings in Relation to Years of Schooling -- Figure 2.15 Relationship of Poverty to Sector of Work -- Figure 2.16 Participation of Working-Age Population in the Labor Force -- Figure 2.17 Transformation of the Labor Market over Time, by Sector of Work -- Figure 2.18 Increase in Aggregate Income over Time, by Sector of Work -- Figure 2.19 Level of Education, by Sector of Work -- Figure 2.20 Beneficiaries of Job Creation, by Sector of Work -- Figure 2.21 Job Opportunities, by Region -- Figure 2.22 Internal Migration, by Region and Motive -- Figure B2.4.1 International Migration from Ghana to OECD -- Figure 3.1 School-to-Work Transition, by Age Group and Gender -- Figure 3.2 School-to-Work Transition, Urban Boys and Rural Girls, by Age Group -- Figure 3.3 Sector of Work, by Age Group and Gender -- Figure 3.4 Marriage and Family Formation in Ghana -- Figure B3.1.1 Incidence of Child Labor in Ghana Compared with Other Countries and Regions -- Figure 3.5 Highest Level of Education Completed, by Age Group and Gender -- Figure 3.6 Access to Education and Dropout Rate, by Poverty and Socioeconomic Status -- Figure 3.7 Literacy and Numeracy Rates in Youths and Adults -- Figure 3.8 Education Levels by Sector of Work -- Figure 3.9 Vocational Training and Traditional Apprenticeships in Urban and Rural Areas, by Age Group, Gender, and Sector of Work -- Figure 3.10 Participation in Apprenticeship in Relation to Education Levels.
Figure 3.11 Firms Providing Training to Staff, by Size and Sector -- Figure 4.1 The Formal Private Sector, by Size of Firm -- Figure 4.2 The Formal Private Sector, by Age of Firm -- Figure 4.3 Formal Employment, by Contract Type and Firm Size -- Figure 4.4 Aggregate Formal Employment Creation and Contraction between 2010 and 2012 -- Figure 4.5 Employment and Labor Productivity Growth, by Firm Size and Sector, 2010-2012 -- Figure 4.6 Exporting Status and Foreign Ownership, by Firm Size -- Figure B4.2.1 Household Enterprises Play a Greater Role in Absorbing Off-Farm Employment in Africa than in Asia and Latin America -- Figure 4.7 Household Enterprises Distribution, by Number of Workers -- Figure 4.8 Owners of Household Enterprises, by Age and Gender -- Figure 4.9 Household Enterprises Distribution, by Years of Operation -- Figure 4.10 Household Enterprises, by Sector and Location -- Figure 4.11 Household Enterprises, by Size, Sector, and Education of the Owner -- Figure 4.12 Household Enterprises Workforce Composition, by Type of Worker and Firm Size -- Figure 4.13 Median Monthly Salaries, by Education of Owner -- Figure 4.14 Internet Use among Microenterprises and SMEs -- Figure 4.15 Obstacles to Investment and Business in Ghana -- Figure 4.16 Ghana's Distance to Doing Business Frontier -- Figure 4.17 Formal Firms Offering Training to Workers, by Size and Economic Sector -- Figure 4.18 Major Obstacles to Doing Business, by Firm Size -- Figure 5.1 Fertility Rates and Life Expectancy -- Figure 5.2 Projected Annual Growth Rates in Population in Ghana, by Age Group and Geographical Area, 2015-40 -- Figure B5.1.1 How Jobs Drive Development -- Map -- Map 2.1 Public and Private Wage Workers, Share of Total Employment, by District -- Tables -- Table 1.1 Social Indicators in Ghana as Compared with Middle-Income Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Table 1.2 Value Added and Employment, by Economic Sector -- Table 1.3 Growth Decomposition in Ghana, by Sector -- Table 2.1 Activity and Employment Rates, by Age Group -- Table 2.2 Percent of the Employed Holding a Second Job, by Sector of Work -- Table 2.3 Employment Mobility through Migration -- Table 2.4 Labor Force Participation through Migration -- Table 4.1 The Formal Private Sector, by Economic Sector -- Table 4.2 Firm Dynamics during Their Life Cycle -- Table 4.3 Job Creation and Contraction Rates, by Firm Size and Age, 2010-12 -- Table 4.4 Median Monthly Salaries Paid by Household Enterprises -- Table 4.5 The Majority of Firms Operate without Access to External Finance -- Table 5.1 Sector Policies and Cross-Cutting Policies.
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Expanding job opportunities in Ghana / / Maddalena Honorati and Sara Johansson de Silva
