| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction to Airborne Particulate Matter: Source, Chemistry and Health -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- References -- 2: Emission Sources of Particulate Matter -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of Particulate Matter -- 2.3 Sources of Particulate Matter -- 2.3.1 Stationary Sources -- 2.3.1.1 Natural Stationary Sources -- 2.3.1.2 Anthropogenic Stationary Sources -- 2.3.2 Mobile Sources -- 2.3.2.1 Natural Mobile Sources -- 2.3.2.2 Anthropogenic Mobile Sources -- 2.3.3 Secondary Particulate Matter -- 2.4 PM Emission Inventory: Global Approach -- 2.4.1 Development Methods -- 2.4.1.1 Bottom-Up Method -- 2.4.1.2 Top-Down Method -- 2.4.2 Emission Factor -- 2.5 Composition of Particulate Matter -- 2.6 Dynamics of Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere -- 2.6.1 Junge Distributions -- 2.6.2 Gamma Distributions -- 2.6.3 Log-Normal Distributions -- 2.7 Properties of Particulate Matter -- 2.7.1 Morphology -- 2.7.2 Hygroscopic Property -- 2.7.3 Optical Property -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Geographical Distribution and Transport of Atmospheric Particulate Matter -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geographical distribution of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) -- 3.3 Composition of Atmospheric PM -- 3.4 Meaning of Distribution and Transport of PM in Environment -- 3.5 Cause of Distribution and Transport of PM and Factors That Affected Its Distribution and Transport -- 3.6 Air Dispersion Modelling -- 3.7 Effect of Transport and Dispersion of PM in Atmosphere -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Airborne Particles in Indoor and Outdoor Environments -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Potential Sources: Outdoor and Indoor Airborne Particles -- 4.3 Measurement Methods of PM Mass.
4.4 Physical, Chemical, and Optical Characteristics of Airborne Particles -- 4.5 Impact of Airborne Particles on the Earth´s Radiation Balance -- 4.6 The Role of Airborne Particles in Affecting Air Quality, Visibility, and the Hydrological Cycle -- 4.7 Global Distribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosols -- 4.8 Global Distribution of Outdoor Pollutants -- 4.9 Air Pollutants in Indoor Environments -- 4.10 Impact of Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health -- 4.11 Summary -- References -- 5: High-Resolution Ambient Record of Aerosols over Delhi and Associated Typical Health Effects -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Air Quality Guidelines -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Air Pollution Monitoring in Delhi -- 5.3.2 Study Site -- 5.3.3 Data Source and Study Period -- 5.3.4 CBPF Analysis -- 5.3.5 PSCF Analysis -- 5.3.6 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.7 PM2.5/PM10 Ratio -- 5.3.8 Influence of Meteorology -- 5.3.9 PSCF Analysis -- 5.4 A Brief Review on Air Pollution and Public Health -- 5.4.1 Household Air Pollution (HAP) and Its Health Effects -- 5.4.2 Sources and Pollutants -- 5.4.3 Health Status -- 5.4.4 Health Effects -- 5.4.5 Vulnerable Population -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Characterization of Primary and Secondary Airborne Particulates -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Primary and Secondary Airborne Particulate Matters -- 6.3 Emission Sources -- 6.3.1 Natural Sources -- 6.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 6.4 Characterization of Airborne Particulate Matter -- 6.4.1 Physical Properties -- 6.4.1.1 Textural Properties -- 6.4.1.2 Particle Diameters -- Stokes Diameter -- Aerodynamic Diameter (Da) -- 6.4.1.3 Shape -- 6.4.1.4 Density -- 6.4.1.5 Size -- Particle Size Distribution -- Size Fractions of PMs -- Relative Humidity´s Impact on Particle Size -- 6.4.1.6 Deliquescence -- 6.4.2 Chemical Characterization.
6.4.2.1 Chemical Components of Airborne Particulate Matter -- Inorganic and Organic Fraction -- 6.4.2.2 Biological Components of Airborne Particulate Matter -- 6.5 Formation Pathways -- 6.5.1 Mechanisms of Particle Formation -- 6.5.2 Atmospheric Ageing -- 6.5.3 Gas-to-Particle Formation -- 6.5.4 Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) -- 6.6 Removal Pathways -- 6.6.1 Atmospheric Lifetimes -- 6.6.2 Dispersion -- 6.6.3 Deposition -- 6.7 PM Characterization Techniques -- 6.7.1 Gravimetric Approach -- 6.7.2 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy -- 6.7.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 6.7.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) -- 6.7.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) -- 6.7.5.1 Manual SEM -- 6.7.5.2 Computer Controlled SEM (CCSEM) -- 6.7.5.3 SEM Integrated with Image Analysing Techniques -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Toxicological Implications of Fine Particulates: Sources, Chemical Composition, and Possible Underlying Mechanism -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Air Quality Standards for Fine Particulate Matter -- 7.3 Sources of Fine Particulates -- 7.4 Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate Matter -- 7.4.1 Organic Compounds -- 7.4.2 Inorganic Compounds -- 7.4.3 Carbonaceous Species -- 7.4.4 Biological Components -- 7.5 Transport of Fine Particles -- 7.6 Deposition Processes of Fine Particles -- 7.7 Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matter -- 7.8 Host Responsiveness to Fine Particulate Pollution -- 7.9 Biological Mechanisms of Action of Fine Particulate Matter -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Bioaerosol and Its Impact on Human Health -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Bioaerosol Sampling Techniques -- 8.2.1 Impaction -- 8.2.2 Impingement -- 8.2.3 Filtration -- 8.2.4 Gravity -- 8.2.5 Electrostatic Precipitation and Cyclone -- 8.2.6 Thermal Precipitator -- 8.2.7 Condensation Technique -- 8.3 Types of Bioaerosol -- 8.3.1 Pollen.
8.3.2 Fungi -- 8.3.3 Bacteria -- 8.3.4 Virus -- 8.4 Sources of Bioaerosol -- 8.4.1 Bioaerosol Emission Mechanism -- 8.4.1.1 Abrasive Dislodgment -- 8.4.1.2 Bubble Burst -- 8.5 Environment-Specific `Bioaerosols´ -- 8.6 `Bioaerosols´: Pay-Off Human Health and the Environment -- 8.6.1 Infectious Diseases (Species-Specific) -- 8.6.1.1 Bacteria Caused Infectious Diseases -- 8.6.1.2 Fungus Caused Infectious Diseases -- 8.6.1.3 Virus Caused Infectious Disease -- 8.6.2 Non-infectious Diseases -- 8.6.3 Respiratory Diseases -- 8.6.4 Concentration Size and Genera-Based Bioaerosols and Their Related Ill Effects to Health -- 8.6.5 Standards and Guidelines of Agencies Showing Concentration vs. Toxicity to Human Health -- 8.6.6 Bioterrorism Related to Bioaerosols and Episodic Outbreak of Pandemics due to Hazardous Bioaerosols -- 8.6.6.1 Classification of Bioterrorism Agents -- 8.6.6.2 Episodic Outbreak: Bioaerosol and Pandemic -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Human Health Effects of Particulate Matter -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Particulate Matter: Definition, Source, Composition, and Health Implications -- Box 1 Classification of PM Based on Size -- 9.3 Mechanism of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Damage by PM -- 9.4 Impact of PM on Respiratory System: Experimental and Epidemiological Evidences -- 9.4.1 Declined Pulmonary Functions -- 9.4.2 Activation of Neutrophils and Eosinophils in the Airways -- 9.4.3 Severe Pulmonary Inflammation -- 9.4.4 Activation and Alteration of T-Helper-Mediated Immune Response -- 9.4.5 Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Epithelial Damage, and Lung Dysfunction -- 9.5 Impact of PM on CVS: Experimental and Epidemiological Evidences -- 9.5.1 Endothelial Dysfunction -- 9.5.2 Vasoconstriction, Arterial Stiffness, and BP -- 9.5.3 Arrhythmia, Heart Failure, Cardiac Remodeling, and MI -- 9.5.4 Thrombosis and Coagulation -- 9.5.5 Atherosclerosis.
9.6 Impact of PM on CNS: Experimental and Epidemiological Evidences -- 9.6.1 PM-Induced Neuropathology: A Cellular View -- 9.7 Preventive Measures and Amelioration -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Impacts and Responses of Particulate Matter Pollution on Vegetation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Role of Plants as Biofilter and Biomonitor of Atmospheric Particulate Matter -- 10.3 Anatomical/Morphological Effect of PM on Plants -- 10.4 Effect of Particulate Pollution on Crop Health -- 10.5 Physiological Effect of PM on Plants -- 10.6 Biochemical effect of PM on Plants -- 10.7 Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter and Its Effect on Plant System -- 10.8 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Mitigation and Management of Ambient Particulate Matter -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Framework for the Management of Ambient PM -- 11.2.1 Source -- 11.2.2 Atmosphere: The Transmitting Medium -- 11.2.3 Receptor -- 11.3 Emission Control Approaches -- 11.3.1 Stationary Point Sources -- 11.3.1.1 Pre-combustion Treatment -- 11.3.1.2 Combustion Modification -- 11.3.1.3 Post-combustion Treatment -- PM -- 11.3.1.4 Precursor Gases: SO2 and NOx -- 11.3.2 Non-stationary Point Sources -- 11.3.2.1 Vehicle Emissions -- Case Study: New Delhi Transportation System -- 11.3.2.2 Ship Emissions -- 11.3.3 Residential Burning -- Case Study: Coal-to-Gas Project in China -- 11.3.4 Fugitive Emissions -- 11.4 Management Approaches -- 11.4.1 Impact Assessment Tools -- 11.4.2 PM Management Regulations -- Case Study: Emission Trading Programmes -- 11.4.3 Social Upliftment Programmes -- 11.4.4 Vegetation Management -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12: Particulate Matter Regulatory Policies: National and Global Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Particulate Matter (PM): A Global Concern -- 12.2.1 Understanding Standards -- 12.2.2 Standards for PM.
12.3 Identifying PM Emission from Transport Sector.
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Air quality management / edited by Ronald E. Hester, Roy M. Harrison
