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Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks
| Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks |
| Autore | Gers Juan M |
| Edizione | [4th ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Stevenage : , : Institution of Engineering & Technology, , 2022 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (548 pages) |
| Disciplina | 621.319 |
| Altri autori (Persone) | HolmesEdward |
| Collana | Energy Engineering |
| Soggetto topico | Electric power distribution |
| ISBN |
1-83724-570-3
1-5231-4232-4 1-83953-271-8 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the authors -- Preface and acknowledgements -- Preface to second edition -- Preface to third edition -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General -- 1.2 Basic principles of electrical systems -- 1.3 Protection requirements -- 1.4 Protection zones -- 1.5 Primary and backup protection -- 1.5.1 Primary protection -- 1.5.2 Backup protection -- 1.6 Directional protection -- 1.7 Relay models -- 1.8 Adaptive protection -- 2 Calculation of short circuit currents -- 2.1 Modelling for short circuit current calculations -- 2.1.1 Effect of the system impedance -- 2.1.2 Effect of rotating machinery -- 2.1.3 Types of fault duty -- 2.1.4 Calculation of fault duty values -- 2.2 Fault calculation for symmetrical faults -- 2.3 Symmetrical components -- 2.3.1 Importance and construction of sequence networks -- 2.3.2 Calculation of asymmetrical faults using symmetrical components -- 2.3.3 Equivalent impedances for a power system -- 2.4 Supplying the current and voltage signals to protection systems -- 2.5 General considerations of fault currents from DERs -- 2.6 Analysis tools for short circuit current calculation -- 3 Classification and function of relays -- 3.1 Classification -- 3.1.1 Construction -- 3.1.2 Incoming signal -- 3.1.3 Function -- 3.1.4 International identification of electrical devices -- 3.2 Electromechanical relays -- 3.2.1 Attraction relays -- 3.2.2 Relays with moveable coils -- 3.2.3 Induction relays -- 3.3 Evolution of protection relays -- 3.4 Numerical protection -- 3.4.1 General -- 3.4.2 Characteristics of numerical relays -- 3.4.3 Typical architectures of numerical relays -- 3.4.4 Standard functions of numerical relays -- 3.5 Supplies to the relay circuits -- 4 Current and voltage transformers -- 4.1 Voltage transformers -- 4.1.1 Equivalent circuit -- 4.1.2 Errors -- 4.1.3 Burden -- 4.1.4 Selection of VTs.
4.1.5 Capacitor VTs -- 4.2 Current transformers -- 4.2.1 Equivalent circuit -- 4.2.2 Errors -- 4.2.3 AC saturation -- 4.2.4 Burden -- 4.2.5 Selection of CTs -- 4.2.6 Accuracy classes established by the ANSI standards -- 4.2.7 DC saturation -- 4.2.8 Precautions when working with CTs -- 5 Overcurrent protection -- 5.1 General -- 5.2 Types of overcurrent relay -- 5.2.1 Definite-current relays -- 5.2.2 Definite-time/current or definite-time relay -- 5.2.3 Inverse-time relays -- 5.3 Setting overcurrent relays -- 5.3.1 Setting instantaneous units -- 5.3.2 Coverage of instantaneous units protecting lines between substations -- 5.3.3 Setting the parameters of time-delay overcurrent relays -- 5.4 Constraints of relay coordination -- 5.4.1 Minimum short circuit levels -- 5.4.2 Thermal limits -- 5.4.3 Pickup values -- 5.5 Coordination across Dy transformers -- 5.5.1 Three-phase fault -- 5.5.2 Phase-to-phase fault -- 5.5.3 Phase-to-earth fault -- 5.6 Coordination with fuses -- 5.7 Coordination of negative-sequence units -- 5.8 Overcurrent relays with voltage control -- 5.9 Setting overcurrent relays using software techniques -- 5.10 Use of digital logic in numerical relaying -- 5.10.1 General -- 5.10.2 Principles of digital logic -- 5.10.3 Logic schemes -- 5.11 Adaptive protection with group settings change -- 5.12 Exercises -- 6 Fuses, reclosers and sectionalisers -- 6.1 Equipment -- 6.1.1 Reclosers -- 6.1.2 Sectionalisers -- 6.1.3 Fuses -- 6.2 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices in distribution systems -- 6.2.1 Fuse-fuse coordination -- 6.2.2 Recloser-fuse coordination -- 6.2.3 Recloser-recloser coordination -- 6.2.4 Recloser-relay coordination -- 6.2.5 Recloser-sectionaliser coordination -- 6.2.6 Recloser-sectionaliser-fuse coordination -- 6.2.7 Current-limiting fuses. 6.3 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices under automated feeder reconfiguration -- 6.4 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices with DG intermittent sources -- 7 Directional overcurrent relays -- 7.1 Construction -- 7.2 Principle of operation -- 7.3 Relay connections -- 7.3.1 30° Connection (0° AMT) -- 7.3.2 60° Connection (0° AMT) -- 7.3.3 90° Connection (30° AMT) -- 7.3.4 90 Connection (45 AMT) -- 7.4 Directional earth-fault relays -- 7.5 Coordination of instantaneous units -- 7.6 Setting of time-delay directional overcurrent units -- 7.6.1 Pickup setting -- 7.6.2 Time dial setting -- 7.7 Importance of the directional protection -- 7.8 Exercises -- 8 Differential protection -- 8.1 General -- 8.2 Classification of differential protection -- 8.3 Transformer differential protection -- 8.3.1 Basic considerations -- 8.3.2 Selection and connection of CTs -- 8.3.3 Inrush restraint -- 8.3.4 Percentage of winding protected by the differential relay during an earth fault -- 8.3.5 Determination of the slope -- 8.3.6 Distribution of fault current in power transformers -- 8.3.7 Dual slope setting -- 8.3.8 Overexcitation (V/Hz) -- 8.3.9 High setting (this defeats the differential protection) -- 8.4 Differential protection for generators and rotating machines -- 8.5 Line differential protection -- 8.6 Busbar differential protection -- 8.6.1 Differential system with multiple restraint -- 8.6.2 High-impedance differential system -- 8.7 Exercises -- 9 Distance protection -- 9.1 General -- 9.2 Types of distance relays -- 9.2.1 Impedance relay -- 9.2.2 Directional relay -- 9.2.3 Reactance relay -- 9.2.4 Mho relay -- 9.2.5 Completely polarised mho relay -- 9.2.6 Relays with lens characteristics -- 9.2.7 Relays with polygonal characteristics -- 9.2.8 Relays with combined characteristics -- 9.3 Setting the reach and operating time of distance relays. 9.4 The effect of infeeds on distance relays -- 9.5 The effect of arc resistance on distance protection -- 9.6 Residual compensation -- 9.7 Impedances seen by distance relays -- 9.7.1 Phase units -- 9.7.2 Earth-fault units -- 9.8 Power system oscillations -- 9.9 The effective cover of distance relays -- 9.10 Maximum load check -- 9.10.1 Mho relays -- 9.10.2 Relays with a polygonal characteristic -- 9.11 Drawing relay settings -- 9.11.1 Starting unit settings -- 9.11.2 Residual compensation constant setting -- 9.11.3 Time setting -- 9.11.4 Load check -- 9.11.5 Determination of the effective cover -- 9.12 Intertripping schemes -- 9.12.1 Underreach with direct tripping -- 9.12.2 Permissive underreach intertripping -- 9.12.3 Permissive overreach intertripping -- 9.13 Distance relays on series-compensated lines -- 9.14 Technical considerations of distance protection in tee circuits -- 9.14.1 Tee connection with infeeds at two terminals -- 9.14.2 Tee connection with infeeds at all three terminals -- 9.15 Use of distance relays for the detection of the loss of excitation in generators -- 9.16 Exercises -- 10 Protection of low-voltage systems -- 10.1 Protection devices -- 10.1.1 Overcurrent relays -- 10.1.2 Direct-acting devices in power breakers and MCCBs -- 10.1.3 Combined thermal relay contactor and fuse -- 10.1.4 MCCBs with numerical protection -- 10.2 Criteria for setting overcurrent protection devices associated with motors -- 10.2.1 Thermal relays -- 10.2.2 Low-voltage breakers -- 10.3 Arc flash -- 10.3.1 Arc flash calculation methods -- 10.3.2 Arc flash and approach boundary -- 10.3.3 Hazard study methodology -- 10.3.4 Electrode configurations -- 10.3.5 Selection of PPE -- 10.3.6 Arc thermal performance value -- 10.3.7 Energy break-open threshold -- 10.3.8 DC arc flash calculations -- 11 Industrial plant load shedding. 11.1 Power system operation after loss of generation -- 11.2 Design of an automatic load shedding system -- 11.2.1 Simple machine model -- 11.2.2 Considerations of implementing a load shedding system -- 11.3 Criteria for setting frequency relays -- 11.3.1 Operating times -- 11.3.2 Determination of the frequency variation -- 11.4 Example of calculating and setting frequency relays in an industrial plant -- 11.4.1 Calculation of overload -- 11.4.2 Load to be shed -- 11.4.3 Frequency levels -- 11.4.4 Load shedding stages -- 11.4.5 Determination of the frequency relay settings -- 11.4.6 Verification of operation -- 11.5 Load shedding using logic schemes -- 12 Protection schemes and substation design diagrams -- 12.1 Protection schemes -- 12.1.1 Generator protection -- 12.1.2 Motor protection -- 12.1.3 Transformer protection -- 12.1.4 Line protection -- 12.2 Types of substations -- 12.3 Substation design diagrams -- 12.3.1 Single-line diagrams -- 12.3.2 Substation layout diagrams -- 12.3.3 Diagrams of AC connections -- 12.3.4 Diagrams of DC connections -- 12.3.5 Wiring diagrams -- 12.3.6 Digital substations -- 12.3.7 Logic diagrams -- 12.3.8 Cabling lists -- 13 Communication networks for power systems automation -- 13.1 IEC 61850 overview -- 13.2 Standard documents and features of IEC 61850 -- 13.3 System Configuration Language -- 13.4 Challenges facing the testing of IEC 61850 devices -- 13.5 Configuration and verification of GOOSE messages -- 13.5.1 Configuration of the system -- 13.5.2 System verification test -- 13.6 Substation IT network -- 13.7 Process bus -- 14 Installation, testing and maintenance of protection systems -- 14.1 Installation of protection equipment -- 14.2 Testing protection schemes -- 14.2.1 Factory acceptance test -- 14.2.2 Commissioning tests -- 14.2.3 Maintenance test -- 14.2.4 Troubleshooting. 14.3 Commissioning numerical protection. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911006701203321 |
Gers Juan M
|
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| Stevenage : , : Institution of Engineering & Technology, , 2022 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Protection of electricity distribution networks / / Juan M. Gers and Edward J. Holmes
| Protection of electricity distribution networks / / Juan M. Gers and Edward J. Holmes |
| Autore | Gers Juan M |
| Edizione | [3rd. ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Herts, U.K., : Institution of Electrical Engineers, c2011 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (367 p.) |
| Disciplina |
621.31
621.31/7 621.319 |
| Altri autori (Persone) | HolmesE. J. <1928-> |
| Collana | Power and energy series |
| Soggetto topico |
Electric power systems - Protection
Electric power distribution Electric power transmission |
| ISBN |
1-61344-317-X
1-283-25342-9 9786613253422 1-84919-224-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Contents; Preface and acknowledgements; Preface to second edition; Preface to third edition; 1: Introduction; 2: Calculation of short-circuit currents; 3: Classification and function of relays; 4: Current and voltage transformers; 5: Overcurrent protection; 6: Fuses, reclosers and sectionalisers; 7: Directional overcurrent relays; 8: Differential protection; 9: Distance protection; 10: Protection of industrial systems; 11: Industrial plant load shedding; 12: Protection schemes and substation design diagrams; 13: Communication networks for power systems automation
14: Installation, testing and maintenance of protection systemsAppendix: Solutions to exercises; Bibliography; Index |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911004737703321 |
|
Gers Juan M
|
||
| Herts, U.K., : Institution of Electrical Engineers, c2011 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Protection of electricity distribution networks / / Juan M. Gers and Edward J. Holmes
| Protection of electricity distribution networks / / Juan M. Gers and Edward J. Holmes |
| Autore | Gers Juan M |
| Edizione | [2nd. ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | London, : Institution of Electrical Engineers, c2004 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (357 p.) |
| Disciplina | 621.31/7 |
| Altri autori (Persone) | HolmesE. J. <1928-> |
| Collana | IEE power and energy series |
| Soggetto topico |
Electric power distribution
Electric power systems - Protection Electric power transmission |
| ISBN |
1-60119-167-7
1-281-97145-6 9786611971458 1-84919-027-5 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Contents; Preface and acknowledgements; Preface to 2nd edition; 1 Introduction; 2 Calculation of short-circuit currents; 3 Classification and function of relays; 4 Current and voltage transformers; 5 Overcurrent protection; 6 Fuses, reclosers and sectionalisers; 7 Directional overcurrent relays; 8 Differential protection; 9 Distance protection; 10 Protection of industrial systems; 11 Industrial plant load shedding; 12 Protection schemes and substation design diagrams; 13 Processing alarms; 14 Installation, testing and maintenance of protection systems; Bibliography
Appendix: Solutions to exercisesIndex |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911007368103321 |
|
Gers Juan M
|
||
| London, : Institution of Electrical Engineers, c2004 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||