| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Subsoil Constraints for Crop Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview of Subsoil Constraints Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2: The Geological, Geomorphological, Climatic, and Hydrological Background of Tropical Regoliths and Hostile Subsoils: The Brazilian Landmass -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Regoliths and Subsoils -- 2.3 The Brazilian Regoliths -- 2.4 Long-Term Weathering and Brazilian Subsoils -- 2.4.1 The Kaolinitic Mantle -- 2.4.2 Ironstone or Ferricrete Mantles -- 2.4.3 Types of Tropical Alteration and Subsoil Formation -- 2.4.4 The Deep Subsoil Composition -- 2.4.5 Latosols and Similar Soils Overly Deep Weathered Saprolites in Brazil -- 2.5 Hydrogeological Characteristics of Deep Subsoils -- 2.6 Dating of Brazilian Subsoils, Age of Regoliths, and Rates of Denudation -- 2.7 Brazilian Subsoils: Hostile for What or Whom? -- 2.7.1 The Nature of Brazilian Subsoils and Their Environmental Limitations -- 2.7.2 Mineral Resistance to Weathering in Tropical Brazil -- 2.8 The Way Forward: Regolith and Subsoils Within the Critical Zone (CZ) Concept -- References -- Chapter 3: Soil Acidity and Acidification -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Soil Acidification and the Development of Acid Subsoils (Soil pH Gradients) -- 3.3 Identifying and Diagnosing Subsoil Acidity -- 3.4 Minimisation of Subsoil Acidification -- 3.5 Ameliorating Subsoil Acidity Using Lime and Other Amendments -- 3.6 Future Farming Practices to Combat Subsoil Acidity -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Salinity, Sodicity and Alkalinity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Salinisation Processes: Subsoil Accumulation of Salts -- 4.2.1 Groundwater-Associated Salinity -- 4.2.2 Transient Salinity Not Associated with Groundwater Processes -- 4.2.3 Salinity Induced by Irrigation.
4.3 Physical and Chemical Processes Influencing Salinity and Sodicity -- 4.4 Mechanisms of Salinity-Reducing Crop Production -- 4.5 Effect of Exchangeable Cations (Including Sodicity) and Soluble Anions on Soil Structural Stability -- 4.5.1 Role of Exchangeable Cations and Soluble Anions in Clay Swelling and Dispersion -- 4.6 Alkalinity and High Soil pH -- 4.7 Categories of Salt-Affected Soils -- 4.8 Managing Subsoil Constraints Due to Salinity, Sodicity (Dispersivity) and Alkalinity -- 4.8.1 Reclamation of Saline Subsoil -- 4.8.2 Amelioration of Subsoil Sodicity and Soil Dispersivity -- 4.8.3 Correction of Subsoil Alkalinity -- References -- Chapter 5: Pyritic Subsoils in Acid Sulfate Soils and Similar Problems in Mined Areas with Sulfidic Rocks -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Thionic Soils -- 5.3 Prediction of Acid Drainage -- 5.4 Prevention and Soil Remediation Opportunities for Acid Sulfate Materials -- 5.5 Treatment of Acid Discharge Water -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Physical Subsoil Constraints of Agricultural and Forestry Land -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Soil Compaction and Land Use -- 6.2.1 Conventional and No-Tillage Farming -- 6.2.2 Livestock/Pasture -- 6.2.3 Planted Forests -- 6.3 Compaction and Impacts on Soil Functions -- 6.4 Assessment Methods of Soil Compaction -- 6.5 Soil Compaction Management -- 6.6 Compaction Susceptibility -- 6.7 Final Comments -- References -- Chapter 7: Subsoil and Surface Soil Constraints of Mined Land and Tailings -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Compaction and High Soil Strength -- 7.3 Soil Texture: Soil Water and Chemical Constraints -- 7.4 Chemical Limitations of the Subsoil -- 7.5 Overcoming Multiple Soil Constraints for Brazilian Bauxite Rehabilitation in High Rainfall Environments -- 7.6 Recovery After Iron Ore Mining and Tailing Dam Collapse in Brazil -- 7.7 Final Remarks -- References.
Chapter 8: Sand and Gravel Subsoils -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Definitions -- 8.3 Geological Origin -- 8.4 Geographical Distribution -- 8.5 Effect of Sand and Gravel Subsoils on Root Density and Function -- 8.6 Effect of Sand and Gravel Subsoils on Plant-Soil Water Relations -- 8.7 Effect of Sand and Gravel Subsoils on Nutrient Acquisition -- 8.8 Agronomic Management of Sand and Gravelly Subsoils -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Soilborne Pathogens -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fungi and Fungus-Like Pathogens -- 9.2.1 Fusarium -- 9.2.2 Macrophomina -- 9.2.3 Phytophthora -- 9.2.4 Pythium -- 9.2.5 Rhizoctonia -- 9.2.6 Sclerotium -- 9.3 Bacterial Pathogens -- 9.3.1 Wilt -- 9.3.2 Deformations -- 9.3.3 Soft Rot -- 9.4 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes -- 9.4.1 Root-Knot Nematodes -- 9.4.2 Cyst Nematodes -- 9.4.3 Root Lesion Nematodes -- 9.5 Control Measures -- 9.6 Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10: Root Systems of Agricultural Crops and Their Response to Physical and Chemical Subsoil Constraints -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Overview of the Root System of the Main Cultivated Species -- 10.3 Response of the Root System of Major Agricultural Crops to Soil Physical Constraints -- 10.4 Response of the Root System of Major Agricultural Crops to Soil Chemical Constraints -- 10.4.1 Soil pH -- 10.4.2 Aluminium Toxicity -- 10.4.3 Heavy Metals, Toxic Elements and Micronutrients -- 10.4.4 Macronutrients -- 10.4.5 Sodicity -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Roots and Beneficial Interactions with Soil Microbes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mycorrhizal Associations -- 11.2.1 Benefits of Mycorrhizal Associations -- 11.2.2 Role in Carbon Cycling -- 11.2.3 Mycorrhizal Associations and Nutrient Acquisition -- 11.2.4 Mycorrhizal Activity in Subsoils -- 11.2.5 Application of Mycorrhiza in Agriculture and Forestry -- 11.3 Biological Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria.
11.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi -- 11.5 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria -- 11.6 Plant Soil Feedback (PSF) and Plant Microbiome -- 11.7 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 12: Nutrient Acquisition with Particular Reference to Subsoil Constraints -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Root Types and Distribution -- 12.3 Root Growth in Heterogeneous Soil -- 12.4 Root Growth Under Drought -- 12.5 Root Growth with Subsoil Constraints -- 12.5.1 Physical Constraints -- 12.5.2 Chemical Constraints -- Nutrient Deficiencies -- Soil Acidity -- Alkalinity/Sodicity -- Salinity -- 12.6 Subsoil Nutrient Acquisition -- 12.6.1 Nutrient Mobilization in Subsoils -- 12.6.2 Nutrient Translocation From Subsoils -- 12.6.3 Nutrient Re-allocation to Subsoils -- 12.7 Modelling Subsoil Nutrient Acquisition -- 12.8 Crop Response to Deep Fertilization -- 12.8.1 Soil Types -- 12.8.2 Plant Species -- 12.8.3 Tillage Practice -- 12.8.4 Hydraulic Redistribution -- 12.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Water Acquisition by Roots From the Subsoil: Impact of Physical Constraints on the Dynamics of Water Capture -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Conditions for Optimum Root Growth and Function -- 13.2.1 Temperature -- 13.2.2 Aeration -- 13.2.3 Water Status -- 13.2.4 Mechanical Resistance -- 13.3 Soil Water Availability -- 13.4 Rate at Which Roots Explore the Soil Profile -- 13.5 Maximum Depth of Soil Exploration -- 13.6 Efficiency of Extraction From a Soil Layer -- 13.7 Consequences for Seasonal Crop Water Use -- 13.8 Future Research Needs -- 13.8.1 Soil-Root Interface -- 13.8.2 Crop Management and Soil Pores -- 13.8.3 Quantifying Importance -- References -- Chapter 14: Deep Soil Carbon: Characteristics and Measurement with Particular Bearing on Kaolinitic Profiles -- 14.1 Definitions -- 14.2 Possible Sources of Organic Carbon and Its Occurrence in Deep Soils.
14.2.1 Plant Roots -- 14.2.2 Other Living Sources of Carbon -- 14.3 Stability of Deep Soil Carbon -- 14.4 Age of Deep Soil Carbon -- 14.5 Methodology to Study Deep Soil Carbon -- 14.5.1 Carbon Quantification Methods -- Dry Combustion Method -- Wet Digestion Method -- Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- 14.5.2 Soil Organic Matter Characterization Methods -- Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy -- Chromatographic Technique Coupled with Mass Spectroscopy -- 14.6 Carbon Components as a Tool for Identifying Sources of Soil Organic Carbon -- 14.7 Deep Soils and Deep Carbon -- 14.7.1 Deep Soils in the World -- 14.7.2 Deep Soils in South-Western Australia -- 14.7.3 Deep Roots and Land-Use Change in South-Western Australia -- 14.7.4 Deep Carbon Storage and Composition in South-Western Australia -- 14.8 Summary Remarks -- References -- Chapter 15: Live Subsoils: Tropical Regolith and Biota Interactions -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Importance of Soil Fauna and Vegetation in Regolith Formation -- 15.3 The Biological Turnover of Soils -- 15.3.1 The Termites: Evolution, Role, Long Term Effects -- 15.3.2 Ants and Subsoils: A Complementary Effect for Deep Latosol Formation and Regolith Deepening -- 15.4 Age of Soil and Biological Turnover -- 15.4.1 Dynamic Landscape Denudation -- 15.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 16: Subsoil Constraints for Crop Production: Recent Advances, New Technologies, and Priorities for Further Research -- 16.1 Extent and Severity of Subsoil Constraints -- 16.2 Deeply Weathered Soils -- 16.3 Field and Farm-Scale Variability and Diagnosis -- 16.4 Multiple Subsoil Constraints -- 16.5 Nutrients in Subsoil -- 16.6 Subsoil Acidity and Acidification -- 16.7 Salinity, Alkalinity, and Sodicity -- 16.8 Soil Physical Constraints -- 16.9 Sand and Gravel-Rich Subsoils -- 16.10 Biological Subsoil Constraints -- 16.11 Root Penetration Rates and Biopores.
16.12 Conclusions.
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Studio chimico-agrario dei terreni della piana del fiume Alento (Salerno) / G. Leone, D. Imbrici
