top

  Info

  • Utilizzare la checkbox di selezione a fianco di ciascun documento per attivare le funzionalità di stampa, invio email, download nei formati disponibili del (i) record.

  Info

  • Utilizzare questo link per rimuovere la selezione effettuata.

Biblioteca

MARC Lista (tabellare)
Satellite technology : principles and applications / / Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agrawal
Satellite technology : principles and applications / / Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agrawal
Autore Maini Anil Kumar
Edizione [Third edition.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa Chichester, West Sussex : , : Wiley, , [2014]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (153 page)
Disciplina 629.46
Altri autori (Persone) AgrawalVarsha
Soggetto topico Artificial satellites
Scientific satellites
ISBN 1-118-63645-7
1-118-63637-6
1-118-63641-4
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Preface xxi -- PART I SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY -- 1 Introduction to Satellites and their Applications 3 -- 1.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum 3 -- 1.2 What is a Satellite? 4 -- 1.3 History of the Evolution of Satellites 7 -- 1.3.1 Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets 7 -- 1.3.2 Launch of Early Artificial Satellites 8 -- 1.3.3 Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific Exploration -- Early Developments 10 -- 1.3.4 Non-geosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmes 11 -- 1.3.5 Emergence of Geosynchronous Communication Satellites 12 -- 1.3.6 International Communication Satellite Systems 15 -- 1.3.7 Domestic Communication Satellite Systems 16 -- 1.3.8 Satellites for other Applications also made Rapid Progress 19 -- 1.3.9 Small or Miniature Satellites 22 -- 1.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles 27 -- 1.5 Future Trends 33 -- 1.5.1 Communication Satellites 33 -- 1.5.2 Weather Forecasting Satellites 33 -- 1.5.3 Earth Observation Satellites 33 -- 1.5.4 Navigational Satellites 34 -- 1.5.5 Military Satellites 35 -- Further Reading 35 -- Glossary 35 -- 2 Satellite Orbits and Trajectories 37 -- 2.1 Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory 37 -- 2.2 Orbiting Satellites -- Basic Principles 37 -- 2.2.1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 39 -- 2.2.2 Newton's Second Law of Motion 40 -- 2.2.3 Kepler's Laws 41 -- 2.3 Orbital Parameters 44 -- 2.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories 61 -- 2.5 Types of Satellite Orbits 67 -- 2.5.1 Orientation of the Orbital Plane 67 -- 2.5.2 Eccentricity of the Orbit 68 -- 2.5.3 Distance from Earth 70 -- 2.5.4 Sun-synchronous Orbit 73 -- Further Readings 76 -- Glossary 76 -- 3 Satellite Launch and In-orbit Operations 79 -- 3.1 Acquiring the Desired Orbit 79 -- 3.1.1 Parameters Defining the Satellite Orbit 80 -- 3.1.2 Modifying the Orbital Parameters 83 -- 3.2 Launch Sequence 95 -- 3.2.1 Types of Launch Sequence 95 -- 3.3 Launch Vehicles 100 -- 3.3.1 Introduction 100 -- 3.3.2 Classification 100 -- 3.3.3 Anatomy of a Launch Vehicle 104.
3.3.4 Principal Parameters 106 -- 3.3.5 Major Launch Vehicles 108 -- 3.4 Space Centres 127 -- 3.4.1 Location Considerations 127 -- 3.4.2 Constituent Parts of a Space Centre 128 -- 3.4.3 Major Space Centres 129 -- 3.5 Orbital Perturbations 144 -- 3.6 Satellite Stabilization 146 -- 3.6.1 Spin Stabilization 146 -- 3.6.2 Three-axis or Body Stabilization 147 -- 3.6.3 Comparison between Spin-stabilized and Three-axis Stabilized Satellites 149 -- 3.6.4 Station Keeping 149 -- 3.7 Orbital Effects on Satellite's Performance 149 -- 3.7.1 Doppler Shift 149 -- 3.7.2 Variation in the Orbital Distance 150 -- 3.7.3 Solar Eclipse 150 -- 3.7.4 Sun Transit Outrage 150 -- 3.8 Eclipses 150 -- 3.9 Look Angles of a Satellite 154 -- 3.9.1 Azimuth Angle 154 -- 3.9.2 Elevation Angle 155 -- 3.9.3 Computing the Slant Range 156 -- 3.9.4 Computing the Line-of-Sight Distance between Two Satellites 158 -- 3.10 Earth Coverage and Ground Tracks 166 -- 3.10.1 Satellite Altitude and the Earth Coverage Area 166 -- 3.10.2 Satellite Ground Tracks 167 -- 3.10.3 Orbit Inclination and Latitude Coverage 170 -- Further Readings 172 -- Glossary 172 -- 4 Satellite Hardware 174 -- 4.1 Satellite Subsystems 174 -- 4.2 Mechanical Structure 175 -- 4.2.1 Design Considerations 176 -- 4.2.2 Typical Structure 176 -- 4.3 Propulsion Subsystem 177 -- 4.3.1 Basic Principle 178 -- 4.3.2 Types of Propulsion System 178 -- 4.4 Thermal Control Subsystem 185 -- 4.4.1 Sources of Thermal Inequilibrium 186 -- 4.4.2 Mechanism of Heat Transfer 186 -- 4.4.3 Types of Thermal Control 187 -- 4.5 Power Supply Subsystem 189 -- 4.5.1 Types of Power System 189 -- 4.5.2 Solar Energy Driven Power Systems 190 -- 4.5.3 Batteries 195 -- 4.6 Attitude and Orbit Control 199 -- 4.6.1 Attitude Control 200 -- 4.6.2 Orbit Control 200 -- 4.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem 201 -- 4.8 Payload 203 -- 4.9 Antenna Subsystem 205 -- 4.9.1 Antenna Parameters 207 -- 4.9.2 Types of Antennas 210 -- 4.10 Space Qualification and Equipment Reliability 224.
4.10.1 Space Qualification 224 -- 4.10.2 Reliability 225 -- Further Readings 226 -- Glossary 227 -- 5 Communication Techniques 229 -- 5.1 Types of Information Signals 229 -- 5.1.1 Voice Signals 230 -- 5.1.2 Data Signals 230 -- 5.1.3 Video Signals 230 -- 5.2 Amplitude Modulation 231 -- 5.2.1 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Signal 232 -- 5.2.2 Power in the AM Signal 233 -- 5.2.3 Noise in the AM Signal 233 -- 5.2.4 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation 235 -- 5.3 Frequency Modulation 241 -- 5.3.1 Frequency Spectrum of the FM Signal 243 -- 5.3.2 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM 245 -- 5.3.3 Noise in the FM Signal 246 -- 5.3.4 Generation of FM Signals 250 -- 5.3.5 Detection of FM Signals 252 -- 5.4 Pulse Communication Systems 259 -- 5.4.1 Analogue Pulse Communication Systems 259 -- 5.4.2 Digital Pulse Communication Systems 261 -- 5.5 Sampling Theorem 265 -- 5.6 Shannon -- Hartley Theorem 266 -- 5.7 Digital Modulation Techniques 267 -- 5.7.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 268 -- 5.7.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 268 -- 5.7.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 269 -- 5.7.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) 270 -- 5.7.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 271 -- 5.7.6 Offset QPSK 273 -- 5.7.7 8PSK and 16PSK 274 -- 5.7.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 274 -- 5.7.9 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) 276 -- 5.8 Multiplexing Techniques 277 -- 5.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 277 -- 5.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing 279 -- 5.8.3 Code Division Multiplexing 281 -- Further Readings 282 -- Glossary 283 -- 6 Multiple Access Techniques 286 -- 6.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques 286 -- 6.1.1 Transponder Assignment Modes 287 -- 6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 288 -- 6.2.1 Demand Assigned FDMA 290 -- 6.2.2 Pre-assigned FDMA 290 -- 6.2.3 Calculation of C/N Ratio 290 -- 6.3 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Systems 293 -- 6.3.1 SCPC/FM/FDMA System 293 -- 6.3.2 SCPC/PSK/FDMA System 294 -- 6.4 Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) Systems 295 -- 6.4.1 MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA System 295.
6.4.2 MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA System 296 -- 6.5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 297 -- 6.6 TDMA Frame Structure 297 -- 6.6.1 Reference Burst 298 -- 6.6.2 Traffic Burst 298 -- 6.6.3 Guard Time 299 -- 6.7 TDMA Burst Structure 299 -- 6.7.1 Carrier and Clock Recovery Sequence 299 -- 6.7.2 Unique Word 299 -- 6.7.3 Signalling Channel 300 -- 6.7.4 Traffic Information 301 -- 6.8 Computing Unique Word Detection Probability 301 -- 6.9 TDMA Frame Efficiency 302 -- 6.10 Control and Coordination of Traffic 303 -- 6.11 Frame Acquisition and Synchronization 305 -- 6.11.1 Extraction of Traffic Bursts from Receive Frames 305 -- 6.11.2 Transmission of Traffic Bursts 305 -- 6.11.3 Frame Synchronization 305 -- 6.12 FDMA vs. TDMA 307 -- 6.12.1 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA 308 -- 6.12.2 Disadvantages of TDMA over FDMA 308 -- 6.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 308 -- 6.13.1 DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception 309 -- 6.13.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System 311 -- 6.13.3 Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System 313 -- 6.13.4 Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems 314 -- 6.14 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) 316 -- 6.14.1 Frequency Re-use in SDMA 316 -- 6.14.2 SDMA/FDMA System 317 -- 6.14.3 SDMA/TDMA System 318 -- 6.14.4 SDMA/CDMA System 319 -- Further Readings 319 -- Glossary 320 -- 7 Satellite Link Design Fundamentals 322 -- 7.1 Transmission Equation 322 -- 7.2 Satellite Link Parameters 324 -- 7.2.1 Choice of Operating Frequency 324 -- 7.2.2 Propagation Considerations 324 -- 7.2.3 Noise Considerations 325 -- 7.2.4 Interference-related Problems 325 -- 7.3 Frequency Considerations 326 -- 7.3.1 Frequency Allocation and Coordination 326 -- 7.4 Propagation Considerations 330 -- 7.4.1 Free-space Loss 330 -- 7.4.2 Gaseous Absorption 331 -- 7.4.3 Attenuation due to Rain 333 -- 7.4.4 Cloud Attenuation 334 -- 7.4.5 Signal Fading due to Refraction 334 -- 7.4.6 Ionosphere-related Effects 335 -- 7.4.7 Fading due to Multipath Signals 338 -- 7.5 Techniques to Counter Propagation Effects 341.
7.5.1 Attenuation Compensation Techniques 341 -- 7.5.2 Depolarization Compensation Techniques 342 -- 7.6 Noise Considerations 342 -- 7.6.1 Thermal Noise 342 -- 7.6.2 Noise Figure 343 -- 7.6.3 Noise Temperature 344 -- 7.6.4 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature of Cascaded Stages 345 -- 7.6.5 Antenna Noise Temperature 346 -- 7.6.6 Overall System Noise Temperature 350 -- 7.7 Interference-related Problems 353 -- 7.7.1 Intermodulation Distortion 354 -- 7.7.2 Interference between the Satellite and Terrestrial Links 357 -- 7.7.3 Interference due to Adjacent Satellites 357 -- 7.7.4 Cross-polarization Interference 361 -- 7.7.5 Adjacent Channel Interference 361 -- 7.8 Antenna Gain-to-Noise Temperature (G/T) Ratio 365 -- 7.9 Link Design 367 -- 7.9.1 Link Design Procedure 368 -- 7.9.2 Link Budget 368 -- 7.10 Multiple Spot Beam Technology 371 -- Further Readings 374 -- Glossary 375 -- 8 Earth Station 378 -- 8.1 Earth Station 378 -- 8.2 Types of Earth Station 380 -- 8.2.1 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth Station 381 -- 8.2.2 Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) Earth Stations 382 -- 8.2.3 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Earth Stations 383 -- 8.2.4 Single Function Stations 384 -- 8.2.5 Gateway Stations 385 -- 8.2.6 Teleports 386 -- 8.3 Earth Station Architecture 386 -- 8.4 Earth Station Design Considerations 387 -- 8.4.1 Key Performance Parameters 388 -- 8.4.2 Earth Station Design Optimization 390 -- 8.4.3 Environmental and Site Considerations 391 -- 8.5 Earth Station Testing 392 -- 8.5.1 Unit and Subsystem Level Testing 392 -- 8.5.2 System Level Testing 392 -- 8.6 Earth Station Hardware 398 -- 8.6.1 RF Equipment 398 -- 8.6.2 IF and Baseband Equipment 408 -- 8.6.3 Terrestrial Interface 409 -- 8.7 Satellite Tracking 412 -- 8.7.1 Satellite Tracking System -- Block Diagram 412 -- 8.7.2 Tracking Techniques 412 -- 8.8 Some Representative Earth Stations 419 -- 8.8.1 Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station 419 -- 8.8.2 Madley Communications Centre 421 -- 8.8.3 Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex 421.
8.8.4 Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex 422 -- 8.8.5 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 423 -- 8.8.6 Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station 424 -- 8.8.7 Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station 426 -- 8.8.8 Bukit Timah Satellite Earth Station 426 -- 8.8.9 INTELSAT Teleport Earth Stations 426 -- 8.8.10 SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station 428 -- 8.8.11 Makarios Satellite Earth Station 428 -- 8.8.12 Raisting Earth Station 428 -- 8.8.13 Indian Deep Space Network 429 -- Glossary 430 -- 9 Networking Concepts 433 -- 9.1 Introduction 433 -- 9.2 Network Characteristics 433 -- 9.2.1 Availability 434 -- 9.2.2 Reliability 434 -- 9.2.3 Security 435 -- 9.2.4 Throughput 436 -- 9.2.5 Scalability 437 -- 9.2.6 Topology 437 -- 9.2.7 Cost 437 -- 9.3 Applications and Services 437 -- 9.3.1 Satellite and Network Services 438 -- 9.3.2 Satellite Services 438 -- 9.3.3 Network Services 438 -- 9.3.4 Internet Services 439 -- 9.4 Network Topologies 442 -- 9.4.1 Bus Topology 442 -- 9.4.2 Star Topology 443 -- 9.4.3 Ring Topology 444 -- 9.4.4 Mesh Topology 444 -- 9.4.5 Tree Topology 445 -- 9.4.6 Hybrid Topology 446 -- 9.5 Network Technologies 447 -- 9.5.1 Circuit Switched Networks 447 -- 9.5.2 Packet Switched Networks 448 -- 9.5.3 Circuit Switched versus Packet Switched Networks 449 -- 9.6 Networking Protocols 450 -- 9.6.1 Common Networking Protocols 450 -- 9.6.2 The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model 453 -- 9.6.3 Internet Protocol (IP) 456 -- 9.6.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 457 -- 9.6.5 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 457 -- 9.6.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 457 -- 9.6.7 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 458 -- 9.6.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 458 -- 9.6.9 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 459 -- 9.7 Satellite Constellations 459 -- 9.7.1 Constellation Geometry 459 -- 9.7.2 Major Satellite Constellations 460 -- 9.8 Internetworking with Terrestrial Networks 465 -- 9.8.1 Repeaters, Bridges, Switches and Routers 465 -- 9.8.2 Protocol Translation, Stacking and Tunnelling 466.
9.8.3 Quality of Service 466 -- Further Readings 467 -- Glossary 467 -- PART II SATELLITE APPLICATIONS -- 10 Communication Satellites 473 -- 10.1 Introduction to Communication Satellites 473 -- 10.2 Communication-related Applications of Satellites 474 -- 10.2.1 Geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 475 -- 10.2.2 Non-geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 475 -- 10.3 Frequency Bands 475 -- 10.4 Payloads 475 -- 10.4.1 Types of Transponders 477 -- 10.4.2 Transponder Performance Parameters 478 -- 10.5 Satellite versus Terrestrial Networks 479 -- 10.5.1 Advantages of Satellites Over Terrestrial Networks 479 -- 10.5.2 Disadvantages of Satellites with Respect to Terrestrial Networks 480 -- 10.6 Satellite Telephony 481 -- 10.6.1 Point-to-Point Trunk Telephone Networks 482 -- 10.6.2 Mobile Satellite Telephony 482 -- 10.7 Satellite Television 484 -- 10.7.1 A Typical Satellite TV Network 484 -- 10.7.2 Satellite -- Cable Television 485 -- 10.7.3 Satellite -- Local Broadcast TV Network 486 -- 10.7.4 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television 487 -- 10.7.5 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) 490 -- 10.7.6 DVB-S and DVB-S2 Standards 491 -- 10.7.7 DVB-RCS and DVB-RCS2 Standards 493 -- 10.7.8 DVB-T and DVB-T2 Standards 493 -- 10.7.9 DVB-H and DVB-SH Standards 494 -- 10.8 Satellite Radio 496 -- 10.9 Satellite Data Communication Services 496 -- 10.9.1 Satellite Data Broadcasting 496 -- 10.9.2 VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals) 497 -- 10.10 Important Missions 502 -- 10.10.1 International Satellite Systems 502 -- 10.10.2 Regional Satellite Systems 512 -- 10.10.3 National Satellite Systems 513 -- 10.11 Future Trends 514 -- 10.11.1 Development of Satellite Constellations in LEO Orbits 516 -- 10.11.2 Development of Personal Communication Services (PCS) 516 -- 10.11.3 Use of Higher Frequency Bands 517 -- 10.11.4 Development of Light Quantum Communication Techniques 517 -- 10.11.5 Development of Broadband Services to Mobile Users 517 -- 10.11.6 Development of Hybrid Satellite/Terrestrial Networks 517.
10.11.7 Advanced Concepts 518 -- Further Readings 519 -- Glossary 521 -- 11 Remote Sensing Satellites 524 -- 11.1 Remote Sensing -- An Overview 524 -- 11.1.1 Aerial Remote Sensing 525 -- 11.1.2 Satellite Remote Sensing 525 -- 11.2 Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems 526 -- 11.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing Systems 526 -- 11.2.2 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Systems 528 -- 11.2.3 Microwave Remote Sensing Systems 529 -- 11.3 Remote Sensing Satellite Orbits 531 -- 11.4 Remote Sensing Satellite Payloads 531 -- 11.4.1 Classification of Sensors 531 -- 11.4.2 Sensor Parameters 534 -- 11.5 Passive Sensors 535 -- 11.5.1 Passive Scanning Sensors 536 -- 11.5.2 Passive Non-scanning Sensors 539 -- 11.6 Active Sensors 540 -- 11.6.1 Active Non-scanning Sensors 540 -- 11.6.2 Active Scanning Sensors 540 -- 11.7 Types of Images 542 -- 11.7.1 Primary Images 542 -- 11.7.2 Secondary Images 542 -- 11.8 Image Classification 545 -- 11.9 Image Interpretation 546 -- 11.9.1 Interpreting Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing Images 546 -- 11.9.2 Interpreting Microwave Remote Sensing Images 547 -- 11.9.3 GIS in Remote Sensing 547 -- 11.10 Applications of Remote Sensing Satellites 548 -- 11.10.1 Land Cover Classification 548 -- 11.10.2 Land Cover Change Detection 549 -- 11.10.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Management 550 -- 11.10.4 Flood Monitoring 551 -- 11.10.5 Urban Monitoring and Development 552 -- 11.10.6 Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature 552 -- 11.10.7 Deforestation 553 -- 11.10.8 Global Monitoring 553 -- 11.10.9 Predicting Disasters 555 -- 11.10.10 Other Applications 558 -- 11.11 Major Remote Sensing Missions 558 -- 11.11.1 Landsat Satellite System 558 -- 11.11.2 SPOT Satellite System 561 -- 11.11.3 Radarsat Satellite System 564 -- 11.11.4 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System 565 -- 11.12 Future Trends 573 -- Further Readings 574 -- Glossary 575 -- 12 Weather Satellites 577 -- 12.1 Weather Forecasting -- An Overview 577 -- 12.2 Weather Forecasting Satellite Fundamentals 580.
12.3 Images from Weather Forecasting Satellites 580 -- 12.3.1 Visible Images 580 -- 12.3.2 IR Images 582 -- 12.3.3 Water Vapour Images 583 -- 12.3.4 Microwave Images 584 -- 12.3.5 Images Formed by Active Probing 585 -- 12.4 Weather Forecasting Satellite Orbits 586 -- 12.5 Weather Forecasting Satellite Payloads 587 -- 12.5.1 Radiometer 588 -- 12.5.2 Active Payloads 589 -- 12.6 Image Processing and Analysis 592 -- 12.6.1 Image Enhancement Techniques 592 -- 12.7 Weather Forecasting Satellite Applications 593 -- 12.7.1 Measurement of Cloud Parameters 594 -- 12.7.2 Rainfall 594 -- 12.7.3 Wind Speed and Direction 595 -- 12.7.4 Ground-level Temperature Measurements 596 -- 12.7.5 Air Pollution and Haze 596 -- 12.7.6 Fog 596 -- 12.7.7 Oceanography 596 -- 12.7.8 Severe Storm Support 597 -- 12.7.9 Fisheries 598 -- 12.7.10 Snow and Ice Studies 598 -- 12.8 Major Weather Forecasting Satellite Missions 599 -- 12.8.1 GOES Satellite System 599 -- 12.8.2 Meteosat Satellite System 605 -- 12.8.3 Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA Satellites 608 -- 12.9 Future of Weather Forecasting Satellite Systems 612 -- Further Readings 612 -- Glossary 613 -- 13 Navigation Satellites 614 -- 13.1 Development of Satellite Navigation Systems 614 -- 13.1.1 Doppler Effect based Satellite Navigation Systems 615 -- 13.1.2 Trilateration-based Satellite Navigation Systems 615 -- 13.2 Global Positioning System (GPS) 621 -- 13.2.1 Space Segment 621 -- 13.2.2 Control Segment 622 -- 13.2.3 User Segment 623 -- 13.3 Working Principle of the GPS 625 -- 13.3.1 Principle of Operation 625 -- 13.3.2 GPS Signal Structure 627 -- 13.3.3 Pseudorange Measurements 628 -- 13.3.4 Determination of the Receiver Location 629 -- 13.4 GPS Positioning Services and Positioning Modes 631 -- 13.4.1 GPS Positioning Services 631 -- 13.4.2 GPS Positioning Modes 632 -- 13.5 GPS Error Sources 634 -- 13.6 GLONASS Satellite System 637 -- 13.6.1 GLONASS Segments 638 -- 13.6.2 GLONASS Signal Structure 639 -- 13.7 GPS-GLONASS Integration 641 -- 13.8 EGNOS Satellite Navigation System 642.
13.9 Galileo Satellite Navigation Systems 645 -- 13.9.1 Three-Phase Development Programme 645 -- 13.9.2 Services 646 -- 13.10 Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) 647 -- 13.11 Compass Satellite Navigation System 648 -- 13.12 Hybrid Navigation Systems 648 -- 13.13 Applications of Satellite Navigation Systems 650 -- 13.13.1 Military Applications 650 -- 13.13.2 Civilian Applications 651 -- 13.14 Future of Satellite Navigation Systems 654 -- Further Readings 655 -- Glossary 656 -- 14 Scientific Satellites 658 -- 14.1 Satellite-based versus Ground-based Scientific Techniques 658 -- 14.2 Payloads on Board Scientific Satellites 659 -- 14.2.1 Payloads for Studying Earth's Geodesy 659 -- 14.2.2 Payloads for Earth Environment Studies 660 -- 14.2.3 Payloads for Astronomical Studies 661 -- 14.3 Applications of Scientific Satellites -- Study of Earth 665 -- 14.3.1 Space Geodesy 665 -- 14.3.2 Tectonics and Internal Geodynamics 669 -- 14.3.3 Terrestrial Magnetic Fields 670 -- 14.4 Observation of the Earth's Environment 670 -- 14.4.1 Study of the Earth's Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 671 -- 14.4.2 Study of the Earth's Upper Atmosphere (Aeronomy) 677 -- 14.4.3 Study of the Interaction between Earth and its Environment 679 -- 14.5 Astronomical Observations 680 -- 14.5.1 Observation of the Sun 681 -- 14.6 Missions for Studying Planets of the Solar System 686 -- 14.6.1 Mercury 691 -- 14.6.2 Venus 692 -- 14.6.3 Mars 694 -- 14.6.4 Outer Planets 697 -- 14.6.5 Moon 703 -- 14.6.6 Asteroids 705 -- 14.6.7 Comets 706 -- 14.7 Missions Beyond the Solar System 707 -- 14.8 Other Fields of Investigation 710 -- 14.8.1 Microgravity Experiments 710 -- 14.8.2 Life Sciences 711 -- 14.8.3 Material Sciences 712 -- 14.8.4 Cosmic Ray and Fundamental Physics Research 713 -- 14.9 Future Trends 714 -- Further Readings 715 -- Glossary 715 -- 15 Military Satellites 717 -- 15.1 Military Satellites -- An Overview 717 -- 15.1.1 Applications of Military Satellites 718 -- 15.2 Military Communication Satellites 718.
15.3 Development of Military Communication Satellite Systems 719 -- 15.3.1 American Systems 720 -- 15.3.2 Russian Systems 724 -- 15.3.3 Satellites Launched by other Countries 725 -- 15.4 Frequency Spectrum Utilized by Military Communication Satellite Systems 726 -- 15.5 Dual-use Military Communication Satellite Systems 727 -- 15.6 Reconnaisance Satellites 728 -- 15.6.1 Image Intelligence or IMINT Satellites 728 -- 15.7 SIGINT Satellites 732 -- 15.7.1 Development of SIGINT Satellites 733 -- 15.8 Early Warning Satellites 735 -- 15.8.1 Major Early Warning Satellite Programmes 736 -- 15.9 Nuclear Explosion Satellites 738 -- 15.10 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites 738 -- 15.11 Military Navigation Satellites 739 -- 15.12 Space Weapons 739 -- 15.12.1 Classification of Space Weapons 740 -- 15.13 Strategic Defence Initiative 745 -- 15.13.1 Ground Based Programmes 746 -- 15.13.2 Directed Energy Weapon Programmes 749 -- 15.13.3 Space Programmes 751 -- 15.13.4 Sensor Programmes 752 -- 15.14 Directed Energy Laser Weapons 752 -- 15.14.1 Advantages 753 -- 15.14.2 Limitations 753 -- 15.14.3 Directed Energy Laser Weapon Components 754 -- 15.14.4 Important Design Parametres 755 -- 15.14.5 Important Laser Sources 756 -- 15.14.6 Beam Control Technology 763 -- 15.15 Advanced Concepts 764 -- 15.15.1 New Surveillance Concepts Using Satellites 765 -- 15.15.2 Long Reach Non-lethal Laser Dazzler 765 -- 15.15.3 Long Reach Laser Target Designator 766 -- Further Readings 767 -- Glossary 767 -- 16 Emerging Trends 769 -- 16.1 Introduction 769 -- 16.2 Space Tethers 769 -- 16.2.1 Space Tethers -- Different Types 770 -- 16.2.2 Applications 774 -- 16.2.3 Space Tether Missions 775 -- 16.2.4 Space Elevator 779 -- 16.3 Aerostat Systems 781 -- 16.3.1 Components of an Aerostat System 782 -- 16.3.2 Types of Aerostat Systems 782 -- 16.3.3 Applications 783 -- 16.4 Millimetre Wave Satellite Communication 784 -- 16.4.1 Millimetre Wave Band 784 -- 16.4.2 Advantages 785 -- 16.4.3 Propagation Considerations 787.
16.4.4 Applications 788 -- 16.4.5 Millimetre Wave Satellite Missions 789 -- 16.5 Space Stations 793 -- 16.5.1 Importance of Space Stations 794 -- 16.5.2 Space Stations of the Past 794 -- 16.5.3 Currently Operational Systems 797 -- 16.5.4 Planned Space Stations 799 -- 16.5.5 Emerging Space Station Concepts 801 -- Further Readings 803 -- Glossary 804 -- Index 807.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910139136403321
Maini Anil Kumar  
Chichester, West Sussex : , : Wiley, , [2014]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Satellite technology : principles and applications / / Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agrawal
Satellite technology : principles and applications / / Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agrawal
Autore Maini Anil Kumar
Edizione [Third edition.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa Chichester, West Sussex : , : Wiley, , [2014]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (153 page)
Disciplina 629.46
Altri autori (Persone) AgrawalVarsha
Soggetto topico Artificial satellites
Scientific satellites
ISBN 1-118-63645-7
1-118-63637-6
1-118-63641-4
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Preface xxi -- PART I SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY -- 1 Introduction to Satellites and their Applications 3 -- 1.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum 3 -- 1.2 What is a Satellite? 4 -- 1.3 History of the Evolution of Satellites 7 -- 1.3.1 Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets 7 -- 1.3.2 Launch of Early Artificial Satellites 8 -- 1.3.3 Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific Exploration -- Early Developments 10 -- 1.3.4 Non-geosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmes 11 -- 1.3.5 Emergence of Geosynchronous Communication Satellites 12 -- 1.3.6 International Communication Satellite Systems 15 -- 1.3.7 Domestic Communication Satellite Systems 16 -- 1.3.8 Satellites for other Applications also made Rapid Progress 19 -- 1.3.9 Small or Miniature Satellites 22 -- 1.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles 27 -- 1.5 Future Trends 33 -- 1.5.1 Communication Satellites 33 -- 1.5.2 Weather Forecasting Satellites 33 -- 1.5.3 Earth Observation Satellites 33 -- 1.5.4 Navigational Satellites 34 -- 1.5.5 Military Satellites 35 -- Further Reading 35 -- Glossary 35 -- 2 Satellite Orbits and Trajectories 37 -- 2.1 Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory 37 -- 2.2 Orbiting Satellites -- Basic Principles 37 -- 2.2.1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 39 -- 2.2.2 Newton's Second Law of Motion 40 -- 2.2.3 Kepler's Laws 41 -- 2.3 Orbital Parameters 44 -- 2.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories 61 -- 2.5 Types of Satellite Orbits 67 -- 2.5.1 Orientation of the Orbital Plane 67 -- 2.5.2 Eccentricity of the Orbit 68 -- 2.5.3 Distance from Earth 70 -- 2.5.4 Sun-synchronous Orbit 73 -- Further Readings 76 -- Glossary 76 -- 3 Satellite Launch and In-orbit Operations 79 -- 3.1 Acquiring the Desired Orbit 79 -- 3.1.1 Parameters Defining the Satellite Orbit 80 -- 3.1.2 Modifying the Orbital Parameters 83 -- 3.2 Launch Sequence 95 -- 3.2.1 Types of Launch Sequence 95 -- 3.3 Launch Vehicles 100 -- 3.3.1 Introduction 100 -- 3.3.2 Classification 100 -- 3.3.3 Anatomy of a Launch Vehicle 104.
3.3.4 Principal Parameters 106 -- 3.3.5 Major Launch Vehicles 108 -- 3.4 Space Centres 127 -- 3.4.1 Location Considerations 127 -- 3.4.2 Constituent Parts of a Space Centre 128 -- 3.4.3 Major Space Centres 129 -- 3.5 Orbital Perturbations 144 -- 3.6 Satellite Stabilization 146 -- 3.6.1 Spin Stabilization 146 -- 3.6.2 Three-axis or Body Stabilization 147 -- 3.6.3 Comparison between Spin-stabilized and Three-axis Stabilized Satellites 149 -- 3.6.4 Station Keeping 149 -- 3.7 Orbital Effects on Satellite's Performance 149 -- 3.7.1 Doppler Shift 149 -- 3.7.2 Variation in the Orbital Distance 150 -- 3.7.3 Solar Eclipse 150 -- 3.7.4 Sun Transit Outrage 150 -- 3.8 Eclipses 150 -- 3.9 Look Angles of a Satellite 154 -- 3.9.1 Azimuth Angle 154 -- 3.9.2 Elevation Angle 155 -- 3.9.3 Computing the Slant Range 156 -- 3.9.4 Computing the Line-of-Sight Distance between Two Satellites 158 -- 3.10 Earth Coverage and Ground Tracks 166 -- 3.10.1 Satellite Altitude and the Earth Coverage Area 166 -- 3.10.2 Satellite Ground Tracks 167 -- 3.10.3 Orbit Inclination and Latitude Coverage 170 -- Further Readings 172 -- Glossary 172 -- 4 Satellite Hardware 174 -- 4.1 Satellite Subsystems 174 -- 4.2 Mechanical Structure 175 -- 4.2.1 Design Considerations 176 -- 4.2.2 Typical Structure 176 -- 4.3 Propulsion Subsystem 177 -- 4.3.1 Basic Principle 178 -- 4.3.2 Types of Propulsion System 178 -- 4.4 Thermal Control Subsystem 185 -- 4.4.1 Sources of Thermal Inequilibrium 186 -- 4.4.2 Mechanism of Heat Transfer 186 -- 4.4.3 Types of Thermal Control 187 -- 4.5 Power Supply Subsystem 189 -- 4.5.1 Types of Power System 189 -- 4.5.2 Solar Energy Driven Power Systems 190 -- 4.5.3 Batteries 195 -- 4.6 Attitude and Orbit Control 199 -- 4.6.1 Attitude Control 200 -- 4.6.2 Orbit Control 200 -- 4.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem 201 -- 4.8 Payload 203 -- 4.9 Antenna Subsystem 205 -- 4.9.1 Antenna Parameters 207 -- 4.9.2 Types of Antennas 210 -- 4.10 Space Qualification and Equipment Reliability 224.
4.10.1 Space Qualification 224 -- 4.10.2 Reliability 225 -- Further Readings 226 -- Glossary 227 -- 5 Communication Techniques 229 -- 5.1 Types of Information Signals 229 -- 5.1.1 Voice Signals 230 -- 5.1.2 Data Signals 230 -- 5.1.3 Video Signals 230 -- 5.2 Amplitude Modulation 231 -- 5.2.1 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Signal 232 -- 5.2.2 Power in the AM Signal 233 -- 5.2.3 Noise in the AM Signal 233 -- 5.2.4 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation 235 -- 5.3 Frequency Modulation 241 -- 5.3.1 Frequency Spectrum of the FM Signal 243 -- 5.3.2 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM 245 -- 5.3.3 Noise in the FM Signal 246 -- 5.3.4 Generation of FM Signals 250 -- 5.3.5 Detection of FM Signals 252 -- 5.4 Pulse Communication Systems 259 -- 5.4.1 Analogue Pulse Communication Systems 259 -- 5.4.2 Digital Pulse Communication Systems 261 -- 5.5 Sampling Theorem 265 -- 5.6 Shannon -- Hartley Theorem 266 -- 5.7 Digital Modulation Techniques 267 -- 5.7.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 268 -- 5.7.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 268 -- 5.7.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 269 -- 5.7.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) 270 -- 5.7.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 271 -- 5.7.6 Offset QPSK 273 -- 5.7.7 8PSK and 16PSK 274 -- 5.7.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 274 -- 5.7.9 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) 276 -- 5.8 Multiplexing Techniques 277 -- 5.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 277 -- 5.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing 279 -- 5.8.3 Code Division Multiplexing 281 -- Further Readings 282 -- Glossary 283 -- 6 Multiple Access Techniques 286 -- 6.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques 286 -- 6.1.1 Transponder Assignment Modes 287 -- 6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 288 -- 6.2.1 Demand Assigned FDMA 290 -- 6.2.2 Pre-assigned FDMA 290 -- 6.2.3 Calculation of C/N Ratio 290 -- 6.3 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Systems 293 -- 6.3.1 SCPC/FM/FDMA System 293 -- 6.3.2 SCPC/PSK/FDMA System 294 -- 6.4 Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) Systems 295 -- 6.4.1 MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA System 295.
6.4.2 MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA System 296 -- 6.5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 297 -- 6.6 TDMA Frame Structure 297 -- 6.6.1 Reference Burst 298 -- 6.6.2 Traffic Burst 298 -- 6.6.3 Guard Time 299 -- 6.7 TDMA Burst Structure 299 -- 6.7.1 Carrier and Clock Recovery Sequence 299 -- 6.7.2 Unique Word 299 -- 6.7.3 Signalling Channel 300 -- 6.7.4 Traffic Information 301 -- 6.8 Computing Unique Word Detection Probability 301 -- 6.9 TDMA Frame Efficiency 302 -- 6.10 Control and Coordination of Traffic 303 -- 6.11 Frame Acquisition and Synchronization 305 -- 6.11.1 Extraction of Traffic Bursts from Receive Frames 305 -- 6.11.2 Transmission of Traffic Bursts 305 -- 6.11.3 Frame Synchronization 305 -- 6.12 FDMA vs. TDMA 307 -- 6.12.1 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA 308 -- 6.12.2 Disadvantages of TDMA over FDMA 308 -- 6.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 308 -- 6.13.1 DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception 309 -- 6.13.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System 311 -- 6.13.3 Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System 313 -- 6.13.4 Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems 314 -- 6.14 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) 316 -- 6.14.1 Frequency Re-use in SDMA 316 -- 6.14.2 SDMA/FDMA System 317 -- 6.14.3 SDMA/TDMA System 318 -- 6.14.4 SDMA/CDMA System 319 -- Further Readings 319 -- Glossary 320 -- 7 Satellite Link Design Fundamentals 322 -- 7.1 Transmission Equation 322 -- 7.2 Satellite Link Parameters 324 -- 7.2.1 Choice of Operating Frequency 324 -- 7.2.2 Propagation Considerations 324 -- 7.2.3 Noise Considerations 325 -- 7.2.4 Interference-related Problems 325 -- 7.3 Frequency Considerations 326 -- 7.3.1 Frequency Allocation and Coordination 326 -- 7.4 Propagation Considerations 330 -- 7.4.1 Free-space Loss 330 -- 7.4.2 Gaseous Absorption 331 -- 7.4.3 Attenuation due to Rain 333 -- 7.4.4 Cloud Attenuation 334 -- 7.4.5 Signal Fading due to Refraction 334 -- 7.4.6 Ionosphere-related Effects 335 -- 7.4.7 Fading due to Multipath Signals 338 -- 7.5 Techniques to Counter Propagation Effects 341.
7.5.1 Attenuation Compensation Techniques 341 -- 7.5.2 Depolarization Compensation Techniques 342 -- 7.6 Noise Considerations 342 -- 7.6.1 Thermal Noise 342 -- 7.6.2 Noise Figure 343 -- 7.6.3 Noise Temperature 344 -- 7.6.4 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature of Cascaded Stages 345 -- 7.6.5 Antenna Noise Temperature 346 -- 7.6.6 Overall System Noise Temperature 350 -- 7.7 Interference-related Problems 353 -- 7.7.1 Intermodulation Distortion 354 -- 7.7.2 Interference between the Satellite and Terrestrial Links 357 -- 7.7.3 Interference due to Adjacent Satellites 357 -- 7.7.4 Cross-polarization Interference 361 -- 7.7.5 Adjacent Channel Interference 361 -- 7.8 Antenna Gain-to-Noise Temperature (G/T) Ratio 365 -- 7.9 Link Design 367 -- 7.9.1 Link Design Procedure 368 -- 7.9.2 Link Budget 368 -- 7.10 Multiple Spot Beam Technology 371 -- Further Readings 374 -- Glossary 375 -- 8 Earth Station 378 -- 8.1 Earth Station 378 -- 8.2 Types of Earth Station 380 -- 8.2.1 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth Station 381 -- 8.2.2 Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) Earth Stations 382 -- 8.2.3 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Earth Stations 383 -- 8.2.4 Single Function Stations 384 -- 8.2.5 Gateway Stations 385 -- 8.2.6 Teleports 386 -- 8.3 Earth Station Architecture 386 -- 8.4 Earth Station Design Considerations 387 -- 8.4.1 Key Performance Parameters 388 -- 8.4.2 Earth Station Design Optimization 390 -- 8.4.3 Environmental and Site Considerations 391 -- 8.5 Earth Station Testing 392 -- 8.5.1 Unit and Subsystem Level Testing 392 -- 8.5.2 System Level Testing 392 -- 8.6 Earth Station Hardware 398 -- 8.6.1 RF Equipment 398 -- 8.6.2 IF and Baseband Equipment 408 -- 8.6.3 Terrestrial Interface 409 -- 8.7 Satellite Tracking 412 -- 8.7.1 Satellite Tracking System -- Block Diagram 412 -- 8.7.2 Tracking Techniques 412 -- 8.8 Some Representative Earth Stations 419 -- 8.8.1 Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station 419 -- 8.8.2 Madley Communications Centre 421 -- 8.8.3 Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex 421.
8.8.4 Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex 422 -- 8.8.5 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 423 -- 8.8.6 Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station 424 -- 8.8.7 Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station 426 -- 8.8.8 Bukit Timah Satellite Earth Station 426 -- 8.8.9 INTELSAT Teleport Earth Stations 426 -- 8.8.10 SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station 428 -- 8.8.11 Makarios Satellite Earth Station 428 -- 8.8.12 Raisting Earth Station 428 -- 8.8.13 Indian Deep Space Network 429 -- Glossary 430 -- 9 Networking Concepts 433 -- 9.1 Introduction 433 -- 9.2 Network Characteristics 433 -- 9.2.1 Availability 434 -- 9.2.2 Reliability 434 -- 9.2.3 Security 435 -- 9.2.4 Throughput 436 -- 9.2.5 Scalability 437 -- 9.2.6 Topology 437 -- 9.2.7 Cost 437 -- 9.3 Applications and Services 437 -- 9.3.1 Satellite and Network Services 438 -- 9.3.2 Satellite Services 438 -- 9.3.3 Network Services 438 -- 9.3.4 Internet Services 439 -- 9.4 Network Topologies 442 -- 9.4.1 Bus Topology 442 -- 9.4.2 Star Topology 443 -- 9.4.3 Ring Topology 444 -- 9.4.4 Mesh Topology 444 -- 9.4.5 Tree Topology 445 -- 9.4.6 Hybrid Topology 446 -- 9.5 Network Technologies 447 -- 9.5.1 Circuit Switched Networks 447 -- 9.5.2 Packet Switched Networks 448 -- 9.5.3 Circuit Switched versus Packet Switched Networks 449 -- 9.6 Networking Protocols 450 -- 9.6.1 Common Networking Protocols 450 -- 9.6.2 The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model 453 -- 9.6.3 Internet Protocol (IP) 456 -- 9.6.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 457 -- 9.6.5 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 457 -- 9.6.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 457 -- 9.6.7 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 458 -- 9.6.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 458 -- 9.6.9 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 459 -- 9.7 Satellite Constellations 459 -- 9.7.1 Constellation Geometry 459 -- 9.7.2 Major Satellite Constellations 460 -- 9.8 Internetworking with Terrestrial Networks 465 -- 9.8.1 Repeaters, Bridges, Switches and Routers 465 -- 9.8.2 Protocol Translation, Stacking and Tunnelling 466.
9.8.3 Quality of Service 466 -- Further Readings 467 -- Glossary 467 -- PART II SATELLITE APPLICATIONS -- 10 Communication Satellites 473 -- 10.1 Introduction to Communication Satellites 473 -- 10.2 Communication-related Applications of Satellites 474 -- 10.2.1 Geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 475 -- 10.2.2 Non-geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 475 -- 10.3 Frequency Bands 475 -- 10.4 Payloads 475 -- 10.4.1 Types of Transponders 477 -- 10.4.2 Transponder Performance Parameters 478 -- 10.5 Satellite versus Terrestrial Networks 479 -- 10.5.1 Advantages of Satellites Over Terrestrial Networks 479 -- 10.5.2 Disadvantages of Satellites with Respect to Terrestrial Networks 480 -- 10.6 Satellite Telephony 481 -- 10.6.1 Point-to-Point Trunk Telephone Networks 482 -- 10.6.2 Mobile Satellite Telephony 482 -- 10.7 Satellite Television 484 -- 10.7.1 A Typical Satellite TV Network 484 -- 10.7.2 Satellite -- Cable Television 485 -- 10.7.3 Satellite -- Local Broadcast TV Network 486 -- 10.7.4 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television 487 -- 10.7.5 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) 490 -- 10.7.6 DVB-S and DVB-S2 Standards 491 -- 10.7.7 DVB-RCS and DVB-RCS2 Standards 493 -- 10.7.8 DVB-T and DVB-T2 Standards 493 -- 10.7.9 DVB-H and DVB-SH Standards 494 -- 10.8 Satellite Radio 496 -- 10.9 Satellite Data Communication Services 496 -- 10.9.1 Satellite Data Broadcasting 496 -- 10.9.2 VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals) 497 -- 10.10 Important Missions 502 -- 10.10.1 International Satellite Systems 502 -- 10.10.2 Regional Satellite Systems 512 -- 10.10.3 National Satellite Systems 513 -- 10.11 Future Trends 514 -- 10.11.1 Development of Satellite Constellations in LEO Orbits 516 -- 10.11.2 Development of Personal Communication Services (PCS) 516 -- 10.11.3 Use of Higher Frequency Bands 517 -- 10.11.4 Development of Light Quantum Communication Techniques 517 -- 10.11.5 Development of Broadband Services to Mobile Users 517 -- 10.11.6 Development of Hybrid Satellite/Terrestrial Networks 517.
10.11.7 Advanced Concepts 518 -- Further Readings 519 -- Glossary 521 -- 11 Remote Sensing Satellites 524 -- 11.1 Remote Sensing -- An Overview 524 -- 11.1.1 Aerial Remote Sensing 525 -- 11.1.2 Satellite Remote Sensing 525 -- 11.2 Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems 526 -- 11.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing Systems 526 -- 11.2.2 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Systems 528 -- 11.2.3 Microwave Remote Sensing Systems 529 -- 11.3 Remote Sensing Satellite Orbits 531 -- 11.4 Remote Sensing Satellite Payloads 531 -- 11.4.1 Classification of Sensors 531 -- 11.4.2 Sensor Parameters 534 -- 11.5 Passive Sensors 535 -- 11.5.1 Passive Scanning Sensors 536 -- 11.5.2 Passive Non-scanning Sensors 539 -- 11.6 Active Sensors 540 -- 11.6.1 Active Non-scanning Sensors 540 -- 11.6.2 Active Scanning Sensors 540 -- 11.7 Types of Images 542 -- 11.7.1 Primary Images 542 -- 11.7.2 Secondary Images 542 -- 11.8 Image Classification 545 -- 11.9 Image Interpretation 546 -- 11.9.1 Interpreting Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing Images 546 -- 11.9.2 Interpreting Microwave Remote Sensing Images 547 -- 11.9.3 GIS in Remote Sensing 547 -- 11.10 Applications of Remote Sensing Satellites 548 -- 11.10.1 Land Cover Classification 548 -- 11.10.2 Land Cover Change Detection 549 -- 11.10.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Management 550 -- 11.10.4 Flood Monitoring 551 -- 11.10.5 Urban Monitoring and Development 552 -- 11.10.6 Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature 552 -- 11.10.7 Deforestation 553 -- 11.10.8 Global Monitoring 553 -- 11.10.9 Predicting Disasters 555 -- 11.10.10 Other Applications 558 -- 11.11 Major Remote Sensing Missions 558 -- 11.11.1 Landsat Satellite System 558 -- 11.11.2 SPOT Satellite System 561 -- 11.11.3 Radarsat Satellite System 564 -- 11.11.4 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System 565 -- 11.12 Future Trends 573 -- Further Readings 574 -- Glossary 575 -- 12 Weather Satellites 577 -- 12.1 Weather Forecasting -- An Overview 577 -- 12.2 Weather Forecasting Satellite Fundamentals 580.
12.3 Images from Weather Forecasting Satellites 580 -- 12.3.1 Visible Images 580 -- 12.3.2 IR Images 582 -- 12.3.3 Water Vapour Images 583 -- 12.3.4 Microwave Images 584 -- 12.3.5 Images Formed by Active Probing 585 -- 12.4 Weather Forecasting Satellite Orbits 586 -- 12.5 Weather Forecasting Satellite Payloads 587 -- 12.5.1 Radiometer 588 -- 12.5.2 Active Payloads 589 -- 12.6 Image Processing and Analysis 592 -- 12.6.1 Image Enhancement Techniques 592 -- 12.7 Weather Forecasting Satellite Applications 593 -- 12.7.1 Measurement of Cloud Parameters 594 -- 12.7.2 Rainfall 594 -- 12.7.3 Wind Speed and Direction 595 -- 12.7.4 Ground-level Temperature Measurements 596 -- 12.7.5 Air Pollution and Haze 596 -- 12.7.6 Fog 596 -- 12.7.7 Oceanography 596 -- 12.7.8 Severe Storm Support 597 -- 12.7.9 Fisheries 598 -- 12.7.10 Snow and Ice Studies 598 -- 12.8 Major Weather Forecasting Satellite Missions 599 -- 12.8.1 GOES Satellite System 599 -- 12.8.2 Meteosat Satellite System 605 -- 12.8.3 Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA Satellites 608 -- 12.9 Future of Weather Forecasting Satellite Systems 612 -- Further Readings 612 -- Glossary 613 -- 13 Navigation Satellites 614 -- 13.1 Development of Satellite Navigation Systems 614 -- 13.1.1 Doppler Effect based Satellite Navigation Systems 615 -- 13.1.2 Trilateration-based Satellite Navigation Systems 615 -- 13.2 Global Positioning System (GPS) 621 -- 13.2.1 Space Segment 621 -- 13.2.2 Control Segment 622 -- 13.2.3 User Segment 623 -- 13.3 Working Principle of the GPS 625 -- 13.3.1 Principle of Operation 625 -- 13.3.2 GPS Signal Structure 627 -- 13.3.3 Pseudorange Measurements 628 -- 13.3.4 Determination of the Receiver Location 629 -- 13.4 GPS Positioning Services and Positioning Modes 631 -- 13.4.1 GPS Positioning Services 631 -- 13.4.2 GPS Positioning Modes 632 -- 13.5 GPS Error Sources 634 -- 13.6 GLONASS Satellite System 637 -- 13.6.1 GLONASS Segments 638 -- 13.6.2 GLONASS Signal Structure 639 -- 13.7 GPS-GLONASS Integration 641 -- 13.8 EGNOS Satellite Navigation System 642.
13.9 Galileo Satellite Navigation Systems 645 -- 13.9.1 Three-Phase Development Programme 645 -- 13.9.2 Services 646 -- 13.10 Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) 647 -- 13.11 Compass Satellite Navigation System 648 -- 13.12 Hybrid Navigation Systems 648 -- 13.13 Applications of Satellite Navigation Systems 650 -- 13.13.1 Military Applications 650 -- 13.13.2 Civilian Applications 651 -- 13.14 Future of Satellite Navigation Systems 654 -- Further Readings 655 -- Glossary 656 -- 14 Scientific Satellites 658 -- 14.1 Satellite-based versus Ground-based Scientific Techniques 658 -- 14.2 Payloads on Board Scientific Satellites 659 -- 14.2.1 Payloads for Studying Earth's Geodesy 659 -- 14.2.2 Payloads for Earth Environment Studies 660 -- 14.2.3 Payloads for Astronomical Studies 661 -- 14.3 Applications of Scientific Satellites -- Study of Earth 665 -- 14.3.1 Space Geodesy 665 -- 14.3.2 Tectonics and Internal Geodynamics 669 -- 14.3.3 Terrestrial Magnetic Fields 670 -- 14.4 Observation of the Earth's Environment 670 -- 14.4.1 Study of the Earth's Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 671 -- 14.4.2 Study of the Earth's Upper Atmosphere (Aeronomy) 677 -- 14.4.3 Study of the Interaction between Earth and its Environment 679 -- 14.5 Astronomical Observations 680 -- 14.5.1 Observation of the Sun 681 -- 14.6 Missions for Studying Planets of the Solar System 686 -- 14.6.1 Mercury 691 -- 14.6.2 Venus 692 -- 14.6.3 Mars 694 -- 14.6.4 Outer Planets 697 -- 14.6.5 Moon 703 -- 14.6.6 Asteroids 705 -- 14.6.7 Comets 706 -- 14.7 Missions Beyond the Solar System 707 -- 14.8 Other Fields of Investigation 710 -- 14.8.1 Microgravity Experiments 710 -- 14.8.2 Life Sciences 711 -- 14.8.3 Material Sciences 712 -- 14.8.4 Cosmic Ray and Fundamental Physics Research 713 -- 14.9 Future Trends 714 -- Further Readings 715 -- Glossary 715 -- 15 Military Satellites 717 -- 15.1 Military Satellites -- An Overview 717 -- 15.1.1 Applications of Military Satellites 718 -- 15.2 Military Communication Satellites 718.
15.3 Development of Military Communication Satellite Systems 719 -- 15.3.1 American Systems 720 -- 15.3.2 Russian Systems 724 -- 15.3.3 Satellites Launched by other Countries 725 -- 15.4 Frequency Spectrum Utilized by Military Communication Satellite Systems 726 -- 15.5 Dual-use Military Communication Satellite Systems 727 -- 15.6 Reconnaisance Satellites 728 -- 15.6.1 Image Intelligence or IMINT Satellites 728 -- 15.7 SIGINT Satellites 732 -- 15.7.1 Development of SIGINT Satellites 733 -- 15.8 Early Warning Satellites 735 -- 15.8.1 Major Early Warning Satellite Programmes 736 -- 15.9 Nuclear Explosion Satellites 738 -- 15.10 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites 738 -- 15.11 Military Navigation Satellites 739 -- 15.12 Space Weapons 739 -- 15.12.1 Classification of Space Weapons 740 -- 15.13 Strategic Defence Initiative 745 -- 15.13.1 Ground Based Programmes 746 -- 15.13.2 Directed Energy Weapon Programmes 749 -- 15.13.3 Space Programmes 751 -- 15.13.4 Sensor Programmes 752 -- 15.14 Directed Energy Laser Weapons 752 -- 15.14.1 Advantages 753 -- 15.14.2 Limitations 753 -- 15.14.3 Directed Energy Laser Weapon Components 754 -- 15.14.4 Important Design Parametres 755 -- 15.14.5 Important Laser Sources 756 -- 15.14.6 Beam Control Technology 763 -- 15.15 Advanced Concepts 764 -- 15.15.1 New Surveillance Concepts Using Satellites 765 -- 15.15.2 Long Reach Non-lethal Laser Dazzler 765 -- 15.15.3 Long Reach Laser Target Designator 766 -- Further Readings 767 -- Glossary 767 -- 16 Emerging Trends 769 -- 16.1 Introduction 769 -- 16.2 Space Tethers 769 -- 16.2.1 Space Tethers -- Different Types 770 -- 16.2.2 Applications 774 -- 16.2.3 Space Tether Missions 775 -- 16.2.4 Space Elevator 779 -- 16.3 Aerostat Systems 781 -- 16.3.1 Components of an Aerostat System 782 -- 16.3.2 Types of Aerostat Systems 782 -- 16.3.3 Applications 783 -- 16.4 Millimetre Wave Satellite Communication 784 -- 16.4.1 Millimetre Wave Band 784 -- 16.4.2 Advantages 785 -- 16.4.3 Propagation Considerations 787.
16.4.4 Applications 788 -- 16.4.5 Millimetre Wave Satellite Missions 789 -- 16.5 Space Stations 793 -- 16.5.1 Importance of Space Stations 794 -- 16.5.2 Space Stations of the Past 794 -- 16.5.3 Currently Operational Systems 797 -- 16.5.4 Planned Space Stations 799 -- 16.5.5 Emerging Space Station Concepts 801 -- Further Readings 803 -- Glossary 804 -- Index 807.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910828009603321
Maini Anil Kumar  
Chichester, West Sussex : , : Wiley, , [2014]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui