Autore	Fay Marianne
Pubbl/distr/stampa	Washington, D.C., : The World Bank, , 2015
Descrizione fisica	1 online resource (184 pages)
Disciplina	628.532
Collana	Climate Change and Development Series
Soggetto topico	Carbon dioxide mitigation Economic development - Environmental aspects Atmospheric carbon dioxide - Environmental aspects Carbon - Environmental aspects Fossil fuels - Environmental aspects
ISBN	1-4648-0606-3 1-4648-0480-X
Formato	Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico	Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione	eng
Nota di contenuto	""Cover""; ""Contents""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""Abbreviations""; ""Overview""; ""Planning for a Low-Carbon Future: What We Need to Do Now Depends on the End Goal""; ""Enabling the Transition with a Policy Package That Is Efficient, Acceptable, and Credible""; ""Managing the Transition: Protecting Poor People and Avoiding the Potential Pitfalls of Reforms""; ""In Conclusion""; ""References""; ""Part I: Planning for a Low-Carbon Future: What to Do Now Depends on the End Goal""; ""1. Reducing Carbon Emissions to Zero""; ""Stabilizing the Climate Requires Zero Net Emissions"" ""Zero Net Emissions Requires Action on Four Fronts""""Notes""; ""References""; ""2. Acting Sooner Rather than Later""; ""Feasible Really Means Cost-Effective""; ""Cost-Effectiveness Requires Early Action""; ""The Costs of Early Action Should Be Modest""; ""Early Action Paths Are Prudent""; ""Notes""; ""References""; ""3. Planning Ahead with an Eye on the End Goal""; ""Factor in Uncertainty, Disagreement, and Multiple Objectives""; ""Focus on What Is Urgent and Carries Co-Benefits""; ""Build Sectoral Pathways to Carbon Neutrality"" ""Annex 3A: Tools to Develop Sectoral Pathways to Zero Emissions""""Notes""; ""References""; ""Part II: Enabling a Low-Carbon Transition: Prices and More""; ""4. Getting Prices Right""; ""A Necessary Step: Removing Fossil-Fuel Subsidies""; ""The Economics of Carbon Pricesâ€?Pretty Straightforward""; ""Notes""; ""References""; ""5. Building Policy Packages That Are Acceptable, Credible, and Effective""; ""Ensuring the Needed Technologies Are Available and Affordable""; ""Ensuring the Needed Infrastructure Is in Place"" ""Tackling Other Factorsâ€?Such as Behaviorâ€?That Reduce the Impact of Price Incentives""""Notes""; ""References""; ""6. Getting the Finance Flowing""; ""Growing the Pie""; ""Greening the Pie""; ""Notes""; ""References""; ""Part III: Managing the Transition: Protecting the Poor and Avoiding the Potential Pitfalls of Reforms""; ""7. Ensuring the Poor Benefit""; ""Direct Distributional Impacts of Right Pricingâ€?Possibly Positive?""; ""Revenue Recycling Enables Redistribution and Allows for Pro-Poor Climate Policies""; ""Managing Perceived Impacts"" ""Land-Use-Based Mitigationâ€?Impacts Depend on Design""""Notes""; ""References""; ""8. Smoothing the Transition to Make It Happen""; ""Managing Concentrated Losses""; ""Managing the Fears of Competitiveness Loss""; ""Managing the Risk of Government Failures""; ""Notes""; ""References""; ""Boxes""; ""1.1 The â€œFullâ€? Story on Greenhouse Gases""; ""2.1 An Extreme Case of Commitmentâ€?Urban Forms""; ""3.1 Short-Term Strategies Need to Be Designed Keeping the Long-Term Goal in Mindâ€?Examples from Brazil and Germany""; ""3.2 A World Bank Software for Comparing Abatement Options: MACTool"" ""3.3 Using Space to Design Deforestation Policies""
Record Nr.	UNINA-9910797362903321

Autore	Fay Marianne
Edizione	[1st ed.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa	Washington, D.C. : , : The World Bank, , 2017
Descrizione fisica	1 online resource (134 pages)
Disciplina	363.098
Collana	Directions in Development; Directions in Development - Infrastructure
Soggetto topico	Infrastructure (Economics) - Latin America Infrastructure (Economics) - Caribbean Area
Formato	Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico	Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione	eng
Nota di contenuto	Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- What Is the Goal? And How to Set It? -- How to Improve Services as Cost-Effectively as Possible? -- Who Should Pay-And What Does It Imply in Terms of Financing Options? -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Chapter 1 Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean: Modest Spending, Uneven Results -- How Much Does Latin America Spend on Infrastructure? -- What Is the Region Getting for Its Money? -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 What Lies Ahead for the Region's Infrastructure? -- Inefficient Public Spending May Limit How Much More Should Go to Infrastructure -- A Tight Fiscal Stance Limits How Much More Could Be Spent on Infrastructure -- Climate Change Is Creating New Challenges, but Possibly New Opportunities -- Urbanization and Changing Socioeconomics Are Complicating Matters -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Road Ahead: Spending Better to Meet "Real" Infrastructure Needs -- Focusing on Priorities-Setting the Right Goals Is Essential -- Improving Utility Performance and Deploying Public and Concessional Finance Where It Is Truly Needed -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Appendix A Public Expenditure Reviews Examined for This Report -- Appendix B Procurement Performance of Latin American Countries: Relatively Good, but with Wide Variation across Countries and Indicators -- Note -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 How Should Latin America Define Its Needs for Infrastructure Investment? -- Box 1.2 Using a Fare Affordability Index to Guide a Subsidy Program in Buenos Aires -- Box 1.3 Public Transport for All? Sexual Harassment Is a Major Issue on Public Transport in Latin America -- Box 1.4 Innovative Schemes to Expand Sewerage Services across Latin America. Box 1.5 Latin America Has Pioneered Innovations to Make Markets More Economically and Technically Efficient -- Box 2.1 How Will Climate Change Affect Latin America? -- Box 2.2 Nonprobabilistic Decision Making under Uncertainty Methodologies -- Box 2.3 The Region Is Improving Its Business Environment for Renewable Energy Investments, although It Remains Far from the Good Practice Frontier -- Box 3.1 The Political Economy of Reform: Conditions for Change -- Box 3.2 Assessing Needs and Proposing a Pipeline-The Case of Infrastructure Australia -- Box B.1 What Is the Benchmarking Public Procurement Database? -- Figures -- Figure O.1 With Greater Efficiency, Four Times as Many Water Utilities Could Access Private Financing -- Figure O.2 Many Latin American Countries Chronically Underexecute Their Capital Investment Budget -- Figure O.3 A Decision-Making Framework to Ensure the Judicious Use of Scarce Public and Concessional Finance -- Figure 1.1 Public and Private Infrastructure Investments in Latin America Have Been Fairly Stable, 2008-13 -- Figure 1.2 Infrastructure Investment Levels Varied Enormously across Countries, 2008-13 -- Figure 1.3 Infrastructure Public-Private Partnership Commitments Have Fluctuated Wildly in Latin America, 1990-2015 -- Figure 1.4 Equity Accounts for a Small Share of Public Partnership Finance in Latin America, 2000-15 -- Figure 1.5 Downs and Ups in Transport Investments in Latin America, 2000-13 -- Figure 1.6 Latin America Has the World's Highest Road Occupancy Levels, 2000-10 -- Figure 1.7 International Investors Are Not Impressed with Latin America's Transport Infrastructure, 2006-16 -- Figure 1.8 Latin America's 2014 Logistics Performance Index (LPI) Was Dragged Down by Poor Infrastructure Quality and Slow Customs Procedures -- Figure 1.9 Ownership of Two- and Four-Wheel Vehicles Spiked between 1990 and 2010. Figure 1.10 Motorists' Morning Commutes Are Long in Latin America, Especially in Big Cities, but Not Necessarily Longer than in Cities Elsewhere -- Figure 1.11 Although Their Number Is Low, Bicycle Lanes Are Expanding in Latin America, 2011 -- Figure 1.12 The Average Mass Transit Journey Costs More in Latin America than in Many Other Places, 2009 -- Figure B1.2.1 Affordability of Public Transport in Buenos Aires, 2003-13 -- Figure 1.13 Inadequate Water and Sanitation Impose a Health Burden in Latin America, 2012 -- Figure 1.14 Water and Sanitation Investments in Latin America Were Modest in 2000-12 -- Figure 1.15 Impressive Progress on Access to Water, although Rural and Poor Populations Still Less Likely to Be Served -- Figure 1.16 Reliability of Water Service Is an Issue for Many, 2008-13 -- Figure 1.17 Most Latin American Utilities Perform Reasonably Well but Could Do Better, as Illustrated by the Top Performers -- Figure 1.18 Latin America Has Not Done as Well on Providing Access to Improved Sanitation -- Figure 1.19 On Average, about a Third of Wastewater in Latin America Is Treated -- Figure 1.20 Energy Investments in Latin America Are Rebounding, 2000-12 -- Figure 1.21 Access to Electricity and Nonsolid Fuels Is High, but Not Relative to Peers and Not in Rural Areas, 2012 -- Figure 1.22 Access Deficits Are Concentrated in a Few Countries, 2012 -- Figure 1.23 In Many Latin American Countries, the Poorest Cannot Afford Electricity -- Figure 1.24 A Few Latin American Utilities Are among the Best, but Most Are Less Reliable than the Global Median Performer, 2015 -- Figure 1.25 Among Regions, Latin America Has the Largest Share of Electricity Produced from Renewables, but This Share Has Been Declining because of Droughts, 2001-13 -- Figure 1.26 Investments in Renewables Are Rising Rapidly in Latin America, Driven by Onshore Wind. Figure 1.27 The Region's Transmission and Distribution Losses Are Some of the Highest in the World, 2001-13 -- Figure 2.1 Many Latin American Countries Chronically Underexecute Their Capital Investment Budget -- Figure 2.2 Total Public Investments Expanded during the Boom Years while Public Consumption Remained Steady-but Public Consumption Remains Many Multiples of Public Investment -- Figure 2.3 Latin America and the Caribbean: Fiscal Bifurcation -- Figure 2.4 Latin America and the Caribbean: Sources of Changes in Fiscal Deficits -- Figure 2.5 Disaster Damages for Infrastructure Are Highest for Transport -- Figure B2.2.1 Robust and Adaptive Portfolio of Water Reservoirs to Implement Lima's Water Resource Master Plan -- Figure 2.6 Flood Proofing Critical Road Segments in Peru Pays Off in Almost All Possible Scenarios -- Figure 2.7 Latin America's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Have Been Growing, Driven by Energy-Related Emissions, 1990-2012 -- Figure 2.8 Emissions from Energy-Related Sectors Have Been Growing since 2000 -- Figure 2.9 In Brazil, Long-Term Planning Shifts Optimal Abatement Strategies -- Figure 2.10 Good, Bad, and Worst: Almost All but the Poorest Consumers in Latin America Have Access to Electricity -- Access to Water Is Less Universal -- Access to Sanitation is Low, Even among the Middle Class -- Figure 2.11 First the Fridge, Then the Washing Machine, Then the Car: The Order of Acquisition of Consumer Durables in Latin America -- Figure 3.1 With Reasonable Progress on Better Management, Four Times as Many Utilities Could Access Commercial Financing -- Figure 3.2 A Decision-Making Framework to Ensure the Judicious Use of Scarce Public and Concessional Finance -- Figure B.1 Latin America's Regional Performance Is on Par with Others, Except When It Comes to Timely Payment of Suppliers. Figure B.2 Variations Appear between Latin American Economies across Thematic Areas -- Figure B.3 Benchmarking PPP Procurement Scores Vary by Region and Thematic Areas -- Figure B.4 Variation also Emerges across the Region by Thematic Area -- Maps -- Map 1.1 Some Pockets of Low Road Access Overlap with Environmentally Protected Areas -- Map 2.1 A Number of Subregions of Latin America Show a Consistent Drying Trend -- Tables -- Table O.1 Latin America Invests Little in Infrastructure, Compared to Other Developing Regions -- Table B1.1.1 Estimated Annual Spending Requirements for Infrastructure in Latin America Vary Considerably -- Table 1.1 Road Density in Latin America Is Lower than almost Anywhere Else, 2010 -- Table 1.2 Latin America's Average Export Costs and Times, Although Better than Some, Are Higher than in Competing Regions -- Table 2.1 Only One Latin American Country Fares Well with Respect to the Multiyear Budgeting of Projects -- Table 2.2 Project Delays as a Result of Land Acquisition, Expropriation, and Regulation Requirements -- Table 2.3 Latin American Countries Score Poorly on Links between Investment Budgets and Forward Expenditure Estimates, Latest Available Years, 2007-13 -- Table 2.4 In Latin America, Total Public Investment Is Much Lower than in Other Regions -- Table 2.5 Ways to Make Infrastructure More Resilient, by Approach and Sector -- Table 2.6 Latin America's Disruptive Challenges in the Power Sector -- Table 2.7 The Costs of a Green Transition Could Drop Dramatically in South America if Full Use Is Made of New Technologies and Business Models.
Record Nr.	UNINA-9910960410403321