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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: The Advent of Medical Biotechnology -- 1.1 Definition and Historical Resume -- 1.1.1 Definition of Medical Biotechnology and its Evolution -- 1.1.2 History of Medical Biotechnology -- 1.1.3 Earliest Applications in Disease Detection -- 1.1.3.1 Gram Staining -- 1.1.3.2 Haematological Staining and Magic Bullet by Paul Ehrlich -- 1.1.3.3 Karyotyping -- 1.2 Pioneers of the Field -- 1.2.1 "Re-visiting the History of Vaccination": The Story of Edward Jenner and His Predecessors -- 1.2.1.1 Origin of Smallpox and Introduction of Variolation -- Edward Jenner -- Louis Pasteur -- Chicken Cholera Vaccine -- Anthrax Vaccine -- Paul Ehrlich: A Biochemist Ahead of His Time -- 1.3 Importance of the Field -- 1.3.1 Most Recent Advances and Their Importance (Fig. 1.1) -- 1.3.1.1 Robotics-Operated Surgeries -- 1.3.1.2 Stem Cell Research -- 1.3.1.3 Human Genome Project -- 1.3.1.4 Targeted Cancer Therapies -- 1.3.1.5 Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualization and Augmented Reality for Surgery -- 1.3.1.6 HPV Vaccine -- 1.3.1.7 Face Transplants -- 1.3.1.8 CRISPR -- 1.3.1.9 Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Organs -- 1.3.1.10 Nerve Regeneration -- 1.3.1.11 Brain Signals to Audible Speech -- 1.3.2 Invention of PCR -- 1.3.3 Production of Synthetic Insulin -- 1.4 Sub-Disciplines: Allied Fields, Inter-Relationships with Other Fields -- References -- Chapter 2: Biotechnology in Medicine: Fundamentals -- 2.1 Introduction, Importance of Biotechnology in Everyday Life, Utilization of Biotechnology for Human Welfare -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Importance of Biotechnology in Everyday Life -- 2.1.3 Utilization of Biotechnology for Human Welfare -- 2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction, Essential Components of Polymerase Chain Reaction, Modifications of PCR, Applications of PCR -- 2.2.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction.
2.2.2 Essential Components of Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 2.2.3 Modifications of PCR -- 2.2.4 Applications of PCR -- 2.3 Restriction Enzymes: Types and Mechanism of Action -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Nomenclature -- 2.3.3 Types of Restriction Endonucleases -- 2.3.4 Isoschizomers and Neoschizomers -- 2.3.5 CRISPR-Cas9: A Novel Tool in the DNA Editing Toolbox -- 2.4 Cloning: Introduction, Cloning Vectors, Cloning of PCR Products -- 2.4.1 Over-View of Cloning -- 2.4.1.1 Enzymes Involved in Cloning Procedure -- 2.4.1.2 Molecular Accessories Required to Facilitate Cloning -- 2.4.2 Cloning Vector -- 2.4.2.1 Criteria of a Good Cloning Vector -- 2.4.2.2 Plasmids -- 2.4.2.3 Bacteriophages -- 2.4.2.4 Cosmids -- 2.4.2.5 Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) -- 2.4.2.6 Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC) -- 2.4.3 Cloning of PCR Products -- 2.4.3.1 Ligation Dependent Cloning -- 2.4.3.2 Ligation-Independent Cloning -- 2.4.3.3 Gateway Cloning -- 2.5 Introduction to Bacterial Transformation, Different Methods of Transformation, Animal Cell Transfection -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 Types of Bacterial Transformations -- 2.5.2.1 Natural Transformation -- 2.5.2.2 Artificial Transformation -- 2.5.3 Work Flow of Bacterial Transformation -- 2.5.3.1 Competent Cell Preparation -- 2.5.3.2 Transformation of Cells -- 2.5.3.3 Cell Recovery -- 2.5.3.4 Cell Plating -- 2.5.4 Animal Cell Transfection -- 2.5.4.1 Chemical -- 2.5.4.2 Biological -- 2.5.4.3 Physical -- 2.6 Real-Time PCR -- 2.6.1 Introduction -- 2.6.2 Principle of Real-Time PCR -- 2.6.2.1 DNA-Binding Dyes -- 2.6.2.2 Probe Based Detection -- 2.7 Genomic Libraries, cDNA Libraries, and PCR Based Libraries -- 2.7.1 Genomic Libraries -- 2.7.1.1 Cloning of DNA Fragments -- 2.7.2 cDNA Libraries -- 2.7.2.1 mRNA Can Be Cloned as Complementary DNA -- 2.7.3 PCR Based Libraries.
2.8 Gene Screening: Introduction, Nucleic Acid Hybridization Screening, Immune Screening, Functional Screening, Interaction-Based Screening -- 2.8.1 Introduction -- 2.8.2 Screening by Nucleic Acid Hybridization -- 2.8.2.1 Properties of DNA Probe -- 2.8.3 Immunoscreening -- 2.8.4 Screening by Function -- 2.8.4.1 Screening by Functional Complementation -- 2.8.5 Screening by Interaction -- 2.9 Mutagenesis: Introduction, Primer Extension Mutagenesis, PCR Based Mutagenesis, Random Mutagenesis -- 2.9.1 Introduction -- 2.9.2 Primer Extension Mutagenesis (The Single-Primer Method) -- 2.9.3 PCR Methods of Site-Directed Mutagenesis -- 2.9.4 Random Mutagenesis -- 2.9.4.1 Doped Cassette Mutagenesis -- 2.9.4.2 Error-Prone PCR -- 2.10 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Biotechnology in Medicine: Advances-I -- 3.1 Genome Sequencing -- 3.1.1 Human Genome Project (HGP) -- 3.1.2 Introduction to Manual and Automated Sequencing, Assembly -- 3.1.2.1 Manual DNA Sequencing -- 3.1.2.2 Automated Sequencing -- 3.1.3 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) -- 3.1.4 Sequence Comparison Techniques -- 3.1.5 Genome Annotation Techniques -- 3.2 Origin of Genomes -- 3.2.1 Acquisition of New Genes -- 3.2.2 Origins of Introns -- 3.2.3 Genetics to Genomics and Genomics to Functional Genomics -- 3.2.4 Forward and Reverse Genetics -- 3.3 Phylogeny -- 3.3.1 COGs (Cluster of Orthologues Genes) -- 3.3.2 Paralogues Genes and Gene Displacement -- 3.4 Microarrays: Oligonucleotide Microarray Chips -- 3.4.1 SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) Microarrays -- 3.4.2 cDNA Microarrays -- 3.4.3 Cancer and Genomic Microarrays -- 3.5 Application of Microarrays with Examples -- 3.5.1 In Cancer -- 3.5.2 In Antibiotic Treatment -- 3.5.3 Early Detection of Oral Lesions -- 3.5.4 Microarray Data Analysis and Interpretation -- 3.6 Genetic Engineering.
3.6.1 Genetic Engineering in Animals: Pronuclear Injection, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer -- 3.7 Gene Therapy: Introduction -- 3.7.1 Applications of Gene Therapy with Examples -- 3.7.1.1 Neurological Disorders -- 3.7.1.2 Infectious Diseases -- 3.7.1.3 Cancer -- 3.7.1.4 Inherited Diseases -- References -- Chapter 4: Biotechnology in Medicine: Advances-II -- 4.1 Protein Expression: Introduction to E. coli Expression System, Yeast Expression System, Insect Expression System. Higher-Eukaryotic Expression Systems -- 4.1.1 Protein Expression -- 4.1.1.1 Bacterial Expression System -- 4.1.1.2 Yeast Expression System -- 4.1.1.3 Insect Cell Expression System -- 4.1.1.4 Mammalian Expression System -- 4.2 Protein Purification: Principle of Heterologous Protein Purification following Expression. Use of His Tag, GST-Tag, MBP-Tag, TAP-Tag, Myc-Tag -- 4.2.1 Protein Purification -- 4.3 Proteomics: Introduction, Protein Detection Array, Protein Informatics, Domain Analysis, and Structure Prediction -- 4.3.1 Protein Detection Array -- 4.3.1.1 Analytical Microarrays -- 4.3.1.2 Functional Microarray -- 4.3.1.3 Reverse-Phase Protein Microarrays -- 4.3.2 Protein Informatics -- 4.3.3 Domain Analysis -- 4.3.3.1 Domain Parsing -- 4.3.4 Structure Prediction -- 4.4 Expression Sequence Tags (ESTs), Application of Protein Detection Microarray with Examples -- 4.4.1 Expression Sequence Tags (ESTs) -- 4.4.2 Application of Protein Detection Microarray -- 4.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Protein Detection Arrays -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Analytical Techniques in Medical Biotechnology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Microscopy -- 5.1.1.1 Background and Types -- 5.1.2 Applications of Microscopy in Medical Biotechnology -- 5.2 Spectroscopy -- 5.2.1 Background and Types -- 5.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) -- 5.2.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy.
5.2.3.1 Absorption and Intensity Shift in UV-Visible Spectroscopy of Biomolecules -- 5.2.4 CD Spectroscopy -- 5.2.5 Applications of Spectroscopy in Medical Biotechnology -- 5.3 Chromatography -- 5.3.1 Principle -- 5.4 Radioisotopes and Their Application in Biological System -- 5.4.1 Histochemistry, Immunohistochemistry -- 5.5 Electrophoretic Techniques -- 5.5.1 Applications of Electrophoresis in Separation of Clinical Samples -- 5.6 Hybridization -- 5.6.1 Northern Blotting, Southern Blotting, Western Blotting, and Use of Probes in Blotting -- 5.7 ELISA -- 5.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Immunology in Medical Biotechnology -- 6.1 An Overview of Immune System, Types of immunity, Cells and Organs of Immune System -- 6.1.1 An Overview of Immune System -- 6.1.2 Types of Immunity -- 6.1.2.1 Innate Immunity -- Anatomical and Physiological Barriers -- 6.1.2.2 Adaptive Immunity -- 6.1.3 Cells and Organs of Immune System -- 6.1.3.1 Organs of the Immune System -- 6.1.3.2 Cells of Immune System -- 6.2 Human Immunogenetics, Basic Principles and Clinical Relevance -- 6.3 Antibody, Structure and Classification -- 6.3.1 Structure of Antibody -- 6.3.2 Classification of Antibodies -- 6.4 Antibody Production and Mechanisms Involved -- 6.4.1 Antibody Purification -- 6.5 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC Complex), Structure and Functions -- 6.5.1 MHC-I -- 6.5.2 MHC-II -- 6.6 Hypersensitivity Reaction -- 6.6.1 Allergy and Allergens -- 6.6.2 Role of Immunoglobulin E and Mast Cells in Allergy -- 6.7 Tumor Immunology -- 6.7.1 Acquired Immunodeficiency Disorder (AIDS) -- 6.7.1.1 Infection -- 6.7.2 Immunodeficiency Disease -- 6.7.3 Immune Tolerance -- 6.7.4 Autoimmunity -- 6.7.5 Transplantation -- 6.7.6 Graft Rejection -- 6.7.7 Graft Versus Host Reaction -- 6.8 Immune Cell Therapy -- References -- Chapter 7: Epigenetics and Medical Biotechnology.
7.1 Introduction to Epigenetics.
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Epigenetics to optogenetics : a new paradigm in the study of biology / / edited by Mumtaz Anwar [and four others]
