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Cover -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- Enthusiastic Comments About Computer Networks and Internets -- More Comments About Computer Networks and Internets -- Other Books By Douglas Comer -- Part I: Introduction and Internet Applications -- Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview -- 1.1 Growth of Computer Networking -- 1.2 Why Networking Seems Complex -- 1.3 The Five Key Aspects of Networking -- 1.3.1 Network Applications and Network Programming -- 1.3.2 Data Communications -- 1.3.3 Packet Switching and Networking Technologies -- 1.3.4 Internetworking With TCP/IP -- 1.3.5 Additional Networking Concepts and Technologies -- 1.4 Public And Private Parts Of The Internet -- 1.4.1 Public Network -- 1.4.2 Private Network -- 1.5 Networks, Interoperability, and Standards -- 1.6 Protocol Suites and Layering Models -- 1.7 How Data Passes Through Layers -- 1.8 Headers and Layers -- 1.9 ISO and the OSI Seven Layer Reference Model -- 1.10 Remainder of the Text -- 1.11 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 2: Internet Trends -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Resource Sharing -- 2.3 Growth of the Internet -- 2.4 From Resource Sharing To Communication -- 2.5 From Text To Multimedia -- 2.6 Recent Trends -- 2.7 From Individual Computers To Cloud Computing -- 2.8 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 3: Internet Applications and Network Programming -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Two Basic Internet Communication Paradigms -- 3.2.1 Stream Transport in the Internet -- 3.2.2 Message Transport in The Internet -- 3.3 Connection-Oriented Communication -- 3.4 The Client-Server Model of Interaction -- 3.5 Characteristics of Clients and Servers -- 3.6 Server Programs and Server-Class Computers -- 3.7 Requests, Responses, and Direction of Data Flow -- 3.8 Multiple Clients and Multiple Servers -- 3.9 Server Identification and Demultiplexing -- 3.10 Concurrent Servers.
3.11 Circular Dependencies Among Servers -- 3.12 Peer-To-Peer Interactions -- 3.13 Network Programming and the Socket API -- 3.14 Sockets, Descriptors, and Network I/O -- 3.15 Parameters and the Socket API -- 3.16 Socket Calls in a Client and Server -- 3.17 Socket Functions Used By Both Client and Server -- 3.17.1 The Socket Function -- 3.17.2 The Send Function -- 3.17.3 The Recv Function -- 3.17.4 Read and Write With Sockets -- 3.17.5 The Close Function -- 3.18 The Connect Function Used Only By a Client -- 3.19 Socket Functions Used Only By a Server -- 3.19.1 The Bind Function -- 3.19.2 The Listen Function -- 3.19.3 The Accept Function -- 3.20 Socket Functions Used with the Message Paradigm -- 3.20.1 Sendto and Sendmsg Socket Functions -- 3.20.2 Recvfrom and Recvmsg Functions -- 3.21 Other Socket Functions -- 3.22 Sockets, Threads, and Inheritance -- 3.23 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 4: Traditional Internet Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Application-Layer Protocols -- 4.3 Representation and Transfer -- 4.4 Web Protocols -- 4.5 Document Representation with HTML -- 4.6 Uniform Resource Locators and Hyperlinks -- 4.7 Web Document Transfer with HTTP -- 4.8 Caching in Browsers -- 4.9 Browser Architecture -- 4.10 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) -- 4.11 FTP Communication Paradigm -- 4.12 Electronic Mail -- 4.13 The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) -- 4.14 ISPs, Mail Servers, and Mail Access -- 4.15 Mail Access Protocols (POP, IMAP) -- 4.16 Email Representation Standards (RFC2822, MIME) -- 4.17 Domain Name System (DNS) -- 4.18 Domain Names that Begin with a Service Name -- 4.19 The DNS Hierarchy and Server Model -- 4.20 Name Resolution -- 4.21 Caching in DNS Servers -- 4.22 Types of DNS Entries -- 4.23 Aliases and CNAME Resource Records -- 4.24 Abbreviations and the DNS -- 4.25 Internationalized Domain Names.
4.26 Extensible Representations (XML) -- 4.27 Summary -- Exercises -- Part II: Data Communications Basics -- Chapter 5: Overview of Data Communications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Essence of Data Communications -- 5.3 Motivation and Scope of the Subject -- 5.4 The Conceptual Pieces of a Communications System -- 5.5 The Subtopics of Data Communications -- 5.6 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 6: Information Sources and Signals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Information Sources -- 6.3 Analog and Digital Signals -- 6.4 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals -- 6.5 Sine Waves and Signal Characteristics -- 6.6 Composite Signals -- 6.7 The Importance of Composite Signals and Sine Functions -- 6.8 Time and Frequency Domain Representations -- 6.9 Bandwidth of An Analog Signal -- 6.10 Digital Signals and Signal Levels -- 6.11 Baud and Bits Per Second -- 6.12 Converting a Digital Signal To Analog -- 6.13 The Bandwidth of a Digital Signal -- 6.14 Synchronization and Agreement About Signals -- 6.15 Line Coding -- 6.16 Manchester Encoding Used in Computer Networks -- 6.17 Converting an Analog Signal to Digital -- 6.18 The Nyquist Theorem and Sampling Rate -- 6.19 Nyquist Theorem and Telephone System Transmission -- 6.20 Nonlinear Encoding -- 6.21 Encoding and Data Compression -- 6.22 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 7: Transmission Media -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Guided and Unguided Transmission -- 7.3 A Taxonomy By Forms of Energy -- 7.4 Background Radiation and Electrical Noise -- 7.5 Twisted Pair Copper Wiring -- 7.6 Shielding: Coaxial Cable and Shielded Twisted Pair -- 7.7 Categories of Twisted Pair Cable -- 7.8 Media Using Light Energy and Optical Fibers -- 7.9 Types of Fiber and Light Transmission -- 7.10 Optical Fiber Compared to Copper Wiring -- 7.11 Infrared Communication Technologies -- 7.12 Point-To-Point Laser Communication.
7.13 Electromagnetic (Radio) Communication -- 7.14 Signal Propagation -- 7.15 Types of Satellites -- 7.16 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites -- 7.17 GEO Coverage of the Earth -- 7.18 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites and Clusters -- 7.19 Tradeoffs Among Media Types -- 7.20 Measuring Transmission Media -- 7.21 The Effect of Noise on Communication -- 7.22 The Significance of Channel Capacity -- 7.23 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 8: Reliability and Channel Coding -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Three Main Sources of Transmission Errors -- 8.3 Effect of Transmission Errors on Data -- 8.4 Two Strategies For Handling Channel Errors -- 8.5 Block and Convolutional Error Codes -- 8.6 An Example Block Error Code: Single Parity Checking -- 8.7 The Mathematics of Block Error Codes and (n,k) Notation -- 8.8 Hamming Distance: A Measure of a Code's Strength -- 8.9 The Hamming Distance Among Strings in a Codebook -- 8.10 The Tradeoff Between Error Detection and Overhead -- 8.11 Error Correction with Row and Column (RAC) Parity -- 8.12 The 16-Bit Checksum Used in the Internet -- 8.13 Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) -- 8.14 An Efficient Hardware Implementation Of CRC -- 8.15 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Mechanisms -- 8.16 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 9: Transmission Modes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 A Taxonomy of Transmission Modes -- 9.3 Parallel Transmission -- 9.4 Serial Transmission -- 9.5 Transmission Order: Bits and Bytes -- 9.6 Timing of Serial Transmission -- 9.7 Asynchronous Transmission -- 9.8 RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission -- 9.9 Synchronous Transmission -- 9.10 Bytes, Blocks, and Frames -- 9.11 Isochronous Transmission -- 9.12 Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission -- 9.13 DCE and DTE Equipment -- 9.14 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 10: Modulation and Modems -- 10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Carriers, Frequency, and Propagation -- 10.3 Analog Modulation Schemes -- 10.4 Amplitude Modulation -- 10.5 Frequency Modulation -- 10.6 Phase Shift Modulation -- 10.7 Amplitude Modulation and Shannon's Theorem -- 10.8 Modulation, Digital Input, and Shift Keying -- 10.9 Phase Shift Keying -- 10.10 Phase Shift and a Constellation Diagram -- 10.11 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation -- 10.12 Modem Hardware for Modulation and Demodulation -- 10.13 Optical and Radio Frequency Modems -- 10.14 Dialup Modems -- 10.15 QAM Applied to Dialup -- 10.16 V.32 and V.32bis Dialup Modems -- 10.17 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 11: Multiplexing and Demultiplexing(Channelization) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Concept of Multiplexing -- 11.3 The Basic Types of Multiplexing -- 11.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) -- 11.5 Using a Range of Frequencies Per Channel -- 11.6 Hierarchical FDM -- 11.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) -- 11.8 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) -- 11.9 Synchronous TDM -- 11.10 Framing Used in the Telephone System Version of TDM -- 11.11 Hierarchical TDM -- 11.12 The Problem With Synchronous TDM: Unfilled Slots -- 11.13 Statistical TDM -- 11.14 Inverse Multiplexing -- 11.15 Code Division Multiplexing -- 11.16 Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 12: Access and Interconnection Technologies -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Internet Access Technology: Upstream and Downstream -- 12.3 Narrowband and Broadband Access Technologies -- 12.3.1 Narrowband Technologies -- 12.3.2 Broadband Technologies -- 12.4 The Local Loop and ISDN -- 12.5 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies -- 12.6 Local Loop Characteristics and Adaptation -- 12.7 The Data Rate Of ADSL -- 12.8 ADSL Installation and Splitters -- 12.9 Cable Modem Technologies -- 12.10 The Data Rate of Cable Modems -- 12.11 Cable Modem Installation -- 12.12 Hybrid Fiber Coax.
12.13 Access Technologies that Employ Optical Fiber.
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Computer networks and Internets / / Douglas E. Comer
