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Detecting environmental radioactivity / / M. García-León
| Detecting environmental radioactivity / / M. García-León |
| Autore | García-León M (Manuel) |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2023] |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (637 pages) |
| Disciplina | 294.33653 |
| Collana | Graduate Texts in Physics |
| Soggetto topico |
Radiation, Background - Measurement
Radioactive pollution - Measurement |
| ISBN |
9783031099700
9783031099694 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Radioactivity: History and Phenomenology -- 1.1 Basic Description of the Atomic Nucleus. Nuclear Stability -- 1.1.1 Simple Nuclear Models -- 1.1.2 Atomic and Mass Numbers. Isobars, Isotopes, and Isotone Nuclei -- 1.1.3 Unstable Nuclides -- 1.2 Discovery of Radioactivity -- 1.2.1 Some Historic Data -- 1.2.2 Phenomenology of Radioactivity -- 1.3 Types of Radioactivity -- 1.3.1 Alpha Radioactivity -- 1.3.2 Beta Radioactivity: Electrons, Positrons, and Electron Capture -- 1.3.3 Gamma Radioactivity: Electromagnetic Radiation, Conversion Electrons, and Isomers -- 1.3.4 Other Radioactivity Types: Double Beta Decay, Proton and Neutron Emissions, Exotic Radioactivity, Fission -- 1.4 X-rays. Auger Electrons -- References -- 2 Radioactivity: Decay Law, Definitions, and Units -- 2.1 Exponential Decay Law. Decay Constant, Half-Life and Mean-Life -- 2.2 Radioactive Activity and Units -- 2.2.1 Exponential Law of Activity -- 2.2.2 Becquerels and Curies -- 2.3 Radioactive Series -- 2.3.1 Bateman Equations -- 2.3.2 Transient and Secular Equilibria -- 2.4 Partial Activities. Branching Ratio and Intensity of Radiation -- 2.5 Decay Schemes -- References -- 3 Natural and Artificial Radioactivity -- 3.1 Primordial Radionuclides -- 3.1.1 Long-Lived Radionuclides -- 3.1.2 Natural Radioactive Series -- 3.2 Cosmogenic Radionuclides -- 3.2.1 Cosmic Radiation -- 3.2.2 Production of Radionuclides by Cosmic Radiation -- 3.3 Artificial Radionuclides -- 3.3.1 Some Historic Data -- 3.3.2 Production of Radionuclides in Accelerators -- 3.3.3 Production of Radionuclides in Nuclear Reactors -- References -- 4 Environmental Radioactivity -- 4.1 Presence of Natural Radioactivity in the Environment -- 4.1.1 Primordial Radionuclides -- 4.1.2 Cosmogenic Radionuclides -- 4.1.3 NORM Materials and Non-nuclear Industries.
4.2 Sources of Artificial Radionuclides -- 4.2.1 The Start of the Nuclear Era. The Bomb Pulse -- 4.2.2 Radioactive Fallout -- 4.2.3 Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants -- 4.2.4 Other Nuclear Facilities and Activities: Nuclear Power Plants -- 4.2.5 Nuclear Accidents -- References -- 5 Levels and Behavior of Environmental Radioactivity -- 5.1 Dynamics of Radioactivity in the Environment -- 5.1.1 General Concepts of Radioecology -- 5.1.2 Radionuclide Speciation in the Environment -- 5.1.3 Exchange and Transport Processes. Transfer Parameters -- 5.1.4 Mathematical Modeling -- 5.2 Levels and Behavior of Radioactivity in the Atmosphere -- 5.2.1 Radioactivity in the Air -- 5.2.2 The Radon Problem -- 5.3 Levels and Behavior of Radioactivity in the Lithosphere. Radioactive Particles -- 5.3.1 Soils -- 5.3.2 Radioactive Particles -- 5.4 Levels and Behavior of Radioactivity in Fresh Waters -- 5.4.1 Rivers and Sediments -- 5.4.2 Lakes and Sediments -- 5.4.3 Groundwater -- 5.5 Levels and Behavior of Radioactivity in Oceans -- 5.5.1 Global Circulation -- 5.5.2 Seawater -- 5.5.3 Marine Sediments -- 5.6 Levels and Behavior of Radioactivity in the Biosphere -- 5.6.1 Plants, Animals -- 5.6.2 Seaweed and Other Marine Bioindicators -- 5.7 Levels and Behavior of Radioactivity in Foods -- 5.7.1 Drinking Water -- 5.7.2 Foodstuffs and Food Raw Materials -- References -- 6 Radiological Impact. Radiation Dosimetry -- 6.1 Radiation Dosimetry -- 6.1.1 Radiation Exposure, Absorbed Dose and Dose Equivalent: Magnitudes and Units -- 6.1.2 Effective and Committed Doses and Other Magnitudes -- 6.2 Biological Effects of Radioactivity -- 6.2.1 Stochastic and Deterministic Effects -- 6.2.2 Radiation Effects on Human Health -- 6.3 Radiological Impact -- 6.3.1 Radiation Protection Programs -- 6.3.2 Radiation Protection Regulations -- References. 7 Principles of Radiation Detection: Interaction of Radiation with Matter -- 7.1 Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter -- 7.1.1 Photoelectric Effect -- 7.1.2 Compton Effect -- 7.1.3 Pair Production -- 7.1.4 Attenuation and Absorption Coefficients -- 7.1.5 Designing Gamma Radiation Detectors -- 7.2 Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter -- 7.2.1 Ionization and Excitation -- 7.2.2 Stopping Power. The Bethe-Bloch Equation -- 7.2.3 Bremsstrahlung -- 7.2.4 Cherenkov Radiation -- 7.2.5 Range, Specific Ionization, and Bragg Curves -- 7.2.6 Designing Charged-Particle Detectors -- 7.3 Nuclear Reactions. Interaction of Neutrons with Matter -- 7.3.1 Nuclear Reactions with Neutrons -- 7.3.2 Path of Neutrons Through Matter -- 7.3.3 Designing Neutron Detectors -- References -- 8 Principles of Radiation Detection: Counting and Spectrometry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Counting Efficiency -- 8.2.1 Absolute Efficiency -- 8.2.2 Partial Efficiencies. Photopeak Efficiency -- 8.3 Background of Detectors -- 8.3.1 Sources and Components -- 8.3.2 Background Corrections -- 8.4 Dead Time -- 8.4.1 Sources of Dead Time -- 8.4.2 Dead-Time Corrections -- 8.5 Energy Spectra -- 8.5.1 Components -- 8.5.2 Energy Resolution -- References -- 9 Gas Ionization Detectors -- 9.1 Physics of Gas Ionization Detectors -- 9.1.1 Ionization in Gases -- 9.1.2 Charge Transfer Reactions in Gases -- 9.1.3 Multiplication of Charge in Gases. Townsend Avalanche -- 9.2 Ionization Chamber -- 9.3 Proportional Counters -- 9.4 Geiger-Müller Counters -- 9.5 Radiation Counting and Spectrometry with Gas Ionization Detectors -- 9.6 Background in Gas Ionization Detectors -- References -- 10 Scintillation Detectors -- 10.1 Physics of Scintillation Detectors -- 10.1.1 Organic Scintillators -- 10.1.2 Inorganic Scintillators -- 10.1.3 Gas Scintillators -- 10.1.4 Photomultipliers. 10.2 Counting and Spectrometry with Scintillation Detectors -- 10.3 Gamma-Ray Spectrometry with Scintillation Detectors -- 10.3.1 Pulse Height Spectrum -- 10.3.2 Identification of Radionuclides and Activity Calculation -- 10.4 Counting and Spectrometry with Liquid Scintillation Detectors -- 10.4.1 Technical Aspects -- 10.4.2 Applications -- 10.5 Background in Scintillation Detectors -- References -- 11 Semiconductor Detectors -- 11.1 Physics of Semiconductor Detectors -- 11.1.1 Electron-hole Production -- 11.1.2 Energy Resolution -- 11.1.3 Types of Semiconductor Detectors -- 11.2 Gamma-Ray Spectrometry with Semiconductor Detectors -- 11.2.1 Pulse Height Spectrum -- 11.2.2 Identification of Radionuclides and Activity Calculation -- 11.3 Alpha- and Beta-Spectrometry with Semiconductor Detectors -- 11.3.1 Pulse Height Spectrum -- 11.3.2 Activity Determination -- 11.4 X-ray Spectrometry with Semiconductor Detectors -- 11.4.1 Pulse Height Spectrum -- 11.4.2 Activity Determination -- 11.5 Background in Semiconductor Detectors -- References -- 12 Dosimeters, Other Detectors, and Specific Designs -- 12.1 Dosimeters -- 12.1.1 Active Dosimeters -- 12.1.2 Passive Dosimeters -- 12.2 Track Detectors -- 12.3 ΔE-E Telescopes -- 12.4 Time-Of-Flight Spectrometers -- 12.5 Cherenkov Detectors -- 12.5.1 Cherenkov Threshold Counters -- 12.5.2 Cherenkov Differential Detectors -- 12.5.3 Cherenkov Circular Image Detectors -- References -- 13 Radiochemistry for Environmental Samples -- 13.1 Sampling Techniques -- 13.1.1 Solid Samples -- 13.1.2 Liquid Samples -- 13.1.3 Atmospheric Samples -- 13.1.4 Biological Samples -- 13.2 Sample Transport and Storage -- 13.3 Chemical Procedures -- 13.3.1 Preconcentration Processes -- 13.3.2 Separation and Purification Procedures -- 13.3.3 Source Preparation for Counting and Spectrometry -- 13.4 Yield Determination. 13.5 Efficiency Calibration of Radiation Counters and Spectrometers -- 13.5.1 Calibration Curves for Charged Particles -- 13.5.2 Calibration Curves for Gamma Radiation -- 13.6 Speciation Studies -- 13.7 Quality Assurance -- References -- 14 Principles of Low-Level Counting and Spectrometry -- 14.1 Need of Low-Level Counting Techniques (LLC) -- 14.1.1 Levels of Radioactivity in the Environment -- 14.1.2 Problems Requiring LLC -- 14.2 Counting Statistics -- 14.2.1 The Random Nature of Radioactivity -- 14.2.2 Uncertainty Calculations in Radioactivity Measurements -- 14.3 Figure of Merit (FOM) -- 14.3.1 Definition and FOM Equation -- 14.3.2 Analysis of the FOM Equation -- 14.4 Generalized Figure of Merit -- 14.4.1 Definition and Equation -- 14.4.2 Analysis of the Equation -- 14.5 Designing an LLC Experiment -- 14.5.1 Sampling Strategy -- 14.5.2 Counting or Spectrometry, or Both -- 14.6 Limit of Detection and Minimum Detectable Activity -- References -- 15 Low-Level Counting and Spectrometry Techniques -- 15.1 Techniques for Detector Background Suppression -- 15.1.1 Passive Shielding -- 15.1.2 Active Shielding -- 15.1.3 Underground Laboratories -- 15.2 Techniques for Increasing Counting Efficiency -- 15.2.1 External Counting and Spectrometry -- 15.2.2 Internal Counting and Spectrometry -- 15.2.3 Radiation Coincidence Techniques -- References -- 16 Principles of Mass Spectrometry -- 16.1 Limitations of Radiometric Methods. Need for Mass Spectrometry Techniques -- 16.1.1 Loss of Information by Counting Emitted Radiation -- 16.1.2 Counting Atoms Instead of Emitted Radiation -- 16.2 Basics of Mass Spectrometry -- 16.2.1 Electrostatic and Magnetic Rigidity -- 16.2.2 The Mass-Energy Plane -- 16.2.3 The Dynamic Approach -- 16.3 Low-Energy Mass Spectrometers: TIMS, SIMS, GDMS, RIMS, ICP‒MS -- 16.4 Applications to Environmental Radioactivity -- References -- 17 Principles of Particle Accelerators. |
| Record Nr. | UNISA-996499859803316 |
García-León M (Manuel)
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| Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2023] | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno | ||
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Detecting Environmental Radioactivity / / by Manuel García-León
| Detecting Environmental Radioactivity / / by Manuel García-León |
| Autore | García-León M (Manuel) |
| Edizione | [1st ed. 2022.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2022 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (637 pages) |
| Disciplina |
294.33653
539.2 |
| Collana | Graduate Texts in Physics |
| Soggetto topico |
Environmental sciences
Physics Environmental monitoring Geophysics Mass spectrometry Spectrum analysis Environmental chemistry Environmental Physics Environmental Monitoring Mass Spectrometry Spectroscopy Environmental Chemistry |
| ISBN |
9783031099700
9783031099694 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto | Introduction -- Radioactivity: history and phenomenology -- Radioactivity: decay law, definitions and units -- Natural and Artificial radioactivity -- Environmental Radioactivity -- Levels and behaviour of Environmental Radioactivity -- Radiological impact. Radiation dosimetry -- Principles of radiation detection: interaction of radiation with matter -- Principles of radiation detection: counting and spectrometry -- Gas ionization detectors -- Scintillation detectors -- Semiconductor detectors -- Dosimeters, other detectors and specific designs -- Radiochemistry for environmental samples -- Principles of Low-Level Counting and Spectrometry -- Low-Level Counting and Spectrometry Techniques -- Principles of Mass Spectrometry -- Principles of Particle Accelerators -- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) -- Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910633923703321 |
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García-León M (Manuel)
|
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| Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2022 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
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