Fundamentals of Air Pollution

• Autore: Vallero Daniel A
• Pubblicazione: Academic Press [Imprint], April 2025; San Diego, : Elsevier Science & Technology Books; Saint Louis, : Elsevier [Distributor]; Chantilly : , : Elsevier Science & Technology, , 2025; ©2025
• Edizione: 6th ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (1066 pages)
• Disciplina: 628.53
• Nota di contenuto: Front Cover -- Fundamentals of Air Pollution -- Fundamentals of Air Pollution -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- I - Foundations of Air Pollution -- 1. The State of the Atmosphere -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Atmosphere -- 1.2.1 Tropospheric Composition -- 1.3 Atmospheric Chemical Concentrations -- 1.3.1 Chemical Concentration -- 1.3.2 Concentration Unit Example -- 1.4 Fluid Properties and Dynamics -- 1.4.1 Atmospheric Fluid Properties -- Questions -- References -- 2. The Physics of the Atmosphere -- 2.1 Energy -- 2.1.1 Radiation from a Blackbody -- 2.1.2 Incoming Solar Radiation -- 2.1.3 Albedo and Angle of Incidence -- 2.1.4 Outgoing Longwave Radiation -- 2.1.5 Heat Balance -- 2.2 Motion -- 2.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.2.2 Adiabatic Processes -- 2.2.3 Determining Stability -- 2.2.4 Potential Temperature -- 2.2.5 Effect of Mixing -- 2.2.6 Radiation or Nocturnal Inversions -- 2.2.7 Subsidence Inversions -- 2.3 Energy-Motion Relationships -- 2.3.1 Pressure Gradient Force -- 2.3.2 Coriolis Force -- 2.3.3 Geostrophic Wind -- 2.3.4 Gradient Wind -- 2.3.5 Friction -- 2.3.6 Divergence -- 2.4 Local Wind Systems -- 2.4.1 Sea and Land Breezes -- 2.4.2 Mountain and Valley Winds -- 2.4.3 Urban-Rural Circulations -- 2.4.4 Flow Around Structures -- 2.5 General Circulation -- 2.5.1 Tropics -- 2.5.2 Mid-latitudes -- 2.5.3 Polar Region -- 2.5.4 Other Factors -- 2.6 Introduction to Air Pollution Physics -- 2.6.1 Atmospheric Entropy -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Questions -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 3. The Science of Air Pollution -- 3.1 Air Pollution in Perspective -- 3.2 Emergence of Air Pollution Science, Engineering, and Technology -- 3.3 What is Air Pollution? -- 3.3.1 Particulate Matter -- 3.4 Atmospheric Transport and Fate -- 3.4.1 Sources and Sinks -- 3.4.2 Receptors -- 3.4.3 Transport and Dispersion. ; 3.4.4 Polluted Atmosphere -- 3.5 Air Pollution Engineering -- 3.6 Social Aspects of Air Pollution -- 3.7 Air Pollution Laws -- 3.7.1 The National Environmental Policy Act -- 3.7.2 Clean Air Act and Amendments -- 3.7.2.1 State Implementation Plans -- 3.7.2.2 Prevention Strategies: Source Review -- 3.7.2.3 Urban Air Pollution -- 3.7.2.4 Mobile Sources -- 3.7.2.5 Toxic Air Pollutants -- 3.7.2.6 Acid Deposition -- 3.7.2.7 Protecting the Ozone Layer -- 3.7.3 Solid and Hazardous Wastes Laws -- 3.7.3.1 Management of Active Hazardous Waste Facilities -- 3.7.3.2 Addressing Abandoned Hazardous Wastes -- 3.7.4 Environmental Product and Consumer Protection Laws -- 3.8 Air Pollution Before the Industrial Revolution -- 3.9 Air Pollution and the Industrial Revolution -- 3.10 Air Pollution Events in the 20th and 21st Centuries -- 3.10.1 Early-20th Century Events -- 3.10.2 Events During 1925-50 -- 3.10.3 Events During 1950-80 -- 3.10.4 The 1980s -- 3.10.5 Recent History -- 3.11 The Future -- Questions -- References -- 4. Air Pollution Decision Tools -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Interpreting Data -- 4.2.1 Expressions of Air Pollution Risk -- 4.2.1.1 Hypothetical Probability Example -- 4.2.2 Risk Factors and Confounders -- 4.2.3 Causal Links Between Risk Factors and Adverse Outcomes -- 4.2.3.1 Strength of Association -- 4.2.3.2 Consistency -- 4.2.3.3 Specificity -- 4.2.3.4 Temporality -- 4.2.3.5 Biologic Gradient -- 4.2.3.6 Plausibility -- 4.2.3.7 Coherence -- 4.2.3.8 Experimentation -- 4.2.3.9 Analogy -- 4.3 Rare Events: Black Swans and Perfect Storms -- 4.4 Data and Information Selection -- 4.5 The Nondetect Problem -- 4.6 Data Manipulation -- 4.7 Conclusions -- Questions -- References -- 5. Life Cycle Assessment of Air Pollutants -- 5.1 Systems Context for Air Pollution -- 5.2 Energy -- 5.3 Energy Life Cycles -- 5.3.1 Upstream Impacts -- 5.3.1.1 Mining Stressors. ; 5.3.1.2 Uranium Mining -- 5.3.1.3 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Stressors -- 5.4 Environmental Justice During Extraction -- 5.5 Fuel Cycle Impacts -- 5.5.1 Fuel Cycle Stressors -- 5.5.2 Crude Oil Transport Stressors -- 5.6 Refining Stressors -- 5.7 Operation Stage -- 5.7.1 Combustion -- 5.7.2 Operation -- 5.8 Downstream Impacts -- Questions -- References -- II - The Risks of Air Pollution -- 6. Inherent Properties of Air Pollutants -- 6.1 Inherency -- 6.1.1 Basic Chemical Concepts -- 6.1.2 Expressions of Chemical Characteristics -- 6.1.2.1 The Periodic Table -- 6.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation, Electron Density, Orbitals, and Valence -- 6.1.3.1 Physicochemical Processes in the Formation of Air Toxics -- 6.1.3.1.1 Combustions Reactions -- 6.1.3.1.2 Ionization -- 6.1.3.1.3 Solubility and Electrolytes -- 6.1.3.2 Environmental Acid and Base Chemistry -- 6.1.3.2.1 Hydrolysis -- 6.1.3.2.2 Photolysis -- 6.1.3.2.3 Precipitation Reactions -- 6.1.4 Organic Chemistry -- 6.1.4.1 Isomers -- 6.1.5 Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry -- 6.1.5.1 Types of Atmospheric Chemical Transformations -- 6.1.5.2 Role of Solar Radiation in Atmospheric Chemistry -- 6.1.5.3 Gas-phase Chemical Reaction Pathways -- 6.1.5.3.1 Photoabsorption of Solar Radiation -- 6.1.5.3.2 Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Ozone Cycles -- 6.1.5.3.3 Role of Hydrocarbons -- 6.1.5.3.3.1 Ozone Reaction With Propene -- 6.1.5.3.3.2 Hydroxyl Radical Addition to Propene -- 6.1.5.3.3.3 Aldehyde Photolysis and Reactions -- 6.1.5.3.3.4 Radical Reactions With Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide -- 6.1.5.3.3.5 Radical Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide -- 6.1.6 Heterogeneous Reactions -- 6.1.7 Scavenging and Removal From the Atmosphere -- 6.2 Vapor Pressure -- 6.2.1 Henry's Law -- 6.3 Solubility -- 6.4 Persistence -- 6.4.1 Photochemical Reactivity -- 6.4.2 Reduction-Oxidation Potential -- 6.4.3 Biodegradation. ; 6.4.4 Hydrolysis -- 6.5 Physical Phase -- 6.5.1 Particulate Matter Size and Mass -- 6.5.2 Fibers -- 6.5.2.1 Asbestos: The Fiber of Concern -- 6.5.2.2 Particulate Morphology -- 6.5.2.3 Particle Characteristics and Air Pollution Technology -- Questions -- References -- 7. Air Pollutant Hazards -- 7.1 Hazards -- 7.1.1 Chemical Hazards -- 7.1.2 Biological Hazards -- 7.1.3 Ecological Hazards -- 7.2 Dose-Response -- 7.3 Air Pollution Hazards -- 7.4 Air Toxics -- 7.4.1 Maximum Available Control Technology -- 7.4.2 Coke Oven Emissions: A Complex Hazardous Air Pollutant Class -- 7.5 Criteria Pollutants -- 7.5.1 Particulate Matter -- 7.5.2 Tropospheric Ozone -- 7.5.3 Nitrogen Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen -- 7.5.4 Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Sulfur -- 7.5.5 Carbon Monoxide -- 7.5.6 Lead -- Questions -- References -- Further Reading -- 8. Air Pollutant Exposures -- 8.1 Exposure -- 8.2 Exposure Calculations -- 8.3 Chemical Intake and Exposure -- 8.4 Exposure Data -- 8.4.1 Environmental Data Needed for Air Pollution Exposure Calculations -- 8.4.1.1 Biomonitoring Data -- 8.4.2 Exposure Factors -- 8.4.3 Observational Studies -- 8.4.4 Acquiring Data for an Exposure Assessment -- 8.4.4.1 Evaluation of Environmental Data -- 8.5 Assessing Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure -- 8.6 Questions -- References -- 9. Respiratory Effects of Air Pollutants -- 9.1 Respiration in Humans -- 9.2 Lung Kinetics -- 9.3 Air Pollutant Properties Important to Respiration -- 9.4 Respiratory System Transport and Fluid Dynamics -- 9.5 Respiratory Health Effects -- Questions -- References -- 10. Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants -- 10.1 Human Cardiovascular System -- 10.2 Cardiovascular Disease and Air Pollution Associations -- 10.3 Cardiovascular Effects -- 10.3.1 Carbon Monoxide: A Cardiovascular Agent -- 10.3.2 Cooccurring Pollutants and Cardiovascular Effects. ; 10.3.3 Indirect Cardiovascular Effects -- 10.3.3.1 Nonrespiratory Routes -- 10.3.3.2 Environmental Changes Leading to Effects -- Questions -- References -- 11. Cancer and Air Pollutants -- 11.1 Linking Air Pollution to Cancer -- 11.1.1 Cancer Etiology -- 11.2 Estimating Risk From Airborne Carcinogens -- 11.3 National Air Toxics Assessment -- 11.4 Cancer Dose-Response -- 11.5 Airborne Carcinogens -- 11.5.1 Carcinogenic Metals -- 11.5.2 Fibers -- 11.5.3 Carcinogenic Organic Compounds -- 11.6 Indirect Relationships -- Questions -- References -- 12. Reproductive and Hormonal Effects of Air Pollutants -- 12.1 Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- 12.2 Endocrine Disruption -- 12.2.1 Endocrine Disruptor Characteristics -- Questions -- References -- 13. Neurological Effects of Air Pollutants -- 13.1 Neurotoxicity -- 13.1.1 Demyelination -- 13.1.2 Axonopathy -- 13.1.3 Neuronopathy -- 13.1.4 Functional Neurotoxicity -- 13.1.5 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition -- 13.1.6 Developmental Neurotoxicity -- 13.2 Neurotoxic Metals -- 13.2.1 Lead -- 13.2.2 Mercury -- 13.2.3 Manganese -- 13.2.4 Other Neurotoxic Metals -- 13.3 Neurotoxic Organic Compounds -- 13.4 Neurotoxic Particulates -- 13.5 Relationship to Other Effects -- Questions -- References -- 14. Air Pollution's Impact on Ecosystems -- 14.1 Ecosystem Risk -- 14.2 Ecosystem Susceptibility to Air Pollution -- 14.3 Air Pollution Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems -- 14.3.1 Phytoplankton -- 14.3.2 Benthos -- 14.3.3 Disease-Causing Microbes -- 14.4 Net Primary Productivity and Eutrophication -- 14.4.1 Coral Reefs -- 14.5 Air Pollution Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 14.5.1 Effects on Flora -- 14.5.1.1 Forests -- 14.5.1.1.1 Low-Dose Levels -- 14.5.1.1.2 Intermediate-Dose Levels -- 14.5.1.1.3 High-Dose Levels -- 14.5.1.2 Crops and Food Supply -- 14.5.1.2.1 Vegetative Injury and Damage. ; 14.5.1.2.2 Vegetative Impacts From Acid Deposition.
• Sommario/riassunto: Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Sixth Edition offers an extensive study of the science of air pollution. With a highly interdisciplinary approach, the book's author examines air pollution through the lenses of chemistry, physics, meteorology, engineering, toxicology, regulation, and more. Students, faculty, and researchers alike will find a world of information in this comprehensive text that is strategically organized into six parts: Foundations of Air Pollution, The Risks of Air Pollution, Tropospheric Pollution, Biogeochemistry of Air Pollutants, Addressing Air Pollution, and The Future for Air Pollution Science and Engineering.Readers will find helpful features throughout, including case studies, topical sidebars, worked examples, calculations, and reference data. This valuable resource offers an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of air pollution with its wealth of benefits to both students and researchers.- Provides a systems approach to air pollution that helps readers understand the physical, chemical, biological, and engineering underpinning of any air quality topic- Includes new sidebars and examples of emerging problems to help readers apply skills needed to address air pollution- Presents critical equations, symbology, and a glossary useful for anyone who reads the Federal Register, state, province, and national standards and guidelines, and journal articles
• Titolo autorizzato: Fundamentals of air pollution
• ISBN: 9780443314476; 9780443314469
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911045229503321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II