Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Balancing the Benefits to Agriculture and Adverse Ecotoxicological Impacts of Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Benefits of Inorganic Nanoparticles to Agriculture -- 2.1 Nanopesticides -- 2.1.1 Silicon Nanoparticles -- 2.1.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 2.2 Nanofertilizers -- 2.2.1 Micronutrient Nanoparticles -- 2.2.2 Macronutrient Nanoparticles -- 2.2.3 Nutrient-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 3 Adverse Ecotoxicological Impacts of Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 3.1 Interactions of Nanoproducts and Ecosystem -- 3.2 Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of NPs -- 4 Risk Analysis and Legislation -- 5 Conclusion and Perspective -- References -- Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Fertilizer-Based Nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bottom-Up -- 2.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis -- 2.2 Reduction -- 2.3 Precipitation -- 2.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal -- 2.5 Flame Spray Pyrolysis -- 3 Top-Down -- 3.1 Development of Nanosuspension Fertilizers -- 3.1.1 Raw Materials -- 3.1.2 Determining the Components and Nutrients -- Water- or Oil-Based -- With Surfactants -- With Thickener -- Other Additives -- 3.1.3 The Suspensions Tripod -- Particle Size Distribution -- Viscosity -- Surfactant -- 3.1.4 Preparation of the Fertilizer -- 3.1.5 Quality Control during the Development Tests -- 3.1.6 Compatibility Tests -- 3.1.7 Scale-Up, Field Trials, and Other Regulatory Processes -- 3.2 Process and Equipment -- 3.2.1 Wet Grinding Process and Equipment -- Reactor -- Mill -- Beads -- The Stress Energy of the Grinding Beads and the Stress Intensity on the Particles -- The Number of Stress Events -- The Specific Grinding Energy -- The Residence Time Distribution -- 3.2.2 Dry Nanoscale Raw Materials -- 3.3 Quality Control -- 3.3.1 Process Analysis -- Particle Size Distribution -- Viscosity -- pH.
Density -- 3.3.2 Final Analyses -- Nutrient Content -- Zeta (ζ) Potential -- Aging Test -- 3.4 Filling -- 3.4.1 Nanosuspo-Emulsions and Nanoemulsions -- 4 Final Discussion -- References -- Nanoparticles on Seed Performance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Seed Germination Process: Three-Phase Pattern of Water Uptake -- 3 Strategies for Application of Nanoparticles in Seeds -- 4 Purposes of Seed Treatments with Nanoparticles -- 5 Factors Considered in Assessing the Effect of Nanoparticles in Seed Treatment -- 6 Effects of Nanoparticles on Seed Performance in Different Species -- 6.1 Positive Effects -- 6.2 Negative Effects -- 7 Final Remarks -- References -- Biological Barriers, Processes, and Transformations at the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Interfaces Driving the Uptake, Translocation, and Bioavailability of Inorganic Nanoparticles to Plants -- 1 Introduction: Nano-Formulations Targeting Specific Plant Compartments -- 2 The Soil-Root Interface -- 2.1 The Rhizosphere, a Biologically Active Interface -- 2.2 Biogeochemical Processes in the Rhizosphere Influencing NP Transformation and Immobilization -- 2.3 Reaching the Rhizoplane and Entering the Root -- 2.4 Moving to the Xylem and Translocating above Ground -- 3 The Phylloplane -- 3.1 Above-Ground Application Strategies -- 3.2 Leaf Barriers -- 3.3 Entering the Leaf and Interacting with Mesophyll Cells -- 3.4 Reaching and Loading the Phloem -- 4 In Planta Translocation and Transport -- 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Plant Biostimulation with Nanomaterials: A Physiological and Molecular Standpoint -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanomaterials in Ecosystems -- 3 Impact of Nanomaterials on Cellular Surfaces and Apoplast -- 3.1 The Cell Surface Charges -- 3.2 The Surface Charges of NMs -- 3.3 Corona and Cell Surface Interactions -- 4 Cellular Internalization and Compartmentalization of Nanomaterials.
5 Transportation of Nanomaterials between the Organs of the Plant -- 6 Perspective of Crops Biostimulation with Nanomaterials -- References -- Copper-Based Nanoparticles for Pesticide Effects -- 1 Introduction: Importance of Copper in Agriculture -- 2 Nanotechnology: Definition and Applications in Agriculture -- 2.1 Copper Nanoparticles (Cu NPs) and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) -- 2.2 Chemical and Biological Routes to Prepare cu NPs and CuO NPs -- 2.3 Copper-Based Nanocomposites in Agriculture -- 3 Applications of Cu-Based Nanoparticles as Nanopesticides -- 4 Phytotoxic Effects of Cu-Based Nanopesticides -- 5 Final Remarks -- References -- Nanoparticles in Biosensor Design for the Agrifood Sector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanoparticle Classification -- 2.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles -- 2.2 Metal Nanoparticles -- 2.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 3 Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 3.1 Top-Down Methods -- 3.2 Bottom-up Syntheses -- 3.2.1 Solution-Based Methods for Nanocrystal Growth -- 3.2.2 The "Hot-Injection" Technique -- 3.2.3 Growth Mechanisms of Hybrid Nanoparticles -- 4 Post-Synthesis Functionalization -- 5 Characterization -- 5.1 Morphological and Structural Characterizations -- 5.2 Particle Size and Surface Area Characterization -- 5.2.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 5.2.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 5.2.3 Dynamic Light Scattering -- 5.3 Optical Characterizations -- 5.3.1 Optical Characterization of Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 5.3.2 Optical Properties of Noble Metal NPs: Surface Plasmon Absorption -- 6 Applications of Nano(Bio)Sensors in the Agrifood Sector -- 6.1 Crop Field Monitoring of Pesticides, Nutrients, and Pathogens -- 6.2 Food Processing -- 6.3 Food Packaging -- 6.4 Food Quality and Safety Analysis -- 7 Regulatory Aspects and Consumer Perception -- 8 Conclusion -- References.
Physicochemical Properties of Inorganic Nanopesticides/Nanofertilizers in Aqueous Media and Tank Mixtures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Market, Intellectual Property, and Technology Analyses -- 3 Physicochemical Concepts and Properties of Nanosystems -- 4 Tank Mix Compatibility -- 5 Final Remarks -- References -- Inorganic Nanoparticles to Promote Crop Health and Stimulate Growth -- 1 Nanoparticles to Enhance Plant Growth and Increase Yield -- 2 Nanoparticles to Boost Plant Nutrition -- 3 Engineered Nanomaterials for Plant Disease Management -- 4 Nanoparticles to Alleviate Environmental Stressors -- 5 Future Implications -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Metal- and Metalloid-Based Nanofertilizers and Nanopesticides for Advanced Agriculture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanofertilizers -- 2.1 Nanopriming -- 2.2 Essential Metal-Based Nanofertilizers -- 2.2.1 Cu-Based NPs -- 2.2.2 Zn-Based NPs -- 2.2.3 Fe-Based NPs -- 2.2.4 Mg-Based NPs -- 2.2.5 Mn-Based NPs -- 2.3 Other Plant Growth-Stimulating Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 2.3.1 AgNPs -- 2.3.2 Ca-Based NPs -- 2.3.3 TiO2 NPs -- 2.3.4 Si and SiO2 NPs -- 2.3.5 SeNPs -- 2.4 Slow-Release Mineral Fertilizers with Microporous Structure -- 3 Herbicidal Effects of Metal-Based NPs -- 4 Insecticidal Formulations of Inorganic NPs -- 4.1 AgNPs -- 4.2 Fe-Based NPs -- 4.3 Cu-Based NPs -- 4.4 ZnO NPs -- 4.5 NiO NPs -- 4.6 TiNPs and TiO2 NPs -- 4.7 Other Metal-Based NPs -- 4.8 SiNPs and SiO2 NPs -- 4.9 Zeolites -- 5 Plant Protection by Inorganic Nanosized Bactericides, Fungicides, and Antiviral Agents -- 5.1 Antiviral Nanoparticles for Plant Protection -- 5.2 Antibacterial Nanoparticles for Plant Protection -- 5.3 Antifungal Nanoparticles for Plant Protection -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Inorganic Porous Nanoparticles as Pesticide or Nutrient Carriers -- 1 Introduction.
2 Nanoparticles as Active Ingredients and Carriers of Active Ingredients -- 2.1 Silica Nanoparticles -- 2.2 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles -- 2.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- 2.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 2.5 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles -- 2.6 Clay Nanoparticles -- 3 Impact of Size and Surface Properties for Efficient Uptake in Foliar and Root Systems -- 4 Surface Functionalization to Facilitate Uptake and to Target Delivery -- 5 Stimuli-Responsive Porous Nanocarriers -- 6 Conclusions -- References.
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