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Cover -- Brief Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface -- New Content -- See the Big Picture -- Make Connections Visually -- Practice Scientific Skills -- Interpret Data -- Explore the Impact of Genomics -- Study Anytime, Anywhere -- Learn Through Assessment -- Supplements -- Featured Figures -- Interviews and Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Reviewers -- Detailed Contents -- Chapter 1 : Biology and Its Themes -- Inquiring About Life -- Concept 1.1 : The study of life reveals common themes -- Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization -- Theme: Life's Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information -- Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter -- Theme: From Ecosystems to Molecules, Interactions are Important in Biological Systems -- Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology -- Concept 1.2 : The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life -- Classifying the Diversity of Life -- Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection -- The Tree of Life -- Concept 1.3 : In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses -- Making Observations -- Forming and Testing Hypotheses -- The Flexibility of the Scientific Process -- A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations -- Experimental Variables and Controls -- Theories in Science -- Concept 1.4 : Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints -- Building on the Work of Others -- Science, Technology, and Society -- The Value of Diverse Viewpoints in Science -- Unit 1 : The Role of Chemistry in Biology -- Chapter 2 : Atoms and Molecules -- A Chemical Connection to Biology -- Concept 2.1 : Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds -- Elements and Compounds.
The Elements of Life -- Case Study: Evolution of Tolerance to Toxic Elements -- Concept 2.2 : An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms -- Subatomic Particles -- Atomic Number and Atomic Mass -- Isotopes -- The Energy Levels of Electrons -- Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties -- Electron Orbitals -- Concept 2.3 : The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms -- Covalent Bonds -- Ionic Bonds -- Weak Chemical Bonds -- Molecular Shape and Function -- Concept 2.4 : Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds -- Chapter 3 : The Chemistry of Water -- The Molecule That Supports All of Life -- Concept 3.1 : Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding -- Concept 3.2 : Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's suitability for life -- Cohesion of Water Molecules -- Moderation of Temperature by Water -- Floating of Ice on Liquid Water -- Water: The Solvent of Life -- Possible Evolution of Life on Other Planets -- Concept 3.3 : Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms -- Acids and Bases -- The pH Scale -- Buffers -- Acidification: A Threat to Water Quality -- Chapter 4 : Carbon: The Basis of Molecular Diversity -- Carbon: The Backbone of Life -- Concept 4.1 : Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds -- Organic Molecules and the Origin of Life on Earth -- Concept 4.2 : Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms -- The Formation of Bonds with Carbon -- Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons -- Concept 4.3 : A few chemical groups are key to molecular function -- The Chemical Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life -- ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes -- The Chemical Elements of Life: A Review -- Chapter 5 : Biological Macromolecules and Lipids.
The Molecules of Life -- Concept 5.1 : Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers -- The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers -- The Diversity of Polymers -- Concept 5.2 : Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material -- Sugars -- Polysaccharides -- Concept 5.3 : Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules -- Fats -- Phospholipids -- Steroids -- Concept 5.4 : Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions -- Amino Acid Monomers -- Polypeptides (Amino Acid Polymers) -- Protein Structure and Function -- Concept 5.5 : Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information -- The Roles of Nucleic Acids -- The Components of Nucleic Acids -- Nucleotide Polymers -- The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules -- Concept 5.6 : Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications -- DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution -- Chapter 6 : Energy and Life -- The Energy of Life -- Concept 6.1 : An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics -- Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways -- Forms of Energy -- The Laws of Energy Transformation -- Concept 6.2 : The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously -- Free-Energy Change, ΔG -- Free Energy, Stability, and Equilibrium -- Free Energy and Metabolism -- Concept 6.3 : ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions -- The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP -- How the Hydrolysis of ATP Performs Work -- The Regeneration of ATP -- Concept 6.4 : Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers -- The Activation Energy Barrier -- How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions -- Substrate Specificity of Enzymes -- Catalysis in the Enzyme's Active Site.
Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity -- The Evolution of Enzymes -- Concept 6.5 : Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism -- Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes -- Localization of Enzymes Within the Cell -- Unit 2 : Cell Biology -- Chapter 7 : Cell Structure and Function -- The Fundamental Units of Life -- Concept 7.1 : Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells -- Microscopy -- Cell Fractionation -- Concept 7.2 : Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions -- Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells -- A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell -- Concept 7.3 : The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes -- The Nucleus: Information Central -- Ribosomes: Protein Factories -- Concept 7.4 : The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell -- The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory -- The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center -- Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments -- Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments -- The Endomembrane System: A Review -- Concept 7.5 : Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another -- The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts -- Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion -- Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy -- Peroxisomes: Oxidation -- Concept 7.6 : The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell -- Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility -- Components of the Cytoskeleton -- Concept 7.7 : Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities -- Cell Walls of Plants -- The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells -- Cell Junctions -- The Cell: A Living Unit Greater Than the Sum of its Parts.
Chapter 8 : Cell Membranes -- Life at the Edge -- Concept 8.1 : Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins -- The Fluidity of Membranes -- Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Composition -- Membrane Proteins and Their Functions -- The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell Recognition -- Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes -- Concept 8.2 : Membrane structure results in selective permeability -- The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer -- Transport Proteins -- Concept 8.3 : Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment -- Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance -- Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins -- Concept 8.4 : Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients -- The Need for Energy in Active Transport -- How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential -- Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein -- Concept 8.5 : Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis -- Exocytosis -- Endocytosis -- Chapter 9 : Cellular Signaling -- Cellular Messaging -- Chapter 10 : Cell Respiration -- Life is Work -- Concept 10.1 : Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels -- Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP -- Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction -- The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview -- Concept 10.2 : Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate -- Concept 10.3 : After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules -- Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA -- The Citric Acid Cycle -- Concept 10.4 : During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis -- The Pathway of Electron Transport -- Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism.
An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration.
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Biologie cellulaire
