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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- The EU Foreign Subsidy Regulation: Why, What and How? -- 1 Introduction: Why -- 2 The EU Foreign Subsidy Regulation in an Overview: What -- 2.1 Scope, Definition of Foreign Subsidies and Subsidy Recipient -- 2.2 Legal Test -- 2.2.1 Distortions on the Internal Market -- 2.2.2 Balancing Test -- 2.3 Commitments and Redressive Measures -- 2.4 The Three Screening Tools -- 2.4.1 Tool 1: General Ex Officio Review -- 2.4.1.1 Scope and Relationship to the Two Special Notification Procedures -- 2.4.1.2 Two-Step Procedure and Other Procedural Provisions -- 2.4.1.3 Decisions -- 2.4.2 Tool 2: Concentrations -- 2.4.2.1 Scope and Definition of Concentration -- 2.4.2.2 Notification Procedure and Its Legal Consequences -- 2.4.2.3 Two-Step Procedure -- 2.4.2.4 Decisions -- 2.4.3 Tool 3: Public Procurement Procedures -- 3 Overlaps and Alignment: The Example of Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions: How -- 3.1 Overlaps -- 3.2 Alignment -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Economic Sanctions as an Instrument of Foreign Investment Control -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Rise of Investment-Related Sanctions -- 3 The Concept and Effects of Investment Sanctions -- 4 Types of Investment Sanctions -- 5 Economic Sanctions and Investment Screening: Are They Really Parallel? -- 6 Linking Investment Screening and the Application of and Compliance with Economic Sanctions -- 7 The Limits of the Use of Economic Sanctions as a Means of Investment Control -- 8 Summary -- References -- Balance of Payments-Related Restrictions on the Freedom of Investment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The IMF Legal Framework on Restrictions on Current Payments and Capital Controls -- 2.1 Addressing Restrictions on Foreign Investments Resulting from Exchange Controls and Exchange Reserve Management.
2.2 Post-Washington Consensus: The Evolution of the IMF Position on Capital Controls Towards a Flexible Approach to Address, I... -- 3 Balance-of-Payments Derogations: Towards a Coherent Regime Across International Economic Law? -- 3.1 The Balance-of-Payments Exception in WTO Law and Surrounding Problems -- 3.2 The OECD Codes of Liberalisation and Balance-of-Payments Derogations in BITs and Regional FTAs -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Next-level Screening? The Case of Outbound Investment Screening -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regulatory Background -- 2.1 Relevant Cases -- 2.2 Reasons for Screening Outbound Investments -- 3 The National Critical Capabilities Defense Act: Outbound Screening for the United States -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Structure of the Mechanism -- 3.3 Transactions covered under the NCCDA -- 3.3.1 Transaction by a United States Business -- 3.3.2 Subject Matter of the Transaction: ``National Critical Capabilities´´ -- 3.3.3 ``Country of Concern´´ or ``Entity of Concern´´ -- 3.3.4 ``Covered Transactions´´ -- 3.4 Annual Report to Congress -- 4 Outbound Screening in the European and German Legal Landscape -- 4.1 Legislative Competence -- 4.1.1 Exclusive Legislative Competence of the European Union -- 4.1.2 Legislative Competence of Member States -- 4.1.3 Preliminary Conclusions -- 4.2 Legal Limitations to Outbound Investment Screening -- 4.2.1 Fundamental Freedoms -- 4.2.1.1 Applicability -- 4.2.1.2 Material Impact of the Freedom of Capital Movements -- 4.2.2 Fundamental Rights of the Charter -- 4.2.2.1 Applicability -- 4.2.2.2 Material Impact of the Fundamental Rights of the Charter -- 4.2.3 German Fundamental Rights -- 4.2.3.1 Applicability -- 4.2.3.2 Material Impact of the German Fundamental Rights -- 5 Suggestions for a Proportionate Outbound Screening Mechanism -- 5.1 Legislative Competence -- 5.2 Covered Transactions.
5.3 Competent Authorities -- 5.4 Duty of Notification -- 5.5 Due Process -- 5.6 Draft Legislation for a European Regulation on Outbound Screening -- 6 Alternatives -- 7 Conclusion -- [Draft] -- References -- Determining the Role of FDI Screening in International Investment Law -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Investment Screening Mechanisms -- 2.1 Scope of Application Ratione Materiae -- 2.2 The Temporal Scope of Application of Investment Screening Procedures -- 2.3 Standard of Review -- 3 A Convergence of Pre- and Post-Establishment Protection in International Investment Law? -- 3.1 Investment Screening and Explicit Pre-Establishment Protection in IIAs -- 3.2 Pre-Investment and Investment Screening -- 3.2.1 Contractual Rights and Assets as (Pre-) Investments -- 3.2.2 Associated Activities -- 3.2.3 Activities Concerning the Making of an Investment -- 3.2.4 Conclusions on the Relation of Pre-Investment and Investment Screening -- 3.3 Investment Expansion -- 3.4 Post-Establishment Protection and Investment Screening -- 4 Substantive Limits for the Screening Process in IIAs -- 4.1 The Investor´s Position in the Screening -- 4.2 The State´s Behavior Towards the Investor -- 5 Safeguard Mechanisms in Investment Agreements -- 5.1 Carve-Outs and Reservations -- 5.2 Security Exception Clauses -- 5.3 Making Investments in Accordance with the Host State Law -- 6 Conclusion -- Cases -- References -- States´ Shareholding as a Tool of Investment Control in Strategically Important Companies: Any Consequences for International ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 State Shareholding -- 2.1 Overall Framework -- 2.2 Means of Enhancing State Control over Companies with State Shareholding -- 3 State Ownership and International Responsibility -- 3.1 General Remarks -- 3.2 General International Law -- 3.3 European Convention on Human Rights -- 3.4 WTO and International Investment Law.
3.5 EU Law -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Screening Authorities in the EU: Considerations on Governance, Powers, and Accountability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of EU Screening Authorities: Any Pattern in Governance Models? -- 2.1 Government Model -- 2.2 Independent Agency Model -- 2.3 Hybrid Model -- 2.4 Cooperation Mechanism -- 3 A Critical Analysis of Powers, Competence, Transparency and Accountability of Screening Authorities -- 3.1 Powers -- 3.2 Competence and Efficiency -- 3.3 Transparency -- 3.4 Accountability -- 4 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- The Evolving Concept of National Security and Foreign Investment Screening Procedures with Particular Reference to the Italian... -- 1 Some Preliminary Remarks -- 2 The Expansion of the Concept of National Security -- 3 FDI Screening Laws -- 4 Some Models of Screening Systems Adopted Before the COVID-19 Pandemic: The United States, the European Union, China, and Jap... -- 5 Recent Developments Connected to the COVID-19 Crisis and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: New National Security Concerns -- 6 The Italian Regime -- 7 Some Concluding Remarks: Looking for a Better Balance Between Investment Protection and the Sovereign Right to Safeguard Sec... -- References -- National Security and Essential Security Interests in CJEU Jurisprudence -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Interpretation of the National Security Clause -- 3 The Role of the National Security Clause -- 4 The Extent of Discretion of the Member States -- 5 The Extent of Judicial Review -- 6 Conclusions -- References.
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Weaponising Investments : Volume II
