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VOICE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN HUMANS AND MACHINES -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Voice Communication Between Humans and Machines-An Introduction -- ELEMENTS OF VOICE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY -- VOICE CODING -- VOICE SYNTHESIS -- SPEECH RECOGNITION -- SPEAKER RECOGNITION -- SPOKEN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION -- NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING -- COLLOQUIUM THEME -- SCIENTIFIC BASES OF HUMAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATION BY VOICE -- Scientific Bases of Human-Machine Communication by Voice -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- DIGITAL COMPUTATION AND MICROELECTRONICS -- SPEECH ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS -- SPEECH RECOGNITION AND UNDERSTANDING -- USABILITY ISSUES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- The Role of Voice in Human-Machine Communication -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- Background and Definitions -- Speech Analysis -- Speech Synthesis -- WHEN IS SPOKEN INTERACTION WITH COMPUTERS USEFUL? -- Voice Input -- Hands/Eyes-Busy Tasks -- Limited Keyboard/Screen Option -- Disability -- Subject Matter Is Pronunciation -- Voice Output -- Summary -- COMPARISON OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE WITH OTHER COMMUNICATION MODALITIES -- Spoken Language System Prototypes -- Spoken Language vs. Typed Language -- Research Methodology -- Comparison of Language-Based Communication Modalities -- Comparison of Natural Language Interaction with Alternative Modalities -- Direct Manipulation -- Natural Language Interaction -- Summary: Circumstances Favoring Spoken Language Interaction with Machines -- HUMAN FACTORS OBSTACLES TO SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS -- Spontaneous Speech -- Natural Language -- Interaction and Dialogue -- MULTIMODAL SYSTEMS -- SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON COMMUNICATION MODALITIES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Speech Communication-An Overview -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH TECHNOLOGY -- INCENTIVES IN SPEECH RESEARCH -- TECHNOLOGY STATUS -- Coding.
Recognition and synthesis. -- Talker verification. -- Autodirective microphone arrays. -- CRITICAL DIRECTIONS IN SPEECH RESEARCH -- Physics of Speech Generation -- Fluid-Dynamic Principles -- Computational Models of Language -- Information Processing in the Auditory System -- Auditory Behavior -- Coalescing Speech Coding, Synthesis, and Recognition -- Robust" Techniques for Speech Analysis -- Three Dimensional Sound Capture and Projection -- Integration of Sensory Modalities for Sight, Sound, and Touch -- SPEECH TECHNOLOGY PROJECTIONS-2000 -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- SPEECH SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY -- Computer Speech Synthesis: Its Status and Prospects -- SUMMARY -- Models of Speech Synthesis -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- Knowledge About Natural Speech -- Flexibility and Technical Dimensions -- The Sound-Generating Part -- Simple Waveform Concatenation -- Analysis-Synthesis Systems -- Source Models -- Formant-Based Terminal Analog -- Higher-Level Parameters -- Articulatory Models -- THE CONTROL PART -- Concatenation of Units -- Rules and Notations -- Automatic Learning -- SPEAKING CHARACTERISTICS AND SPEAKING STYLES -- MULTILINGUAL SYNTHESIS -- Speech Quality -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Linguistic Aspects of Speech Synthesis -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- CONSTRAINTS ON SPEECH PRODUCTION -- WORD-LEVEL ANALYSIS -- LETTER-TO-SOUND RULES -- MORPHOPHONEMICS AND LEXICAL STRESS -- ORTHOGRAPHIC CONVENTIONS -- PART-OF-SPEECH ASSIGNMENT -- PARSING -- PROSODIC MARKING -- DISCOURSE-LEVEL EFFECTS -- MULTILINGUAL SYNTHESIS -- THE FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- SPEECH RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY -- Speech Recognition Technology: A Critique -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- State of the Art in Continuous Speech Recognition -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SPEECH RECOGNITION PROBLEM -- General Synthesis/Recognition Process.
Units of Speech -- HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS -- Markov Chains -- Hidden Markov Models -- Phonetic HMMs -- A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- TRAINING AND RECOGNITION -- Feature Extraction -- Training -- Phonetic HMMs and Lexicon -- Grammar -- Recognition -- STATE OF THE ART -- Improvements in Performance -- Common Speech Corpora -- Acoustic Modeling -- Language Modeling -- Research Experimentation Cycle -- Sample Performance Figures -- Effects of Training and Grammar -- Speaker-Dependent vs. Speaker-Independent Recognition -- Adaptation -- Adding New Words -- REAL-TIME SPEECH RECOGNITION -- ALTERNATIVE MODELS -- Segmental Models -- Neural Networks -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Training and Search Methods for Speech Recognition -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTIMATION OF STATISTICAL PARAMETERS OF HMMS -- REMARKS ON THE ESTIMATION PROCEDURE -- FINDING THE MOST LIKELY PATH -- DECODING: FINDING THE MOST LIKELY WORD SEQUENCE -- REFERENCES -- NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY -- The Roles of Language Processing in a Spoken Language Interface -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- Background: The ARPA Spoken Language Program -- THE DUAL ROLE OF LANGUAGE PROCESSING -- Approaches to Spoken Language Understanding -- Interfacing Speech and Language -- Progress in Spoken Language Understanding -- THE ROLE OF DISCOURSE -- Constraints on Reference -- Constraints from Mixed Initiative -- Order in Problem Solving and Dialogue -- Discourse Constraints in a Spoken Language System -- EVALUATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Models of Natural Language Understanding -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- A BRIEF HISTORY OF NLP -- WHY IS NLP DIFFICULT? -- WHAT IS IN AN NLP SYSTEM? -- Syntax -- Semantics -- Discourse and Pragmatics -- Reasoning, Response Planning, and Response Generation -- Simplifying the Problem -- Another View -- HOW CAN NL SYSTEMS BE APPLIED AND EVALUATED?.
CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Integration of Speech with Natural Language Understanding -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- COPING WITH SPONTANEOUS SPOKEN LANGUAGE -- Language Phenomena in Spontaneous Speech -- Strategies for Handling Spontaneous Speech Phenomena -- ROBUSTNESS TO RECOGNITION ERRORS -- NATURAL LANGUAGE CONSTRAINTS IN RECOGNITION -- Models for Integration -- Architectures for Integration -- Word Lattice Parsing -- Dynamic Grammar Networks -- N-best Filtering or Rescoring -- Integration Results -- SPEECH CONSTRAINTS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- APPLICATIONS OF VOICE-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY I -- A Perspective on Early Commerical Applications of Voice-Processing Technology for Telecommunicationsand Aids for the… -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: TELEPHONE BASED -- CURRENT COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: AIDS TO THE HANDICAPPED -- CONCLUSION -- Applications of Voice-Processing Technology in Telecommunications -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE VISION -- THE ART OF SPEECH RECOGNITION AND SYNTHESIS -- APPLICATIONS OF SPEECH RECOGNITION AND SYNTHESIS -- SPEECH TECHNOLOGY TELECOMMUNICATIONS MARKET -- Cost Reduction vs. New Revenue Opportunities -- Automation of Operator Services -- Voice Access to Information over the Telephone Network -- Voice Dialing -- Voice-Interactive Phone Service -- Directory Assistance Call Completion -- Reverse Directory Assistance -- Telephone Relay Service -- FUTURE POSSIBILITIES -- Near-Term Technical Challenges -- Personal Communication Networks and Services -- Predictions -- REFERENCES -- Speech Processing for Physical and Sensory Disabilities -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- ASSISTIVE HEARING TECHNOLOGY -- Background -- Hearing Aids and Assistive Listening Devices -- Visual Sensory Aids -- Tactile Sensory Aids.
Direct Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory System -- Noise Reduction -- OTHER FORMS OF ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY INVOLVING VOICE COMMUNICATION -- Speech Processing for Sightless People -- Augmentative and Alternative Communication -- Assistive Voice Control: Miscellaneous Applications -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- APPLICATIONS OF VOICE-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY II -- Commercial Applications of Speech Interface Technology: An Industry at the Threshold -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- TECHNOLOGY -- THE ADVANCED SPEECH TECHNOLOGY MARKET -- RECENT MARKET TRENDS -- MARKET SIZE -- RECENT SIGNIFICANT COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS -- FUTURE APPLICATIONS -- Military and Government Applications of Human-Machine Communication by Voice -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND NEEDS -- SUMMARY OF VISITS AND CONTACTS -- ARMY APPLICATIONS -- NAVY APPLICATIONS -- AIR FORCE APPLICATIONS -- AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL APPLICATIONS -- LAW ENFORCEMENT APPLICATIONS -- SUMMARY OF USERS AND APPLICATIONS -- TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT -- Deployment of Human-Machine Dialogue Systems -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY OF A VOICE DIALOGUE APPLICATION -- Dimensions of the Speech Recognition Task -- Dimensions of the Language-Understanding Task -- Dimensions of the Speech Synthesis Task -- Additional Dimensions of Difficulty -- Examples of Speech Applications -- PROCEDURE FOR DEPLOYMENT OF SPEECH APPLICATIONS -- The Art of Human-Machine Dialogues -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- What Does Voice-Processing Technology Support Today? -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES -- Hardware Technology -- Microprocessors -- Digital Signal Processors -- Equipment and Systems -- Application Technology Trend -- Development Environment for DSP -- Application Development Environment.
Speech Input/Output Operating Systems.
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Voice communication between humans and machines [[electronic resource] /] / David B. Roe and Jay G. Wilpon, editors
