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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Making Collective Practices into Psychological Facts: The Russian Psychology Model -- 1 The Inherited Problem -- 2 Signal Systems and Holism -- 3 Bilingualism -- 4 System or Assemblage? -- 5 Early Childhood Signaling -- 6 Two Kinds of Externality -- References -- Deep Learning Opacity, and the Ethical Accountability of AI Systems. A New Perspective -- 1 Introduction: The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and the Machine Ethics -- 1.1 The Distributed Responsibility Humans-Machines in Artificial Intelligence -- 1.2 AI Subjects of Moral Agency and the Machine Ethics -- 1.3 A Scheme of This Contribution -- 2 The Autonomy and the Opacity Issues in Machine Ethics and the "Imitation Game" in the AI Research Program -- 2.1 The Contribution of Neuroethics to Solve the Problem -- 2.2 The Double Condition to Satisfy for a Consistent Attribution of an Accountable Moral Agency to AI Systems in Machine Ethics -- 2.3 The Implementation of an Automatic Ethical Auditing in AI Systems -- 3 Relation Ethics and the Fairness Issue in Machine Ethics -- 3.1 Relation Ethics and Fairness in a "Liquid Society" -- 3.2 The Relation Ethics in Sen's Theory of Comparative Justice as Fairness and its ML Implementation -- 4 Conclusions: A Relational Ethics for Ethically Accountable AI Systems -- Appendix A: The Notion of "Active Control" in Biological and Artificial Systems and Its Relevance for ME -- A1. The Graded Notion of Active Control in Biological and Artificial Systems -- A2. The Deontic Modal Logic as a Formal Justification of the "Hume Law" -- Appendix B: From the Symbolic to the Pre-symbolic Approach in the AI Research Program -- B1. The Origins of AI Research Program and of Cognitive Sciences -- B2. The Symbolic AI and the Functionalist Approach in Cognitive Sciences.
B3. The Pre-symbolic Approach to ANNs and the Linear Machine Learning -- B4. The Pre-symbolic Approach to ANNs and the "Deep Learning" in AI Machine Learning -- B5. The Gradient Descent Algorithm in Supervised Machine Learning -- B6. The Deep Convolutional Neural Networks as the State of Art in Machine Learning -- B7. The "Deep-Belief" Neural Networks, the Unsupervised Machine Learning and Its Relevance in Machine Ethics -- Appendix C: On Sen's Transformation Mapping of the Set of Individual States onto the Set of Social States -- Appendix D: A QFT Inspired Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithm -- D1. The Operator Algebra from Physics to Logic and Computer Science -- D2. Applications of the DFF in QFT Unsupervised Learning -- References -- The Human Condition at the Crossroads of Biology, Economy, and Ethics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biological Determinants of Humanity -- 2.1 The Instincts -- 2.2 Sex Makes Us Ferocious -- 2.3 Bipeds, or Differently Quadrupeds? -- 3 Social and Ethical Implications of Our Biological Nature -- 3.1 Evolution of Sociality -- 3.2 The Antheap's Economy -- 3.3 Vis tu Cogitare -- 3.4 Ethics, and "Roundness" of Instincts -- 3.5 From Slavery to Salaried Work -- 3.6 Robotics, and the Logic of Living Matter -- 3.7 Epicurean Bridles -- 3.8 Rights or Profits? -- 3.9 The Object of Desire -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Inferring Reasons Internal and External Reasons in Practical Cognition -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Status of Sound Moral Hypotheses/Reasons and Sound Moral Inferences -- 3 Casuistry: A Classical Problematization of Practical Moral Reasoning -- 3.1 An Outdated Opposition: Concrete Versus Abstract -- 4 The Logical Structure of "Reasons" -- 4.1 Collective Intentionality -- 5 Considering the Ontological Status of Reasons -- 6 Classical Logic and Abduction in Practical Reasoning -- 7 Conclusion -- References.
Ethical Issues Related to the Predominant Weltbild: The Pythagorean vs. The Post-Einstein Age -- 1 Introduction -- 2 On Metaphysical Foundations of Societies -- 2.1 Example: Athens, Sixth Century BCE -- 3 Meta-physics & -- Higher Dimensional Geometry -- 3.1 The Pythagorean Doctrine of the Harmony -- 3.2 Roots of the Pythagorean Doctrine of Harmony -- 3.3 Plato's Republic -- 3.4 The Importance of Music in the Pythagorean School -- 4 Fertility Rites in Ancient Greek Society -- 4.1 The Role of Music & -- Dance in Society -- 5 Some Characteristics of the Post-Einstein Weltbild -- 5.1 From Thermodynamics to Information -- 5.2 Pico-scale Thinking & -- the Loss of the 4th Dimension -- 6 BIG BANG Singularity -- 6.1 Black Holes (BHs) -- 6.2 Singularity & -- The Metaverse as Uniting Grid -- 6.3 Creatio Ex Nihilo -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- A Philosophy of Collective Intentionality and the Transformation of Meaning During the Contemporary Rituals of Birth -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Collective Intentionality and the Construction of Social Reality -- 2.1 Collective Intentionality and the Construction of Social Reality -- 2.2 Three Fundamental Elements in the Construction of Social Reality -- 3 Collective Intentionality and the Rituals of Birth -- 3.1 Collective Intentionality and the Sheela-na-gig -- 3.2 Epistemic Objectivity and Collective Intentionality -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- On Turner's Anti-Normativism -- 1 Introduction: Stephen Turner's Anti-Normativism -- 2 Normativity and Normative Language -- 3 Normativity, Explanation, and the Two Images -- 4 Belief Between Causality and Normativity -- 4.1 Belief Aims at Truth -- 4.2 Belief Change as a Normative Dynamic -- 4.3 Belief Change and Defeasible Reasoning -- 4.4 On the Role of Belief in Causal Explanation and Normativity: The Gene Kelly Argument.
4.5 Belief as Propositionally Contentful, and a Different Take on Its Causal Role -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Habits, Motor Representations and Practical Modes of Presentation -- 1 Introduction. A Skilled Knowledge for a Skilled Action -- 2 Skilled Action and Epistemic Knowledge States -- 2.1 Motor Performance and its Practical Knowledge -- 2.2 Skilled Action and Semantics -- 3 Knowledgeand Motor-based Information Processing -- 3.1 Action Concepts and Motor Neuroscience -- 3.2 The Motor Bridge Between Epistemic and Practical States in Skilled Action -- 3.3 How Habitual Skilled Action Works in different Motor Contexts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Russian Dacha as a Social Practice in the Crisis Times -- 1 What Is Dacha and Why It Is Important -- 2 From Home and Leisure to Survival Strategy -- 3 Social Practice in the Crisis Times -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- About the Relationship Between Ethics and the Economy in Aristotle -- 1 Introduction-Aristotle's Influence -- 2 Main Part -- 2.1 Aristotle's Relationship to Plato's Philosophy -- 2.2 Aristotle's Good Life-Eudaimonia -- 2.3 The Economy Within the Polis According to Aristotle -- 2.4 Justice -- 2.5 Economy/Oikonomia-The Natural Form of Acquisition -- 2.6 Chrematistics-The Artifical Form of Acquisition -- 3 Conclusion-An Outlook on Modernity -- References -- Habitual Behavior: Reduction of Complexity of Human Daily Life -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Complexity, Sense and Rituals -- 3 Dimensions of Habitual Behavior -- 4 Conclusion -- References.
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Computing nature : Turing centenary perspective / / Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic, Raffaela Giovagnoli (eds.)
