Biology and ecology of earthworms / / Clive A. Edwards and Norman Q. Arancon

• Autore: Edwards C. A (Clive Arthur), <1925->
• Pubblicazione: New York, NY : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• Edizione: 4th ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (578 pages)
• Disciplina: 592.64
• Soggetto topico: Earthworms - Ecology; Earthworms; Cucs de terra; Ecologia; Biologia
• Soggetto genere / forma: Llibres electrònics
• Persona (resp. second.): AranconNorman Q.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Introduction -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Earthworm Morphology -- 1.1 Segmentation -- 1.2 Chaetotaxy -- 1.3 Genital and Other Apertures -- 1.4 Clitellum and Associated Structures -- 1.5 Pigmentation and Coloration -- 1.6 Body Wall -- 1.7 Coelom (Body Cavity) -- 1.8 Alimentary Canal -- 1.9 Vascular System -- 1.10 Respiratory System -- 1.11 Excretory System -- 1.12 Nervous System -- 1.12.1 Fine Structure of the Nervous System -- 1.13 Reproductive System -- References -- Chapter 2: Earthworm Physiology -- 2.1 Respiration -- 2.2 Digestion -- 2.3 Excretion -- 2.4 Circulation -- 2.5 Nervous System -- 2.5.1 General Functions of the Nervous System -- 2.5.2 Reactions to Light -- 2.5.3 Chemoreception -- 2.5.4 Thigmotactic Reactions of Earthworms -- 2.5.5 Response of Earthworms to Electrical Stimuli -- 2.6 Water Relationships -- 2.7 Locomotion and Peristalsis -- 2.8 Regeneration -- 2.9 Transplantation -- References -- Chapter 3: Earthworm Diversity, Dispersal and Geographical Distribution -- 3.1 Systematic Affinities and Evolutionary Descent -- 3.2 Families, Genera and Species -- 3.3 Geographical Distribution, Earthworm Biography -- 3.4 Movement of Exotic (Peregrine) Species of Earthworms -- References -- Chapter 4: Earthworm Life Histories and Biology -- 4.1 Life Cycles -- 4.2 Earthworm Reproduction -- 4.2.1 Spermatogenesis -- 4.2.2 Oogenesis -- 4.2.3 Copulation and Fertilization -- 4.2.4 Parthenogenesis -- 4.2.5 Polyploidy -- 4.3 Quiescence, Diapause, and Estivation -- 4.4 Earthworm Growth -- 4.5 Behavior Patterns -- 4.5.1 Feeding Behavior -- 4.5.2 Earthworm Learning -- 4.5.3 Migrations -- 4.5.4 Luminescence -- 4.5.5 Diurnal Rhythms of Activity -- References -- Chapter 5: Earthworm Ecology: Populations -- 5.1 Sampling Earthworm Population -- 5.1.1 Handsorting -- 5.1.2 Soil Washing -- 5.1.3 Electrical Methods. ; 5.1.4 Chemical Methods -- 5.1.5 Heat Extraction -- 5.1.6 Vibration Methods -- 5.1.7 Counting Earthworm Casts -- 5.1.8 Mark and Recapture of Earthworms -- 5.1.9 Comparisons of Sampling Methods -- 5.1.10 Number and Size of Samples for Population Assessment -- 5.2 Size of Earthworm Populations -- 5.2.1 Numbers in Earthworm Populations -- 5.2.2 Biomass in Earthworm Populations -- 5.3 Population Structure: Age Distribution -- 5.4 Population Structure: Spatial Distribution -- 5.4.1 Horizontal Distributions -- 5.4.2 Vertical Distributions -- 5.5 Seasonal Populations and Activity -- References -- Chapter 6: Earthworm Ecology: Communities -- 6.1 Structure of Earthworm Communities -- 6.1.1 Major Ecological Groups -- 6.1.2 Species Diversity -- 6.1.3 Species Associations -- 6.2 Dispersal -- 6.2.1 Active and Passive Earthworm Dispersal -- 6.2.2 Introduction and Spread of Earthworm Populations -- 6.3 Predators, Parasites, and Pathogens of Earthworms -- 6.3.1 Predators -- 6.3.2 Parasites and Pathogens -- 6.4 Ecological and Physiological Energetics of Earthworms -- 6.4.1 Physiological Energetics -- 6.4.2 Ecosystem Energetics -- References -- Chapter 7: The Influence of Environmental Factors on Earthworms -- 7.1 Moisture -- 7.2 Temperature -- 7.3 pH -- 7.4 Aeration and Carbon Dioxide -- 7.5 Soil Type -- 7.6 Organic Matter -- 7.7 Food Supply -- 7.8 Interactions Between Environmental Factors -- References -- Chapter 8: The Role of Earthworms in Organic Matter and Nutrient Cycles -- 8.1 Fragmentation, Breakdown, and Incorporation of Organic Matter -- 8.2 Amounts of Organic Matter Consumed -- 8.3 Nutrient Cycling -- 8.3.1 Carbon -- 8.3.2 Nitrogen -- 8.3.3 Nitrogen Fixation -- 8.3.4 Effects on the C:N Ratio -- 8.3.5 Phosphorus -- 8.3.6 Other Macronutrients and Micronutrients -- References. ; Chapter 9: Interactions Between Earthworms, Microorganisms, and Other Invertebrates -- 9.1 Effects of Earthworms on the Numbers, Biomass, and Activity of Microorganisms -- 9.1.1 Microorganisms in the Intestines of Earthworms -- 9.1.2 Populations of Microorganisms in Earthworm Casts and Burrows -- 9.2 Importance of Microorganisms as Food for Earthworms -- 9.3 The Stimulation of Microbial Decomposition of Litter by Earthworms -- 9.4 The Dispersal of Microorganisms by Earthworms -- 9.5 Earthworm-Bacterial Symbioses in Nephridia -- References -- Chapter 10: Earthworms, Soil Structure, Fertility, and Productivity -- 10.1 Earthworm Burrows and Casts -- 10.1.1 Earthworm Burrows -- 10.1.2 Earthworm Casts -- 10.2 Effects of Earthworms on Soil Structure -- 10.2.1 Turnover of Soil by Earthworms -- 10.2.2 Breakdown of Soil Particles by Earthworms -- 10.2.3 Formation of Aggregates by Earthworms -- 10.2.4 Changes in Aeration, Porosity, and Drainage Caused by Earthworms -- 10.2.5 Effects of Earthworms on Soil Erosion -- 10.3 Earthworms as Bioindicators of Soil Type -- 10.4 Effects of Earthworms on Plant Productivity -- References -- Chapter 11: Earthworms as Pests and Benefactors -- 11.1 Earthworms as Pests -- 11.1.1 Earthworms as Pests of Crops -- 11.1.2 As Pests of Grassland and Turf -- 11.1.3 Relationships with Plant Pathogens -- 11.1.4 Transmission of Animal Parasites -- 11.1.5 Adverse Effects on Soil -- 11.2 Earthworms as Benefactors Other Than in Soil Fertility -- 11.2.1 Interactions with Organisms that Promote Plant Growth -- 11.2.2 Production of Plant-Growth-Promoting Substances -- 11.2.3 Production of Biologically Active Materials by Earthworms -- 11.2.4 Other Beneficial Uses -- 11.3 Control of Earthworms -- References -- Chapter 12: Earthworms in Environmental Management and Ecotoxicology -- 12.1 Earthworms in Land Amelioration and Reclamation. ; 12.1.1 Introduction of Earthworms into Poor Pastures in New Zealand and Australia -- 12.1.2 Introduction of Earthworms into Reclaimed Dutch Polder Soils -- 12.1.3 Introduction of Earthworms into Poor Mineral Soils -- 12.1.4 Colonization and Restoration of Abandoned Mining Sites by Earthworms -- 12.1.5 Reclamation of Open-Cast Mining Sites by Earthworms -- 12.1.6 Earthworm Populations in Reclaimed Peat Sites -- 12.1.7 Methods of Improving Earthworm Populations in Forests -- 12.1.8 Earthworm Introductions into Soils in the Tropics -- 12.2 Earthworms as Indicators of Environmental Contamination -- 12.2.1 The Use of Earthworms as Bioindicators of Soil Contamination -- 12.3 Earthworms in Soil Bioremediation and Detoxification -- 12.3.1 Bioremediation by Earthworms -- 12.3.2 Earthworms as Biomarkers and in Ecological Risk Assessment (Era) of Contaminated Sites -- 12.3.3 Earthworms as Biomarkers -- 12.4 Earthworms in Ecotoxicological Testing -- 12.4.1 Laboratory Earthworm Toxicity Tests -- 12.4.2 Bioaccumulation of Chemicals in Earthworms -- 12.5 Heavy Metals and Earthworms -- 12.5.1 Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Earthworms -- 12.5.2 Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Heavy Metals on Earthworms -- 12.5.3 Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Earthworms from Contaminated Soils -- 12.6 The Effects of Radioisotopes on Earthworms -- 12.7 Effects of Acid Deposition on Earthworms -- References -- Chapter 13: Effects of Agricultural Practices and Chemicals on Earthworms -- 13.1 The Effects of Cultivations -- 13.2 The Effects of Cropping -- 13.3 The Effects of Fertilizers -- 13.4 The Effects of Chemicals -- 13.4.1 Methods of Testing Effects of Chemicals -- 13.4.2 Earthworm Mortality from Chemicals -- 13.4.3 Uptake of Chemicals into Earthworms -- 13.4.4 Chronic and Sublethal Toxicity of Chemicals -- References. ; Chapter 14: The Use of Earthworms in Organic Waste Management and Vermiculture -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Breakdown of Biosolids by Earthworms -- 14.3 Processing of Animal, Vegetable, and Urban Industrial Organic Wastes by Earthworms into Vermicomposts -- 14.4 Most Suitable Species of Earthworms for Processing Organic Wastes -- 14.4.1 Biology and Ecology of Earthworm Species Most Suitable for Vermicomposting -- 14.4.2 Food and Environmental Requirements of Different Earthworm Species That Can Process Organic Wastes in Vermiculture -- 14.5 The Use of Vermicomposts as Plant Growth Media and as Soil Amendments -- 14.5.1 Characteristics of Vermicomposts Produced by Earthworms from Organic Wastes -- 14.5.2 Growth of Plants in Vermicomposts and Mixtures of Vermicomposts with Other Plant Growth Media -- 14.5.3 Mechanisms by Which Vermicomposts Influence Plant Growth -- 14.6 Suppression of Plant Pathogens, Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, and Plant Arthropod Pests by Vermicomposts -- 14.6.1 Suppression of Plant Pathogens by Vermicomposts -- 14.6.2 Suppression of Arthropod Pests by Vermicomposts -- 14.6.3 Suppression of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes -- 14.7 Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Vermicomposts ("Teas") on Plant Growth and in Suppression of Pests and Diseases -- 14.7.1 Effects of Vermicompost Aqueous Extracts ("Teas") on Plant Growth and Yields -- Preparation of Aqueous Extracts -- 14.7.2 Suppression of Plant Pathogens by Vermicompost Aqueous Extracts ("Teas") -- 14.7.3 Suppression of Arthropod Plant Pests by Vermicompost Aqueous Extracts ("Teas") -- 14.7.4 Suppression of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Vermicompost Aqueous Extracts ("Teas") -- 14.8 Methods of Processing Organic Wastes with Earthworms -- 14.8.1 Low-Cost Indoor or Outdoor Floor Beds or Windrow Vermicomposting Systems -- 14.8.2 Batch Systems of Vermicomposting. ; 14.8.3 Domestic Vermicomposting Systems.
• Sommario/riassunto: This 4th edition updates research on some 3,000 species of earthworm, assessing their importance in forest and agricultural ecosystems, their 'sentinel' service in early warning of deteriorating soil quality, and their increasing role in biomedical issues.
• Titolo autorizzato: Biology and ecology of earthworms
• ISBN: 0-387-74943-8
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910568240603321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II