| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Part I: Human Microbiome, Vaccines and Autoimmunity -- 1: Autoimmunity and Microbiome -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Microbiota and Immune System Interaction -- 1.3 Microbiota and Autoimmunity -- 1.4 Mechanisms of Autoimmunity Induced by Microbiota -- 1.4.1 Microbiome Translocation -- 1.4.2 Molecular Mimicry -- 1.4.3 Dysregulated Immune Response -- 1.4.3.1 Secretion of Immunosuppressive Cytokines -- 1.4.3.2 Cytolysis -- 1.4.3.3 Metabolic Disruption -- 1.4.3.4 Suppression of DC Maturation and Function -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2: The Vaccines Induced Autoimmunity -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Vaccines -- 2.2.1 How Do Vaccines Work? -- 2.2.2 Types of Vaccines -- 2.2.2.1 Live Attenuated Vaccine -- 2.2.2.2 Inactivated Vaccine -- 2.2.2.3 Subunit and Conjugate Vaccines -- 2.2.2.4 Virus Like Particles -- 2.2.2.5 Viral Vector Vaccines -- 2.2.2.6 Nucleic Acid Vaccine -- 2.2.2.7 Toxoids -- 2.3 Autoimmune Diseases -- 2.3.1 Types of Autoimmune Disease -- 2.3.1.1 Systemic Autoimmune Disease -- 2.3.1.1.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) -- 2.3.1.1.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- 2.3.1.1.3 Multiple Sclerosis -- 2.3.1.1.4 Ankylosing Spondylitis -- 2.3.1.1.5 Scleroderma -- 2.3.1.1.6 Sjogren´s Syndrome -- 2.3.1.2 Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases -- 2.3.1.2.1 Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) -- 2.3.1.2.2 Hashimoto´s Thyroiditis -- 2.3.1.2.3 Vitiligo -- 2.3.1.2.4 Graves´ Disease -- 2.3.1.2.5 Autoimmune Anemia -- 2.3.1.2.6 Goodpasture´s Syndrome -- 2.3.1.2.7 Myasthenia Gravis -- 2.4 Mechanism of Vaccine Triggered Autoimmunity -- 2.4.1 Adjuvants -- 2.4.2 Molecular Mimicry -- 2.4.3 mRNA-Based Vaccines: a Trigger to Autoimmunity -- 2.4.4 Other Mechanisms -- 2.5 Vaccines Reported for Development of Autoimmunity -- 2.5.1 Hepatitis B Vaccines -- 2.5.2 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccines.
2.5.3 Influenza Vaccine -- 2.5.4 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccine -- 2.5.5 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines -- 2.5.6 Other Vaccines -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3: COVID-19 and Autoimmunity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) -- 3.3 Virus Infection and Autoimmunity -- 3.3.1 SARS-CoV-2 Induced Autoimmunity -- 3.3.1.1 Molecular Mimicry -- 3.3.1.2 Bystander Activation -- 3.3.1.3 Cytokine Storm -- 3.3.1.4 Autoantibodies -- 3.3.1.5 Innate Immune Mechanisms -- 3.3.1.6 Genetic Susceptibility -- 3.4 Similarities Between COVID-19 Manifestations and Autoimmunity -- 3.5 Autoimmune Complications of COVID-19 -- 3.5.1 Guillain-Barre Syndrome -- 3.5.2 Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura -- 3.5.3 Kawasaki Disease -- 3.5.4 Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases -- 3.5.5 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 3.5.6 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- 3.5.7 Type 1 Diabetes -- 3.5.8 Vitiligo -- 3.5.9 Alopecia areata -- 3.5.10 Cold Agglutinin Syndrome (CAS) -- 3.5.11 Antiphospholipid Syndrome -- 3.6 Autoimmune Disease: A Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19? -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 4: The Protective Discourse Between Infections and Autoimmunity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Autoimmune Diseases -- 4.3 Proposed Mechanisms for Protective Effect of Infections on Autoimmune Diseases -- 4.3.1 Antigenic Competition -- 4.3.2 Innate Immune Mechanisms -- 4.3.3 Infections Induced Immunoregulation -- 4.4 Epidemiological Evidence for the Protective Role of Infections in Human Autoimmune Diseases -- 4.5 Animal Model Studies for Exploring the Protective Effects of Infections on Autoimmune Diseases -- 4.5.1 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -- 4.5.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 4.5.3 Multiple Sclerosis -- 4.5.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References.
Part II: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Kidney Diseases and Adrenal Insufficiency -- 5: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of IgA Vasculitis and IgA Nephropathy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Role of Microorganisms in the Pathogenesis of IgA Vasculitis -- 5.2.1 Bacteria -- 5.2.2 Viruses -- 5.2.2.1 SARS-CoV-2 -- 5.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in IgA Vasculitis -- 5.4 Role of Microorganisms in IgA Nephropathy -- 5.5 Therapeutic Aspects of Gut Microbiota in IgA Nephropathy -- 5.5.1 Modulation of Gut Microbiota -- 5.5.2 Suppression of Excessive Mucosal Immune Responses -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Immune-Mediated Glomerulopathies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Glomerulopathies -- 6.2.1 Glomerulopathies Associated with Bacterial Infections -- 6.2.2 Glomerulopathies Associated with Viral Infections -- 6.2.2.1 COVID-19 and Immune-Mediated Glomerulopathies -- 6.3 Immune-Mediated Nephropathies -- 6.4 Glomerulonephritis Caused by Immune Complex Deposits -- 6.5 Glomerulopathies and Gut Microflora -- 6.6 Management of Glomerulopathies -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Addison´s Disease (AAD) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Role of Microorganisms in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Addison´s Disease -- 7.2.1 Bacteria -- 7.2.2 Viruses -- 7.2.2.1 SARS-CoV-2 -- 7.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Autoimmune Addison´s Disease -- 7.4 Role of Probiotics in Autoimmune Addison´s Disease -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Central Nervous System (CNS) Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases -- 8: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microbiota -- 8.3 Multiple Sclerosis and Gut Microbiota.
8.4 Multiple Sclerosis, Microbiota, and the Immune System -- 8.4.1 Smad7 Protein -- 8.5 Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis -- 8.5.1 Epstein-Barr Virus -- 8.5.2 Human Herpesvirus 6 -- 8.5.3 Human Endogenous Retroviruses -- 8.5.4 Measles, Rubella, and Varicella-Zoster Viruses -- 8.6 Probiotics and Multiple Sclerosis -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Microorganisms in the Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome -- 9.2.1 Bacterial Infections -- 9.2.2 Viral Infections -- 9.2.2.1 Link Between SARS-CoV-2 and Guillain-Barré Syndrome -- 9.2.3 Protozoan Infections -- 9.3 Vaccine-Induced Guillain-Barré Syndrome -- 9.4 Role of Gut Microbiota in Guillain-Barré Syndrome -- 9.5 Management of Guillain-Barré Syndrome -- 9.5.1 Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré Syndrome -- 9.5.1.1 Plasma Exchange -- 9.5.1.2 Intravenous Immunoglobulin -- 9.5.1.3 Monoclonal Antibody -- 9.5.2 Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Guillain-Barré Syndrome -- 9.6 Future Perspectives -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- 10: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Pathogenesis -- 10.3 Risk Factors -- 10.4 The Role of Microorganisms in the Pathogenesis of Neuromyelitis Optica -- 10.4.1 Bacteria -- 10.4.1.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- 10.4.1.2 Gut Microbiome -- 10.4.1.3 Helicobacter pylori -- 10.4.2 Viruses -- 10.4.2.1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) -- 10.4.2.2 SARS-CoV-2 -- 10.4.2.3 Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) -- 10.4.2.4 Dengue Virus -- 10.4.2.5 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) -- 10.4.2.6 Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV2) -- 10.4.2.7 Zika -- 10.5 Diagnostic of NMOSD -- 10.6 The Role of Infections in Causing an Attack in Patients with NMOSD -- 10.7 Infection of NMOSD Patients with Infectious Diseases and Its Complications.
10.8 Management of NMOSD Through Microorganisms -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mechanisms of Microorganism-Induced Autoimmunity -- 11.3 Evidence in Illnesses -- 11.3.1 Demyelinating Disease: Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) -- 11.3.2 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) -- 11.3.3 Definitions -- 11.3.4 Epidemiology -- 11.4 ADEM and Microbial Link -- 11.4.1 Viral Causes -- 11.4.2 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses -- 11.4.3 Bacterial Causes -- 11.4.4 Parasitic Causes -- 11.4.5 Vaccination-Induced ADEM -- 11.4.6 Other Causes of ADEM -- 11.5 Pathogenesis of ADEM -- 11.6 ADEM and Gut Microbiota -- 11.7 Pathological Findings of ADEM -- 11.8 Clinical Features of ADEM -- 11.9 Diagnosis of ADEM -- 11.9.1 Neuroimaging -- 11.9.2 CSF Analysis -- 11.9.3 CNS Angiography -- 11.9.4 EEG -- 11.9.5 Serological Tests -- 11.9.6 Multiphasic Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (MDEM) -- 11.9.7 Differential Diagnosis -- 11.10 Treatment of ADEM -- 11.10.1 Probiotics as a Potential Therapeutic Option -- 11.10.2 Prognosis -- 11.10.3 Sequelae -- 11.10.4 Prevention -- 11.11 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) -- 12: Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Role of Microorganism in the Pathophysiology of Ulcerative Colitis -- 12.3 Role of Microorganisms in the Management of Ulcerative Colitis -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Microorganisms in the Pathogenesis and Management of Crohn´s Disease (CD) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Crohn´s Disease -- 13.2.1 Microbe-Host Interactions in Crohn´s Disease -- 13.2.2 Intestinal Permeability.
13.3 Microorganisms in the Pathogenesis of Crohn´s Disease.
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Biosafety assessment of probiotic potential / / edited by Mitesh Kumar Dwivedi [and three others]
