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Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Basics of Point-of-Care Ultrasound -- 1.1 Basics of Ultrasound: Physics and Physiology -- 1.1.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.1.1.1 Interactions of Ultrasound with Tissue -- 1.1.2 Reflection -- 1.1.3 Transmission -- 1.1.4 Attenuation -- 1.1.5 Echogenicity -- 1.1.5.1 Modes of Imaging -- 1.1.5.2 Transducers -- 1.1.5.3 Time Gain Compensation -- 1.1.5.4 Practical Aspects -- Compound Imaging -- Maneuvering the US Probe: PART -- Needling Techniques -- In-Plane -- 1.1.5.5 Out of Plane -- 1.1.5.6 Bioeffect and Safety -- 1.2 Point-of-Care Ultrasound: Concept and Limitations -- Self Assessment Questions -- References -- 2: Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Cannulation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Principle of Vascular Cannulation -- 2.2.1 Identification of the Blood Vessel -- 2.2.2 Depth, Distance, and Angle -- 2.2.3 Selecting the Transducer and Mode -- 2.2.3.1 Transducer -- 2.2.3.2 Mode -- 2.2.4 Preparation -- 2.2.4.1 Preprocedural Evaluation -- 2.2.4.2 Positioning/Room Set Up/Ergonomics -- Patient -- Operator -- Equipment -- 2.3 Central Venous Cannulation -- 2.3.1 Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation -- 2.3.2 Subclavian Vein Cannulation -- 2.3.2.1 Anatomy of Subclavian Vessels -- 2.3.2.2 Ultrasound Assessment of Subclavian Vessels -- 2.3.2.3 Ultrasound-Guided Subclavian Vein Cannulation Technique -- Infraclavicular Approach -- Supraclavicular Approach -- Ultrasound Assessment of SCV in the Fossa Above the Clavicle -- Ultrasound-Guided SCV Cannulation -- 2.3.3 Femoral Vein Cannulation -- 2.3.3.1 Systematic Approach for USG Central Venous Catheter Placement -- 2.3.3.2 Femoral Vein Cannulation -- Limitations of Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Catheter Placement -- 2.3.4 Confirmation of the Correct Position of the Central Venous Catheter Tip.
2.3.4.1 The European Society of Anesthesiologists Recommends [40] -- 2.4 Peripheral Venous Cannulation -- 2.4.1 Indications -- 2.4.2 Procedure -- 2.4.2.1 Initial Scout -- 2.4.3 Confirm Vein -- 2.4.3.1 Identify the Appropriate Vein -- 2.4.3.2 Preparation -- 2.4.3.3 Needle Insertion -- 2.4.3.4 Confirmation of Cannulation -- 2.4.3.5 Complications -- 2.5 Arterial Cannulations -- 2.5.1 Scout Scan -- 2.5.1.1 Preparation -- 2.5.1.2 Needle Insertion -- 2.5.1.3 Confirmation of Cannulation -- 2.5.1.4 Complications -- 2.5.2 Radial Artery Cannulation -- 2.5.3 Femoral Artery Cannulation -- 2.5.4 Arteria Dorsalis Pedis Cannulation -- 2.5.5 Posterior Tibial Artery Cannulation -- 2.5.5.1 Technique -- 2.6 Recommendations for Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Access [1] -- 2.7 Recommendations for Prevention of Mechanical Trauma or Injury -- 2.7.1 Catheter Insertion Site Selection -- 2.7.2 Positioning the Patient for Needle Insertion and Catheter Placement -- 2.7.3 Needle Insertion, Wire Placement, and Catheter Placement -- 2.7.4 Guidance of Needle, Wire, and Catheter Placement -- 2.7.5 Verification of Needle, Wire, and Catheter Placement -- 2.8 Recommendations for Management of Arterial Trauma or Injury Arising from Central Venous Access -- 2.8.1 Resource Preparation -- 2.8.2 Prevention of Infectious Complications -- 2.8.2.1 Intravenous Antibiotic Prophylaxis -- 2.8.2.2 Aseptic Preparation -- 2.8.2.3 Selection of Antiseptic Solution -- 2.8.2.4 Catheters Containing Antimicrobial Agents -- 2.8.2.5 Catheter Fixation -- 2.8.2.6 Insertion Site Dressings -- 2.8.2.7 Catheter Maintenance -- 2.9 Aseptic Techniques Using an Existing Central Venous Catheter for Injection or Aspiration -- 2.10 Recognized Benefits and Concerns about Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Access -- 2.10.1 Recognized Benefits.
2.11 Concerns and Limitations of us-Guided Vascular Access -- 2.12 Training -- 2.12.1 Training for Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Cannulations -- 2.13 Conclusion -- Self Assessment Questions: (Answer Keys at the End of the Chapter) -- References -- 3: Point of Care Ultrasound of the Airway -- 3.1 Indications -- 3.2 Normal Anatomy -- 3.2.1 Ultrasound Appearance of Airway Structures -- 3.2.2 Normal Ultrasound Appearance of the Airway -- 3.2.2.1 Transducer Selection -- 3.3 Airway Devices -- 3.3.1 Endotracheal Tube (ETT) -- 3.3.1.1 Extubation -- 3.3.2 Supraglottic Airway (SGA) -- 3.3.3 Double Lumen Endotracheal Tube (DLT) -- 3.4 Airway Nerve Block -- 3.5 Clinical Pearls and Applications -- 3.5.1 Focused Rapid Ultrasound Review of the Upper Airway -- 3.5.1.1 Goals -- 3.5.2 Potential Ultrasound Predictors of Laryngoscopy -- 3.6 Summary -- MCQs: Chose the Single Best Answer -- References -- 4: Point-of-Care Ultrasound of the Lungs -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Ultrasound Properties of Lung -- 4.1.2 Types of Ultrasound Transducers for LUS -- 4.1.3 Performing LUS -- 4.1.4 Blue Protocol (Four-Point Method) -- 4.1.5 Ultrasound Image of Normal Lung -- 4.1.6 Lung Sliding and Lung Pulse -- 4.1.7 Pneumothorax -- 4.1.8 Limitations for Identification of Pneumothorax -- 4.1.9 Pulmonary Edema and Interstitial Lung Disease -- 4.1.10 Pleural Effusion -- 4.1.11 Consolidation -- 4.1.12 Atelectasis -- 4.1.13 Asthma/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- 4.1.14 Pulmonary Embolism -- 4.1.15 Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19 -- 4.1.16 Role of LUS in Thoracic Interventions/Procedures -- 4.1.17 Advantages of LUS -- 4.1.18 Limitations -- Self-Assessment Questions: Select the Best Answer -- References -- 5: Point-of-Care Ultrasound of the Heart: Transthoracic Echocardiogram -- 5.1 Echocardiography -- 5.1.1 Background.
5.1.1.1 Sonography Principles and Instrumentation -- 5.1.1.2 Normal Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) -- 5.1.1.3 Normal Transesophageal Echocardiography (TOE) -- 5.1.1.4 Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessment -- 5.1.1.5 Left Ventricular Diastolic Function -- 5.1.1.6 Right Ventricular Function Assessment -- 5.1.1.7 Pulmonary Artery Pressures -- 5.1.1.8 Volume Assessment -- 5.1.1.9 Cardiac Output -- References -- 6: Vascular Ultrasound -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Carotid Artery -- 6.2.1 Anatomy of Carotid Artery -- 6.2.2 Ultrasound Assessment of Carotid Artery -- 6.2.3 Duplex Ultrasound of Carotid Artery -- 6.3 Internal Jugular Vein -- 6.3.1 Anatomy of Internal Jugular Vein -- 6.3.2 Ultrasound Assessment of IJV -- 6.3.2.1 Anatomy of Subclavian Vessels -- 6.3.2.2 Ultrasound Assessment of Subclavian Vessels -- 6.4 Anatomy of Inferior Vena Cava -- 6.4.1 Ultrasound Assessment of IVC -- 6.4.2 Assessment of IVC with Ultrasound -- 6.4.3 Clinical Applications and Limitations of IVC as a Tool for Predicting Fluid Responsiveness -- 6.5 Abdominal Aorta -- 6.5.1 Anatomy of Abdominal Aorta -- 6.5.2 Ultrasound Assessment of Abdominal Aorta -- 6.5.3 Ultrasound Technique of Abdominal Aorta -- 6.6 Role of Ultrasound in the Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) -- 6.6.1 Anatomy of Upper Limb Veins -- 6.6.2 Ultrasound Assessment of Upper Limb Veins for DVT -- 6.6.3 Anatomy of Lower Limb Vessels -- 6.6.4 Ultrasound Evaluation of Femoral Vessels -- 6.6.5 Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation for Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 6.6.6 Ultrasound Evaluation of Chronic Venous Insufficiency -- 6.6.7 Pitfalls and Artifacts of Using Ultrasound for DVT -- 6.6.8 Limitations of Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of DVT -- 6.7 Outcome Studies Related to DVT Assessment with Ultrasonography -- Questions -- References.
7: Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) Exam -- 7.1 Definition -- 7.2 Introduction/Background -- 7.2.1 History of the FAST Exam -- 7.2.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Fluid Collection in Body Cavities -- 7.2.3 Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage -- 7.2.4 CT Scan in the Trauma Patient -- 7.3 Focused Question in FAST Exam -- 7.4 Indications of FAST Exam -- 7.5 Contraindications -- 7.6 Preparation -- 7.7 Position of Patient -- 7.8 Probe and Machine Preset -- 7.9 Scanning Technique -- 7.10 Views -- 7.10.1 Right Upper Quadrant View -- 7.10.2 Left Upper Quadrant View -- 7.10.3 Pelvic Cavity: Sagittal and Transverse Views -- 7.10.4 Pericardium -- 7.11 Extended FAST or e-FAST Scan -- 7.12 Limitations of FAST Scan -- 7.13 FAST Scan Flowchart (Fig. 7.18) -- 7.14 Reporting a FAST Scan -- 7.15 FAST Scan vs. US Abdomen -- 7.16 Caution -- 7.17 Summary -- Self-Assessment Questions: Chose the Single Best Answer -- References -- 8: Miscellaneous POCUS: Gastric Ultrasound, Urinary Bladder Ultrasound, Ocular Ultrasound, Obstetric POCUS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Gastric Ultrasound -- 8.2.1 Introduction -- 8.2.2 Indications [3] -- 8.2.3 Limitations -- 8.2.4 Scanning Technique -- 8.2.5 Applied Anatomy -- 8.2.5.1 Gastric Antrum -- 8.2.5.2 Gastric Wall -- 8.2.6 Ultrasound Image Correlation (Table 8.1) -- 8.2.6.1 Empty Stomach -- 8.2.6.2 Solid Early Stage -- 8.2.6.3 Solid Late Stage -- 8.2.6.4 Clear Fluid -- 8.2.6.5 Fluid with Air Bubbles -- 8.2.7 Gastric Volume Assessment (Clear Fluids) -- 8.2.7.1 Antral Grading System (Grades 0-2) [5] (Table 8.2) -- 8.2.8 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Assessment -- 8.3 Point-of-Care Ultrasound Examination of Urinary Bladder -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Indications -- 8.3.3 Following Topics Will Be Covered in this Description -- 8.3.4 Patient Position.
8.3.5 Ultrasound Probe Selection.
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Blockmate : a practical guide for ultrasound guided Regional anaesthesia / / Arunangshu Chakraborty, editor
