Electrocatalysis for Membrane Fuel Cells : Methods, Modeling, and Applications

• Autore: Alonso-Vante Nicolas
• Pubblicazione: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2023; ©2024
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (577 pages)
• Soggetto topico: Fuel cells; Catalysts
• Altri autori: Di NotoVito
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I Overview of Systems -- Chapter 1 System‐level Constraints on Fuel Cell Materials and Electrocatalysts -- 1.1 Overview of Fuel Cell Applications and System Designs -- 1.1.1 System‐level Fuel Cell Metrics -- 1.1.2 Fuel Cell Subsystems and Balance of Plant (BOP) Components -- 1.1.3 Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems for Different Applications -- 1.2 Application‐derived Requirements and Constraints -- 1.2.1 Fuel Cell Performance and the Heat Rejection Constraint -- 1.2.2 Startup, Flexibility, and Robustness -- 1.2.3 Fuel Cell Durability -- 1.2.4 Cost -- 1.3 Material Pathways to Improved Fuel Cells -- 1.4 Note -- References -- Chapter 2 PEM Fuel Cell Design from the Atom to the Automobile -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The PEMFC Catalyst -- 2.3 The Electrode -- 2.4 Membrane -- 2.5 The GDL -- 2.6 CCM and MEA -- 2.7 Flowfield and Single Fuel Cell -- 2.8 Stack and System -- Acronyms -- References -- Part II Basics - Fundamentals -- Chapter 3 Electrochemical Fundamentals -- 3.1 Principles of Electrochemistry -- 3.2 The Role of the First Faraday Law -- 3.3 Electric Double Layer and the Formation of a Potential Difference at the Interface -- 3.4 The Cell -- 3.5 The Spontaneous Processes and the Nernst Equation -- 3.6 Representation of an Electrochemical Cell and the Nernst Equation -- 3.7 The Electrochemical Series -- 3.8 Dependence of the Ecell on Temperature and Pressure -- 3.9 Thermodynamic Efficiencies -- 3.10 Case Study - The Impact of Thermodynamics on the Corrosion of Low‐T FC Electrodes -- 3.11 Reaction Kinetics and Fuel Cells -- 3.11.1 Correlation Between Current and Reaction Kinetics -- 3.11.2 The Concept of Exchange Current -- 3.12 Charge Transfer Theory Based on Distribution of Energy States -- 3.12.1 The Butler-Volmer Equation -- 3.12.2 The Tafel Equation. ; 3.12.3 Interplay Between Exchange Current and Electrocatalyst Activity -- 3.13 Conclusions -- Symbols -- References -- Chapter 4 Quantifying the Kinetic Parameters of Fuel Cell Reactions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Electrochemical Active Surface Area (ECSA) Determination -- 4.2.1 ECSA Determination Using Underpotential Deposition -- 4.2.1.1 Hydrogen Underpotential Deposition (HUPD) -- 4.2.1.2 Copper Underpotential Deposition (CuUPD) -- 4.2.2 ECSA Quantification Based on the Adsorption of Probe Molecules -- 4.2.2.1 CO Stripping -- 4.2.2.2 NO2−/NO Sorption -- 4.2.3 Double‐layer Capacitance Measurements and Other Methods -- 4.2.4 ECSA Measurements in a PEFC: Which Method to Choose? -- 4.3 H2‐Oxidation and Electrochemical Setups for the Quantification of Kinetic Parameters -- 4.3.1 Rotating Disc Electrodes (RDEs) -- 4.3.2 Hydrogen Pump (PEFC) Approach -- 4.3.3 Ultramicroelectrode Approach -- 4.3.4 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Approach -- 4.3.5 Floating Electrode Method -- 4.3.6 Methods Summary -- 4.4 ORR Kinetics -- 4.4.1 ORR Mechanism Studies with RRDE Setups -- 4.4.2 ORR Pathway on Me/N/C ORR Catalysts -- 4.4.3 ORR Kinetics: Methods -- 4.4.3.1 Pt‐based Electrodes -- 4.4.3.2 Pt‐free Catalysts: RDE vs. PEFC Kinetic Studies -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acronyms -- Symbols -- References -- Chapter 5 Adverse and Beneficial Functions of Surface Layers Formed on Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Catalyst Capping in Heterogeneous Catalysis and in Electrocatalysis -- 5.3 Passivation of PGM/TM and Non‐PGM HOR Catalysts and Its Possible Prevention -- 5.4 Literature Reports on Fuel Cell Catalyst Protection by Capping -- 5.4.1 Protection of ORR Pt catalysts Against Agglomeration by an Ultrathin Overlayer of Mesoporous SiO2 or Me-SiO2. ; 5.4.2 Protection by Carbon Caps Against Catalyst Detachment and Catalyst Passivation Under Ambient Conditions -- 5.5 Other Means for Improving the Performance Stability of Supported Electrocatalysts -- 5.5.1 Replacement of Carbon Supports by Ceramic Supports -- 5.5.2 Protection of Pt Catalysts by Enclosure in Mesopores -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part III State of the Art -- Chapter 6 Design of PGM‐free ORR Catalysts: From Molecular to the State of the Art -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Influence of Molecular Changes Within the Complex -- 6.2.1 The Role of the Metal Center -- 6.2.2 Addition of Substituents to MCs -- 6.2.2.1 Beta‐substituents -- 6.2.3 Meso‐substituents -- 6.2.4 Axial Ligands -- 6.3 Cooperative Effects Between Neighboring MCs -- 6.3.1 Bimetallic Cofacial Complexes - "Packman" Complexes -- 6.3.2 MC Polymers -- 6.4 The Physical and/or Chemical Interactions Between the Catalyst and Its Support Material -- 6.5 Effect of Pyrolysis -- References -- Chapter 7 Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mechanism of the HOR in Alkaline Media -- 7.3 Electrocatalysts for Alkaline HOR -- 7.3.1 Platinum Group Metal HOR Electrocatalysts -- 7.3.2 Non‐platinum Group Metal‐based HOR Electrocatalysts -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Membranes for Fuel Cells -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Properties of the PE separators -- 8.2.1 Benchmarking of IEMs -- 8.2.2 Ion‐exchange Capacity (IEC) -- 8.2.3 Water Uptake (WU), Swelling Ratio (SR), and Water Transport -- 8.2.4 Ionic Conductivity (σ) -- 8.2.5 Gas Permeability -- 8.2.6 Chemical Stability -- 8.2.7 Thermal and Mechanical Stability -- 8.2.8 Cost of the IEMs -- 8.3 Classification of Ion‐exchange Membranes -- 8.3.1 Cation‐exchange Membranes (CEMs) -- 8.3.1.1 Perfluorinated Membranes. ; 8.3.1.2 Nonperfluorinated Membranes -- 8.3.2 Anion‐exchange Membranes (AEMs) -- 8.3.2.1 Functionalized Polyketones -- 8.3.2.2 Poly(Vinyl Benzyl Trimethyl Ammonium) (PVBTMA) Polymers -- 8.3.2.3 Poly(sulfones) (PS) -- 8.3.3 Hybrid Ion‐exchange Membranes -- 8.3.3.1 Hybrid Membranes with Single Ceramic Oxoclusters [P/(MxOy)n] -- 8.3.3.2 Hybrid Membranes Comprising Surface‐functionalized Nanofillers -- 8.3.3.3 Hybrid Membranes Doped with hierarchical "Core-Shell" Nanofillers -- 8.3.4 Porous Membranes -- 8.3.4.1 Porous Membranes as Host Material -- 8.3.4.2 Porous Membranes as Support Layer -- 8.3.4.3 Porous Membranes as Unconventional Separators -- 8.4 Mechanism of Ion Conduction -- 8.5 Summary and Perspectives -- Acronyms -- Symbols -- References -- Chapter 9 Supports for Oxygen Reduction Catalysts: Understanding and Improving Structure, Stability, and Activity -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Carbon Black Supports -- 9.3 Decoration and Modification with Metal Oxide Nanostructures -- 9.4 Carbon Nanotube as Carriers -- 9.5 Doping, Modification, and Other Carbon Supports -- 9.6 Graphene as Catalytic Component -- 9.7 Metal Oxide‐containing ORR Catalysts -- 9.8 Photodeposition of Pt on Various Oxide-Carbon Composites -- 9.9 Other Supports -- 9.10 Alkaline Medium -- 9.11 Toward More Complex Hybrid Systems -- 9.12 Stabilization Approaches -- 9.13 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Part IV Physical-Chemical Characterization -- Chapter 10 Understanding the Electrocatalytic Reaction in the Fuel Cell by Tracking the Dynamics of the Catalyst by X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 A Short Introduction to XAS -- 10.3 Application of XAS in Electrocatalysis -- 10.3.1 Ex Situ Characterization of Electrocatalyst -- 10.3.2 Operando XAS Studies -- 10.4 Δμ XANES Analysis to Track Adsorbate. ; 10.5 Time‐resolved Operando XAS Measurements in Fuel Cells -- 10.6 Fourth‐generation Synchrotron Facilities and Advanced Characterization Techniques -- 10.6.1 Total‐reflection Fluorescence X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy -- 10.6.2 Resonant X‐ray Emission Spectroscopy (RXES) -- 10.6.3 Combined XRD and XAS -- 10.7 Conclusions -- Acronyms -- References -- Part V Modeling -- Chapter 11 Unraveling Local Electrocatalytic Conditions with Theory and Computation -- 11.1 Local Reaction Conditions: Why Bother? -- 11.2 From Electrochemical Cells to Interfaces: Basic Concepts -- 11.3 Characteristics of Electrocatalytic Interfaces -- 11.4 Multifaceted Effects of Surface Charging on the Local Reaction Conditions -- 11.5 The Challenges in Modeling Electrified Interfaces using First‐principles Methods -- 11.5.1 Computational Hydrogen Electrode -- 11.5.2 Unit‐cell Extrapolation, Explicit Solvated Protons, and Excess Electrons -- 11.5.3 Counter Charge and Reference Electrode -- 11.5.4 Effective Screening Medium and mPB Theory -- 11.5.5 Grand‐canonical DFT -- 11.6 A Concerted Theoretical-Computational Framework -- 11.7 Case Study: Oxygen Reduction at Pt(111) -- 11.8 Outlook -- References -- Part VI Protocols -- Chapter 12 Quantifying the Activity of Electrocatalysts -- 12.1 Introduction: Toward a Systematic Protocol for Activity Measurements -- 12.2 Materials Consideration -- 12.2.1 PGM Group -- 12.2.2 Low PGM and PGM‐free Approaches -- 12.2.3 Impact of Support Effects on Catalytic Sites -- 12.3 Electrochemical Cell Considerations -- 12.3.1 Cell Configuration and Material -- 12.3.2 Electrolyte -- 12.3.2.1 Purity -- 12.3.2.2 Protons vs. Hydroxide Ions -- 12.3.2.3 Influence of Counterions -- 12.3.3 Electrode Potential Measurements -- 12.3.4 Preparation of Electrodes -- 12.3.5 Well‐defined and Nanoparticulated Objects. ; 12.4 Parameters Diagnostic of Electrochemical Performance.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book, edited by Nicolas Alonso-Vante and Vito Di Noto, provides a comprehensive exploration of membrane fuel cells, focusing on the methods, modeling, and applications of this technology. It delves into system-level constraints, fuel cell design, and the fundamental principles underpinning the operation of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The book discusses the kinetics of fuel cell reactions, the role of catalysts, and the durability and performance assessment of fuel cells. It also explores recent advances in hydrogen oxidation reactions and the development of PGM-free catalysts. Intended for researchers and professionals in the field, this resource aims to support the development of clean and sustainable energy technologies.
• Titolo autorizzato: Electrocatalysis for Membrane Fuel Cells
• ISBN: 9783527830572; 352783057X; 9783527830558; 3527830553; 9783527830565; 3527830561
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911019811003321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II