Terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity / / edited by Yeqiao Wang

• Pubblicazione: Boca Raton, FL : , : CRC Press, , 2020
• Edizione: Second edition.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (453 pages) : illustrations
• Disciplina: 333.740684
• Soggetto topico: Biodiversity; Ecosystem management; Climatic changes
• Persona (resp. second.): WangYeqiao
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About The Handbook of Natural Resources -- Acknowledgments -- Aims and Scope -- Editor -- Contributors -- Section I: Biodiversity and Conservation -- 1 Assessment of Community-Based Activities to Reduce Human-Elephant Conflict in Nepal -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- 2 Biodiversity: Agriculture -- Introduction -- Agriculture's Impact on Wild Biodiversity Globally -- Structure and Function of Agroecosystems and Biodiversity -- Offsite Impacts of Agricultural Activities -- Loss of Diversity within Agricultural Species -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Biodiversity: Climate Change -- Introduction -- The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity -- Methodological and Conceptual Approaches to Assess the Impacts of Climate Change -- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation -- Politics of Climate Change and Biodiversity -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Bibliography -- 4 Biodiversity: Conservation -- Introduction -- The Dimensions of Biodiversity: How Much Do We Know? -- Conservation -- Extinction Rates -- Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography -- 5 Biodiversity: Habitat Suitability -- Introduction -- Habitat Suitability Modeling -- Applications of Habitat Suitability Models -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Biodiversity: Tropical Agroforestry -- Introduction -- Agroforestry -- Biodiversity -- Trends in the World Forests -- Agroforestry and Biodiversity Preservation -- Studies of Agroforestry and Biodiversity -- Planned Biodiversity -- Certifications and Biodiversity -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Biodiversity: Values -- Introduction -- Intrinsic Values -- Instrumental Values -- The Values Battleground -- Conflict Resolution -- References -- Bibliography. ; 8 Biomes -- Introduction -- Major Biomes -- References -- 9 Decision-Making and Monitoring Strategies in Natural Resource Management and Conservation -- Introduction -- Monitoring Strategies -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 Diversity: Species -- Introduction -- Quantifying Species Diversity -- Patterns of Species Diversity -- Maintenance of Species Diversity -- Threats to Species Diversity -- Benefits of Species Diversity -- References -- 11 Exotic and Invasive Species -- Exotic or Invasive: Who Is Who? -- What Makes a Species Invasive? -- Impact of Exotic Species -- Prevention, Control, Management, and Risk Assessment -- Exotic Species Lists and Data Sources -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Keystone and Indicator Species -- Introduction -- Indicator Species -- Keystone Species -- Expected Values and Benchmarks for Ecological Indicators -- Conclusions -- References -- 13 Population Genetics -- Introduction -- Evolutionary Forces That Drive DNA Sequence Change -- Mutation: The Source of Genetic Novelty -- Genetic Random Drift: The Role of Chance in Evolutionary Change -- The Neutrality Hypothesis: An Interaction between Mutation and Drift -- Natural Selection: The Engine of Adaptive Change -- Recombination as Both Randomizing and Creative Force -- The Coalescent: Looking Backward in Time -- Migration: The Spatial Dimension of Genetic Change -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Prioritizing Conservation Sites for Biodiversity Protection in Uganda -- Introduction -- Biodiversity Prioritization: Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) -- KBA National Coordination Group -- Conservation and Development -- Game Conservation in Uganda -- Discussion -- References -- 15 Weeds: Seed Banks and Seed Dormancy -- Introduction -- Characteristics of the Soil Seed Bank -- Periodicity and Intermittent Germination -- Weed Seeds and Depth of Burial. ; Persistence of Weed Seeds in Soil -- Environmental Factors That Affect Seed Dormancy -- Conclusion -- References -- Section II: Ecosystem Type, Function, and Service -- 16 Community Forestry: Sustainability and Equity Issues -- Introduction -- Operation of Community Forests -- Sustainability of Silviculture Practices in CFs -- Equity in Community Forests -- Attributes of CFs and National Forestry Policies That Result in Successful Management of CFs -- Conclusions -- References -- 17 Ecosystem Services: Evaluation -- Introduction -- Biophysical Evaluation -- The Importance of Spatial Analysis -- Economic Evaluation -- What Affects the Value of Ecosystem Services? -- Coordinated Biophysical and Social Evaluation -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Ecosystem Services: Land Systems Approach -- Introduction -- Land System as a Coupled Human-Environment System -- Ecosystem Goods and Services -- Land Systems Change and Ecosystem Services -- Conclusion -- References -- 19 Ecosystem Services: Pollinators and Pollination -- Introduction -- Ecosystem Services in Natural Resource Systems -- Pollination -- Maintaining and Supporting Pollination Services -- Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography -- 20 Ecosystems: Diversity -- Introduction -- Biodiversity at the Ecosystem Level -- Ecosystem Types -- World Ecosystems -- Forest Ecosystems -- Tropical Rainforests -- Tropical Seasonal Forests -- Deciduous Forests -- Grasslands -- Deserts -- Wetlands -- Polar Ecosystems -- Agroecosystems -- Urban Ecosystems -- Ecosystem Management -- References -- 21 Ecosystems: Forest Nutrient Cycling -- Introduction -- Influence of Climate -- Influence of Biotic Factors -- Influence of Abiotic Factors -- Role of Disturbance -- References -- 22 Ecosystems: Functions and Services -- Ecosystem Services -- Valuation -- Case Studies -- Major World Reports on Ecosystem Services. ; The Ecosystem Services' Partnership and Ongoing Work -- Conclusions -- References -- Bibliography -- 23 Ecosystems: Soil Animal Functioning -- Introduction -- Spatial Distribution of Soil Animals -- Influence of Soil Animals on Soil Functions -- Water Cycling -- Pest Control -- Impact of Key Soil Animals -- Soil Biodiversity -- References -- 24 Ecotone -- Introduction -- Ecotone Hierarchies -- Plant-Scale Ecotones -- Patch-Scale Ecotones -- Landscape-Scale Ecotones -- Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Ecotones -- Directional Transitions -- Stationary Transitions -- Shifting Transitions -- Emergent Properties of Ecotones -- Conclusions -- References -- 25 Environmental Goods and Services: Economic and Non-Economic Methods for Valuing -- Introduction -- Economic Valuation -- Non-Economic Valuation -- Modern Origin of the Two Perspectives on Valuing the Work of the Environment -- The Relationship between Money and Emergy Flow -- Market Value and Emergy Value of Environmental Goods and Services -- Nonmarket Value and Emergy Value of Environmental Goods and Services -- Summary -- References -- 26 Forests: Temperate Evergreen and Deciduous -- Introduction -- Climate -- Land Formation and History -- Structure and Composition -- Threats -- Conclusions -- References -- 27 Forests: Tropical Rain -- Introduction -- What Is (and What Is Not) a Tropical Rain Forest? -- Where Do Tropical Rain Forests Occur? -- The Importance of Tropical Rain Forests -- Threats to Tropical Rain Forests -- Conservation of Tropical Rain Forests -- Conclusions -- References -- 28 Savannas and Grasslands -- Introduction -- Structural Properties and Geographic Distribution -- Determinants of Vegetation Structure -- Plant Available Moisture/Nutrients -- Fire -- Herbivores -- Paradigms/Models of Tree-Grass Interaction in Savannas -- Biodiversity and Productivity. ; Ecological Concerns and Sustainable Use -- Conclusion -- References -- Section III: Ecological Processes -- 29 Agriculture: Organic -- Introduction -- Organic Agricultural Practices -- History and Extent of Organic Agriculture -- Organic Certification -- The Sustainability of Organic Agriculture -- Conclusions -- References -- 30 Crops and the Atmosphere: Trace Gas Exchanges -- Introduction -- Impacts of Trace Gases on Crops -- Factors Controlling Trace Gas Exchange -- Plant Physiological Controls -- Internal Transfer Resistances -- Conclusion -- References -- 31 Desertification -- Introduction -- What Is Desertification? -- Desertification and Land Degradation, Drylands and Non-Drylands -- How LDD Is Caused? -- Who Causes LDD? -- Why Land Users Cause LDD? -- Where and How Much LDD There Is? -- Why LDD Is of Concern? -- What Has Been Done and What Can Be Done? -- Desertification and Climate, and Climate Change -- Conclusions -- References -- Bibliography -- 32 Ecological and Evolutionary Processes -- Introduction -- Natural Resources Are Components of Ecosystems -- Ecosystems and Their Resources Are Shaped by Evolutionary Changes -- Natural Resource Overexploitation Jeopardizes Ecosystem Health -- Ecologically Sustainable Natural Resource Management Can Protect Evolutionary Processes -- Evolutionary Conservation Strategies Are Needed to Insure Maintenance of Genetic Biodiversityin the Context of Climate Change -- Conclusion -- References -- 33 Ecology: Functions, Patterns, and Evolution -- Introduction -- Exploring the Mechanisms: From Physiology to Ecophysiology and Functional Ecology -- The Search of General Patterns: Comparative Ecology -- Experimental Ecology -- Evolutionary Ecology -- References -- 34 Land Plants: Origin and Evolution -- Introduction -- Adaptations of Land Plants -- When Did Land Plants Evolve?. ; Which Algae Are the Sister Group to Land Plants and How Are the Earliest Land Plants Related to the Rest of the Embryophytes?.
• Sommario/riassunto: Authored by world-class scientists and scholars, The Handbook of Natural Resources, Second Edition, is an excellent reference for understanding the consequences of changing natural resources to the degradation of ecological integrity and the sustainability of life. Based on the content of the bestselling and CHOICE-awarded Encyclopedia of Natural Resources, this new edition demonstrates the major challenges that the society is facing for the sustainability of all well-being on the planet Earth. The experience, evidence, methods, and models used in studying natural resources are presented in six stand-alone volumes, arranged along the main systems of land, water, and air. It reviews state-of-the-art knowledge, highlights advances made in different areas, and provides guidance for the appropriate use of remote sensing and geospatial data with field-based measurements in the study of natural resources. Volume 1, Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity, provides fundamental information on terrestrial ecosystems, approaches to monitoring, and impacts of climate change on natural vegetation and forests. New to this edition are discussions on biodiversity conservation, gross and net primary production, soil microbiology, land surface phenology, and decision support systems. This volume demonstrates the key processes, methods, and models used through many case studies from around the world. Written in an easy-to-reference manner, The Handbook of Natural Resources, Second Edition, as individual volumes or as a complete set, is an essential reading for anyone looking for a deeper understanding of the science and management of natural resources. Public and private libraries, educational and research institutions, scientists, scholars, and resource managers will benefit enormously from this set. Individual volumes and chapters can also be used in a wide variety of both graduate and undergraduate courses in environmental science and natural science at different levels and disciplines, such as biology, geography, earth system science, and ecology.
• Titolo autorizzato: Terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity
• ISBN: 0-429-81934-X; 0-429-44565-2; 0-429-81935-8
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910974011003321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II