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Part I -- Growth of Intelligence through Inventions and Discoveries -- Chapter I. Ethnical Periods -- Progress of Mankind from, the Bottom of the Scale. - Illustrated by, Inventions, Discoveries and Institutions. - Two Plans of Government - one Gentile and Social, giving a Society (Societas); the other Political, giving a State (Civitas). - The former founded upon Persons and Gentilism; the Latter upon Territory and Property. - The First, the Plan of Government of Ancient Society. - The Second, that of Modern or Civilized Society. - Uniformity of Human Experience. - Proposed Ethnical Periods - I. Lower Status of Savagery; II. Middle Status of Savagery; III. Upper Status of Savagery; IV. Lower Status of Barbarism; V. Middle Status of Barbarism VI. Upper Status of Barbarism; VII. Status of Civilization. -- Chapter II. Arts of Subsistence -- Supremacy of Mankind over the Earth. - Control over Subsistence the Condition. - Mankind alone gained that Control. - Successive Arts of Subsistence - I. Natural Subsistence; II. Fish Subsistence; III. Farinaceous Subsistence; IV. Meat and Milk Subsistence; V. Unlimited Subsistence through Field Agriculture. - Long Intervals of Time between them. -- Chapter III. Ratio of Human Progress -- Retrospect on the Lines of Human Progress. - Principal Contributions of Modern Civilization. - Of Ancient Civilization. - Of Later Period of Barbarism. - Of Middle Period, - Of Older Period - Of Period of Savagery. - Humble Condition of Primitive Man. - Human Progress in a Geometrical Ratio. - Relative Length of Ethnical Periods. - Appearance of Semitic and Aryan Families. -- Part II -- Growth of the Idea of Government -- Chapter I. Organization of Society upon the Basis of Sex -- Australian Classes. - Organized upon Sex. - Archaic Character of the Organization. - Australian Gentes. - The Eight Classes. - Rule of Marriage. - Descent in the Female Line. - Stupendous Conjugal Systems - Two Male and Two Female Classes in each Gens. - Innovations upon the Classes. - Gens still Rudimentary. -- Chapter II. The Iroquois Gens -- The Gentile Organization. - Its Wide Prevalence. - Definition of a Gens. - Descent in the Female Line the Archaic Rule. - Rights, Privileges and Obligations of Members of a Gens. - Right of Electing and Deposing its Sachem and Chiefs. - Obligations not to marry in the Gens. - Mutual Rights of Inheritance of the Property of deceased Members. - Reciprocal Obligations or Help, Defence and Redress of injuries - Right of Naming its Members - Rights of Adopting Strangers into the Gens - Common Religious Rites, Query. - A Common Burial Place. - Council of the Gens - Gentes named after Animals. - Number of Persons in a Gens. -- Chapter III. The Iroquois Phratry -- Definition of a Phratry - Kindred Gentes Reunited in a Higher Organization. - Phratry of the Iroquois Tribes. - Its Composition. Its Uses and Functions. - Social arid Religious. - Illustrations. - The Analogue of the Grecian Phratry; but in its Archaic Form. Phratries of the Choctas. - Of the Chickasas. - Of the Mohegans. - Of the Thlinkeets. - Their Probable Universality in the Tribes of the American Aborigines. -- Chapter IV. The Iroquois Tribes -- The Tribe as an Organization - Composed of Gentes Speaking the same Dialect. - Separation in Area tea to Divergence of Speech, and Segmentation. - The Tribe a Natural Growth. - Illustrations. - Attributes of a Tribe - A Territory and Name, - An Exclusive Dialect - The Right to Invest and Depose ifs Sachems and Chiefs. - A Religious Faith and Worship. - A Council of Chiefs - A Head-Chief of Tribe in some Instances. - Three successive Forms of Gentile Government; First, a Government of One Power; Second, of Two Powers; Third, of Three Powers. -- Chapter V. The Iroquois Confederacy -- Confederacies Natural Growths. - Founded upon Common Gentes, and a Common Language. - The Iroquois Tribes. - Their Settlement in New York - Formation of the Confederacy. - Its Structure and Principles. - Fifty Sachemships Created - Made Hereditary in certain Gentes. - Number assigned to each Tribe. - These Sachems formed the Council of the Confederacy. - The Civil, Council. - Its Mode of Transacting Business. Unanimity Necessary to its Action. - The Mourning Council. - Mode of Raising up Sachems. - General Military Commanders. - This Office the Germ of that of a Chief Executive Magistrate, - Intellectual Capacity of the Iroquois. -- Chapter VI. Gentes in Other Tribes of the Ganowanian Family -- Divisions of American Aborigines. - Gentes in Indian Tribes; with their Rules of Descent and Inheritance - 1, Hodenosaunian Tribes. - 2, Dakotian - 3, Gulf 4, Pawnee - 5, Algonlcin - 6, Athapasco-Apache - 7, Tribes of Northwest Coast - Eskimos a Distinct Family - 8, Salish, Sahaptin, and Kootenay Tribes. - 9, Shoshonee. - 10, Village Indians of New Mexico, Mexico and Central America. - 11, South American Indian Tribes. - Probable Universality of the Organization in Gentes in the Ganowanian Family. -- Chapter VII. The Aztec Confederacy -- Misconception of Aztec Society. - Condition of Advancement. - Nahuatiac Tribes. - Their Settlement in Mexico. - Pueblo of Mexico founded, A.D. 13.25. - Aztec Confederacy established A.D. 1426. - Extent of Territorial Domination. - Probable Number of the People. - Whether or not the Aztec were organized in Gentes and Phratries. - The Council of Chiefs. - Its probable Functions. - Office held by Montezuma. - Elective in Tenure. - Deposition of Montezuma. - Probable Functions of the Office. - Aztec Institutions essentially Democratical. - The Government a Military Democracy. -- Chapter VIII. The Grecian Gens -- Early Condition of Grecian Tribes. - Organized into Gentes. - Changes in the Character of the Gens. - Necessity for a Political System. - Problem to be Solved. - The Formation of a State - Grote's Description of the Grecian Gentes. - Of their Phratries and Tribes. - Rights, Privileges and Obligations of the Members of the Gens. - Similar to those of the Iroquois Gens. - The Office of Chief of the Gens - Whether Elective or Hereditary. - The Gens die Basis of the Social System, - Antiquity of the Gentile Lineage. - Inheritance of Property. - Archaic and Final Rule. - Relationships between the Members of a Gens. - The Gens the Centre of Social and Religious Influence. -- Chapter IX. The Grecian Phratry, Tribe and Nation -- The Athenian Phratry - How Formed. - Definition of Dikaearchus. - Objects chiefly Religious. - The Phratriarch. - The Tribe. - Composed of Three Phratries - The Phylo-Basileus. - The Nation - Composed of Four Tribes. - Boule, or Council of Chiefs, - Agora, or Assembly of the People. - The Basileus. - Tenure of die Office. Military and Priestly Functions. - Civil Functions not shown. - Governments of the Heroic Age, Military Democracies. - Aristotle's Definition of a Basileus. - Later Athenian Democracy. - Inherited from the Gentes. - Its Powerful Influence upon Athenian Development. -- Chapter X. The Institution of Grecian Political Society -- Failure of the Gentes as a Basis of Government. - Legislation of Theseus. - Attempted Substitution of Classes. - Its Failure. - Abolition of the Office of Basileus. - The Archonship, - Naucraries and Trittyes. - Legislation of Solon. - The Property Classes. - Partial Transfer of Civil Power from the Gentes to the Classes. - Persons unattached to any Gens. - Made Citizens. - The Senate. - The Ecclesia. - Political Society partially attained, - Legislation of Cleisthenes. - Institution of Political Society. - The Attic Deme or Township. - Its Organization and Powers. - Its Local Self-government - The Local Tribe or District. - The Attic Common-wealth. - Athenian Democracy. -- Chapter XI. The Roman Gens -- Italian Tribes Organized in Gentes. - founding of Rome. - Tribes Organized into a Military Democracy - The Roman Gens. - Definition of a Gentilis by Cicero. - By Festus. - By Varro. Descent in Male Line. - Marrying out of the Gens. - Rights, Privileges and Obligations of the Members of a Gens - Democratic Constitution of Ancient Latin Society.
- Number of Persons in a Gens. -- Chapter XII. The Roman Curia, Tribe and Populus -- Roman Gentile Society. - Four Stages of Organization. - 1, The Gens; 2, The Curia, consisting of Ten Gentes; 3, The Tribe composed of Ten Curia; 4, The Populus Romanus, composed of Three Tribes. - Numerical Proportions. - How Produced. - Concentration of Gentes at Rome. - The Roman Senate. - Its Functions. - The Assembly of the People. - Its Powers, - The People Sovereign, - Office of Military Commander (Rex). - Its Powers and Functions. - Roman Gentile Institutions essentially Democratical. -- Chapter XIII. The Institution of Roman Political Society -- The Populus - The Plebeians. - The Clients. - The Patricians. - Limits of the Order. - Legislation of Servius Tullius. - Institution of Property Classes. - Of the Centuries - Unequal Suffrage - Comitia Curiata. - Supersedes Comitia Curiata. - Classes supersede the Gentes. - The Census. - Plebeians made Citizens. - Institution of City Wards - Of Country Townships. - Tribes increased to Four. - Made Local instead of Consanguine, - Character of New Political System. - Decline and Disappearance of Gentile Organization. - The Work it Accomplished. -- Chapter XIV. Change of Descent from the Female to the Male Line How the Change might have been made. - Inheritance of Property the Motive. - Descent in the Female Line among the Lycians. - The Cretans. - The Etruscans - Probably among the Athenians in the time of Cecrops. - The Hundred Families of the Locrians. - Evidence from Marriages, - Turanian System of Consanguinity among Grecian Tribes. - Legend of the Danaidae. -- Chapter XV. Gentes in Other Tribes of the Human Family -- The Scottish Clan - The Irish Sept. - Germanic Tribes. - Traces of a prior Gentile System, - Gentes in Southern Asiatic Tribes. - In Northern. - In Uralian Tribes. - Hundred Families of Chinese. - Hebrew Tribes. - Composed of Gentes and Phratries Apparently. - Gentes in African Tribes. - In Australian Tribes. - Subdivisions of Fejees and Rewas. - Wide Distribution of Gentile Organization. -- Part III -- Growth of the Idea of the Family -- Chapter I. The Ancient Family -- Five successive Forms of the Family - First the Consanguine Family. - It created the Malayan System of Consanguinity and Affinity. - - Second, the Punaluan. - It created the Turanian and Ganowanian System- - Third, the Monogamian. - It created the Aryan, Semitic, and Uralian system. - The Syndyasmian and Patriarchal Families Intermediate - Both failed to create a System of Consanguinity, - These Systems Natural Growths. - Two Ultimate Forms. - One Classificatory the other Descriptive. - General Principles of these Systems - Their Persistent Maintenance. -- Chapter II. The Consanguine Family -- Former Existence of this Family. - Proved by Malayan System of Consanguinity. - Hawaiian System used as Typical. - Five Grades of Relations. - Details of System. - Explained in its origin by the Intermarriage of Brothers and Sisters in a Group. - Early State of Society in the Sandwich Islands. - Nine Grades of Relations of the Chinese. - Identical in Principle with the Hawaiian. - Five Grade of Relations in Ideal Republic of Plato. - Table of Malayan System of Consanguinity and Affinity. -- Chapter III. The Punaluan Family -- The Punaluan Family supervened upon the Consanguine. - Transition, how Produced. - Hawaiian Custom of Punalua. - Its probable ancient Prevalence over wide Areas. - The Gentes originated probably in Punaluan Groups. - The Turanian System of Consanguinity. - Created by the Punaluan Family. - It proves the Existence of this Family when the System was formed. - Details of System. - Explanation of its Relationships in their Origin. - Table of Turanian and Ganowanian Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity. vChapter IV. The Syndyasmian and the Patriarchal Families -- The Syndyasmian Family. - How Constituted- - Its Characteristics. - Influence upon it of the Gentile Organization. - Propensity to Pair a late Development. - Ancient Society should be Studied where the highest Exemplifications are found. - The Patriarchal Family. - Paternal Power its Essential Characteristic. - Polygamy subordinate. - The Roman Family similar - Paternal Power unknown in previous Families. -- Chapter V. Monogamian Family -- This family comparatively Modern. - The term Familia. - Family of Ancient Germans - Of Homeric Greeks. - Of Civilized Greeks. - Seclusion of Wives. - Obligations of Monogamy not respected by the males. - The Roman Family. - Wives under Power. - Aryan System of Consanguinity. - It came in under Monogamy. - Previous System probably Turanian. - Transition from Turanian into Aryan. Roman and Arabic Systems of Consanguinity. - Details of the Former. - Present Monogamian Family. - Table of Roman And Arabic Systems. -- Chapter VI. Sequence of Institutions Connected with the Family -- Sequence in part Hypothetical. - Relation of these Institutions in the Order of their Origination. - Evidence of their Origination in the Order named. - Hypothesis of Degradation Considered. - The Antiquity of Mankind. -- A Note. On Mr. J. F. McLennan's "Primitive Marriage." -- Part IV -- Growth of the Idea of Property -- Chapter I. The Three Rules of Inheritance -- Property in the Status of Savagery. - Slow Rate of Progress. - First Rule of Inheritance. - Property Distributed among the Gentiles. - Property in the Lower Status of Barbarism. - Germ of Second Rule of Inheritance. - Distributed among Agnatic Kindred. - Improved Character of Man. - Property in Middle Status. - Rule of Inheritance imperfectly Known. - Agnatic Inheritance probable. -- Chapter II. Three Rules of Inheritance - Continued -- Property in the Upper status of Barbarism. - Slavery. - Tenure of Lands in Grecian Tribes. - Culture of the Period. - Its Brilliancy. - Third Rule of Inheritance. - Exclusively in Children. - Hebrew Tribes. - Rule of Inheritance. - Daughters of Zelophehad. - Property remained in the phratry and probably in the Gens. - The Reversion. - Athenian Inheritance. - Exclusively in Children. - The Reversion - Inheritance remained in the Gens. - Heiresses. - Wills. - Roman Inheritance. - The Reversion. - Property remained in the Gens. - Appearance of Aristocracy. - Property Career of Human Race. - Unity of Origin of Mankind.
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