Animal manure recycling : treatment and management / / edited by Sven G. Sommer ... [et al.]

• Pubblicazione: Chichester, West Sussex, : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource
• Disciplina: 628/.7466
• Soggetto topico: Animal waste - Recycling; Biomass energy; Farm manure; Manures
• Altri autori: SommerSven Gjedde <1955->
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Animal Manure Recycling -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Animal Manure - From Waste to Raw Materials and Goods -- References -- 2 Animal Production and Animal Manure Management -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Housing, Feedlots and Exercise Areas -- 2.2.1 Cattle -- 2.2.2 Pigs -- 2.2.3 Poultry -- 2.2.4 Integrated Production Systems -- 2.3 Management of Manure -- 2.3.1 Deep Litter Management -- 2.3.2 Slurry Management -- 2.3.3 Separation of Slurry -- 2.4 Systems Analysis Method for Assessing Mass Flows -- 2.4.1 Mass Balance and Process Specifications -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- 3 Regulations on Animal Manure Management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Issues -- 3.3 Need for Government Regulations -- 3.4 Global Regulation - Multilateral Environmental Agreements -- 3.5 Regional Regulations - Exemplified with EU Directives and Regulations -- 3.5.1 EU CAP and its Reforms -- 3.5.2 EU Environmental Directives -- 3.5.3 Reducing Ammonia Emissions from Manure Management in Europe -- 3.6 National Regulations on Agricultural Pollution -- 3.6.1 United States -- 3.6.2 Japan -- 3.6.3 Denmark -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- 4 Manure Characterisation and Inorganic Chemistry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Livestock Manure Categories -- 4.3 Physical Characterisation of Manure -- 4.3.1 Particle Size -- 4.3.2 Manure Density and Viscosity -- 4.3.3 Electrochemical Properties -- 4.4 Manure Inorganic Chemistry -- 4.4.1 Ions in Solution -- 4.4.2 pH Buffer System -- 4.4.3 Volatile Components -- 4.4.4 Absorbed Exchangeable Cations -- 4.4.5 Crystals and Adsorbed Ions -- 4.5 Summary -- References -- 5 Manure Organic Matter - Characteristics and Microbial Transformations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Manure Organic Matter Composition -- 5.2.1 Carbon -- 5.2.2 Nitrogen -- 5.2.3 Characterisation of Manure Organic Matter. ; 5.3 Manure Microbiology -- 5.4 Microbial and Biochemical Transformations in Manure -- 5.4.1 Aerobic Decomposition of Organic Matter -- 5.4.2 Anaerobic Decomposition of Organic Matter -- 5.5 Transformations of Nitrogen -- 5.5.1 Urea and Uric Acid Transformation -- 5.5.2 Ammonification or Mineralisation - Organic Nitrogen Transformation to Ammonium -- 5.5.3 Immobilisation -- 5.5.4 Nitrification -- 5.5.5 Nitrification-Denitrification Coupling -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Sanitation and Hygiene in Manure Management -- 6.1 Hygiene Risks Associated with Manure Management -- 6.2 Why Must the Pathogens in Manure be Managed? -- 6.2.1 Manure Treatment -- 6.2.2 Expression of Pathogen Reduction -- 6.3 Manure Treatment Alternatives -- 6.3.1 Storage -- 6.3.2 Anaerobic Treatment -- 6.3.3 Composting -- 6.4 Chemical Treatment -- 6.4.1 Ammonia Treatment -- 6.4.2 Ammonia Sanitisation at the Farm Level -- 6.5 Summary -- References -- 7 Solid-Liquid Separation of Animal Slurry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Removal and Separation Efficiency -- 7.3 In-House Separation -- 7.4 Solid-Liquid Separation of Manure Slurry -- 7.4.1 Sedimentation -- 7.4.2 Centrifugation -- 7.4.3 Drainage -- 7.4.4 Filtration with Pressure -- 7.4.5 User Demand on Performance of the Technology -- 7.5 Pre-Treatment: Chemical Additives -- 7.5.1 Precipitation, Coagulation and Flocculation -- 7.5.2 Struvite Crystallisation -- 7.6 Post-Treatment: Separation Techniques -- 7.6.1 Evaporation of Water and Stripping of Ammonia -- 7.6.2 Membranes -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- 8 Gaseous Emissions of Ammonia and Malodorous Gases -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Characteristics of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide -- 8.3 Processes Involved in Emission -- 8.3.1 Liquid and Air Diffusion Processes -- 8.3.2 Air-Water Equilibrium -- 8.3.3 Acid-Base Equilibrium -- 8.4 Two-Layer Transport and Release Model. ; 8.4.1 Gas or Liquid Film Controlling Transfer -- 8.5 Assessment of Gas Release and Emission -- 8.5.1 Calculations Using Emission Coefficients -- 8.5.2 Gas Release and Chemical Equilibrium -- 8.5.3 Effects of Air Turbulence and Surface Component Concentration on Emissions -- 8.6 Summary -- References -- 9 Ammonia and Malodorous Gases: Sources and Abatement Technologies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Measurement Methods -- 9.2.1 Odour Measurement -- 9.2.2 Relationships Between Odour and Odorants -- 9.3 Ammonia Emissions -- 9.3.1 Pig and Cattle Houses - Slatted Floor and Slurry Pits -- 9.3.2 Pig and Cattle Houses - Solid Floor and Deep Litter -- 9.3.3 Poultry Houses -- 9.3.4 Ammonia Emissions from Manure Storage -- 9.3.5 Field-Applied Manure -- 9.4 Odour Emissions -- 9.4.1 Livestock Buildings -- 9.4.2 Volatile Organic Compounds and Hydrogen Sulphide Emissions from Livestock Production -- 9.5 Technologies and Additives to Reduce NH3 and Odour Emissions -- 9.5.1 Air Treatment Techniques -- 9.5.2 Aeration -- 9.5.3 Additives -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- 10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Manures and Technologies for Their Reduction -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Processes of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Production -- 10.3 Methane Production from Manure -- 10.3.1 Effect of Temperature -- 10.3.2 Manure Storage Methods -- 10.3.3 Field-Applied Manure -- 10.4 Nitrous Oxide Production from Manure -- 10.4.1 Stored Manure -- 10.4.2 Field-Applied Manure -- 10.5 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 10.5.1 Reduced Inoculum -- 10.5.2 Mitigation Technologies and Management -- 10.5.3 Reducing Volatile Solids and Nitrogen -- 10.5.4 Additives -- 10.5.5 Covers -- 10.5.6 Whole System Analysis of Technologies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- 11 Nutrient Leaching and Runoff from Land Application of Animal Manure and Measures for Reduction. ; 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Nitrogen -- 11.2.1 Leaching of Manure Nitrogen in the First Year after Application and Methods for Reducing the Risk -- 11.2.2 Long-Term Leaching of Manure Nitrogen -- 11.2.3 Nitrogen Losses via Runoff and Strategies for Reducing the Risk -- 11.3 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Phosphorus -- 11.3.1 Leaching of Manure Phosphorus -- 11.3.2 Phosphorus Losses via Runoff and Strategies for Reducing the Risk -- 11.4 Leaching and Runoff of Potassium -- 11.5 Summary -- References -- 12 Technologies and Logistics for Handling, Transport and Distribution of Animal Manures -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Overview of Manure Systems -- 12.3 Animal Manure Characteristics -- 12.4 Removal from Animal Houses -- 12.4.1 Solid Manure -- 12.4.2 Liquid Manure and Slurry -- 12.5 Manure Storage -- 12.5.1 Solid Manure Stores -- 12.5.2 Liquid Manure Stores -- 12.5.3 Stirring - Homogenising Liquid Manure -- 12.6 Transport of Manure -- 12.6.1 Liquid Manure Transport by Gravity -- 12.6.2 Transport of Slurry by Pumping -- 12.6.3 Tanker Transport -- 12.7 Application of Manure in the Field -- 12.7.1 Solid Manure Application -- 12.7.2 Liquid Manure Application -- 12.8 Manure Operations Management -- 12.8.1 Emptying the Animal House -- 12.8.2 Transport of Manure -- 12.8.3 Application in the Field -- 12.9 Farm Scenarios -- 12.10 Summary -- References -- 13 Bioenergy Production -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Biomass and Energy -- 13.2.1 Operation of Combustion Plant -- 13.2.2 Pre-Treatment of Biomass -- 13.2.3 Energy Production Using Straw Residues -- 13.2.4 Residues from Incineration -- 13.3 Biogas Production -- 13.3.1 Biogas Process -- 13.3.2 Inhibition of the Biogas Production Process -- 13.3.3 Gas Production Rates -- 13.3.4 Biogas Digester Design -- 13.3.5 Sizing Digesters -- 13.3.6 Water Removal -- 13.3.7 Dihydrogen Sulfide Removal. ; 13.3.8 Carbon Dioxide Removal and Upgrading Biogas for the Natural Gas Network and Transport Fuels -- 13.4 Summary -- References -- 14 Animal Manure Residue Upgrading and Nutrient Recovery in Biofertilisers -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Manure Upgrading Options -- 14.3 Composting of Manures -- 14.3.1 Basic Composting Concepts -- 14.3.2 Control of the Composting Process -- 14.3.3 Biofertiliser Value of Manure-Based Composts in Agriculture -- 14.3.4 Use of Compost Products in the Non-Agricultural Sector -- 14.4 Drying and Pelletising Solid Manures -- 14.5 Manure Combustion and Gasification Ash -- 14.5.1 Ash Extraction and Conversion -- 14.6 Biochar from Pyrolysis or Carbonisation of Solid Manures -- 14.7 Precipitates and Mineral Concentrates from Liquid Manures -- 14.7.1 Struvite -- 14.7.2 Mineral Concentrates -- 14.8 Summary -- References -- 15 Animal Manure Fertiliser Value, Crop Utilisation and Soil Quality Impacts -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Fertilisation and Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency -- 15.2.1 Source of Nitrogen Supply to Crops -- 15.2.2 Crop Yield Response to Fertiliser Nitrogen and the Economic Optimum -- 15.2.3 Crop Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency -- 15.3 Use of Animal Manures as Organic Fertilisers -- 15.3.1 Manure Chemical Properties and Effects on Soil Fertility -- 15.3.2 Manure Effects on Soil Biological Activity and Nutrient Turnover -- 15.3.3 Manure Effects on Soil Physical Properties -- 15.4 Manure Fertiliser Value as Affected by Application Method, Manure Type and Treatment -- 15.4.1 MFE Value -- 15.4.2 Manure Application Methods -- 15.4.3 First-Year N-MFE Value for Various Manure Types -- 15.4.4 Long-Term Manure Nitrogen Turnover and Residual MFE Value -- 15.4.5 Strategies for Combined Manure and Mineral Fertiliser Use -- 15.5 Summary -- References -- 16 Life Cycle Assessment of Manure Management Systems -- 16.1 Introduction. ; 16.2 Introduction to the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology.
• Sommario/riassunto: A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector is causing a range of environmental problems on local, regional and global scales. Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents an accessible overview of environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner. The book describes the physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure and microbial processes, featuring detailed examples and case studies showing how this knowledge can be used in practice. Readers are introduced to the sustainable use of animal manure for crop fertilisation and soil amelioration. Environmentally friendly technologies for reducing emissions of ammonia, odour and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane are presented, and reduction of plant nutrient losses using separation technologies is introduced. Finally and most importantly, the book describes methods to commercialise and transfer knowledge about innovations to end-users. Topics covered include: * Regulation of animal manure management * Manure organic matter: characteristics and microbial transformations * Greenhouse gas emissions from animal manures and technologies for their reduction * Technologies and logistics for handling, transport and distribution of animal manures * Bioenergy production * Animal manure residue upgrading and nutrient recovery in bio-fertilisers * Life cycle assessment of manure management systems * Innovation in animal manure management and recycling Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents state-of-the-art coverage of the entire animal manure chain, providing practical information for engineers, environmental consultants, academics and advanced students involved in scientific, technical and regulatory issues related to animal manure management.
• Titolo autorizzato: Animal manure recycling
• ISBN: 9781118676677; 111867667X; 9781118676769; 1118676769; 9781118676721; 1118676726
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911019810903321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II