Large-scale inhomogeneous thermodynamics : and application for atmospheric energetics / / Yong Zhu

• Autore: Zhu Yong, Ph. D.
• Pubblicazione: Cambridge, : Cambridge International Science Pub., 2004
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (647 p.)
• Disciplina: 551.522
• Soggetto topico: Atmospheric thermodynamics; Atmospheric physics
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 597-613) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Two classical physical systems -- Introduction -- The Newtonian systems -- Principle of friction -- Dynamic entropy -- Simple thermodynamic systems -- Mole-number and molecular mass -- Thermodynamic variables -- Pressure of monatomic gas -- The first law of thermodynamics -- State equation of gases -- State equation of ideal gases -- Ideal-gas equation -- More features of ideal gases -- Kelvin temperature -- Mixing ratio of water vapor -- Thermodynamic energy law of ideal gases -- Internal energy and heat exchange -- Polytropic process -- Molecular transport processes -- Introduction -- Diffusion velocity and partial velocities -- Diffusion element and diffusion velocity -- Partial velocities -- Diffusion velocity in non-uniform ideal gases -- Self-diffusion of ideal gases -- Diffusive mass flux -- Coefficient of self-diffusion -- Viscosity of ideal gases -- Diffusive momentum flux -- Momentum conduction -- Coefficient of viscosity -- Relation to self-diffusion -- Heat conduction of ideal gases -- Conductive heat flux -- Heat conductivity -- Modified Eucken formula -- Collisional heat capacity -- Comparison with experiments -- Predictability and thermodynamic entropy -- Introduction -- Change rate in diffusion processes -- Mass conservation law -- Mass diffusion equation -- Mass conservation -- Diffusive transport equation -- Unpredictability in classical thermodynamics -- Thermodynamic entropy law for uniform states -- Thermodynamic entropy change of non-uniform state -- Inadditive and scale-dependent features -- Thermodynamic entropy balance equation -- Relation to dynamic entropy -- Calculations for ideal gases -- Newtonian-thermodynamic system -- Introduction -- Field variables -- Parcel and parcel velocity -- Mass and heat transport equations -- Continuity equations -- Integrated variations in a system. ; General continuity equation -- Heat flux equation -- Heat conduction equation -- Inhomogeneous thermodynamic system -- Adiabatic and transport processes -- Inhomogeneous thermodynamics -- Momentum equation of atmosphere -- Pressure gradient force -- Navier-Stokes equation -- Momentum equation of atmosphere -- Shallow water dynamics -- Newtonian-thermodynamic system -- Turbulent entropy and universal principle -- Introduction -- Thermodynamic entropy of turbulent system -- Simple turbulent process -- Thermodynamic entropy changes -- Grid thermometers -- Turbulent thermodynamic entropy -- Turbulent entropy law -- Difference from classical thermodynamic entropy -- General discussion -- Example -- Turbulent entropy and disorderliness -- Universal principle -- The principle -- Applications -- Partition functions -- Heat capacity and van der Waals equation -- Einstein function -- van der Waals equation -- Basic conservation laws -- Introduction -- Parcel and local energy equations -- Mechanic energy equation -- Bernoulli's equation -- Principle of kinetic energy degradation -- Local energy equation -- System energy equation -- From kinetic theory of gases -- For the whole atmosphere -- For a part of atmosphere -- Energy conversions -- Conversion functions -- Total potential energy and enthalpy -- Potential enthalpy conservation -- Thermodynamic and geopotential entropies -- Introduction -- Thermodynamic entropy variations -- General expression -- Variation tendencies -- Baroclinic entropy -- Barotropic entropy -- Thermodynamic entropy level -- Static entropy -- Pseudo- reversible process -- The reference state -- Thermo-static entropy level -- Geopotential entropy -- For dry air parcels -- For the dry atmosphere -- Available enthalpy -- Introduction -- Available enthalpy -- Constraint relationships -- Variational approach -- The lowest state. ; Maximum available enthalpy -- Approximate approach -- The lowest state -- Maximum available enthalpy -- Thermodynamic entropy variation -- Geopotential entropy variations -- Discontinuous examples -- Baroclinic example -- Barotropic example -- Thermodynamic and geopotential entropy variations -- Continuous solutions -- Dry processes of energy conversion -- Introduction -- Dependence on process -- Sudden warming and cooling -- Temperature variation -- Kinetic energy production -- Change of surface pressure -- Surface pressure and static stability -- Surface pressure change -- Change of the thickness -- Change of static stability -- Partition of available enthalpy -- Final mean static stability -- Thermo-static entropy level -- Change of barotropic entropy -- Change of thermo-static entropy -- Available moist enthalpy -- Introduction -- Available moist enthalpy -- Moist potential enthalpy -- Thermodynamic entropy production -- Dry reference state -- Moist reference state -- The isoperimetric problem -- Approximate approach -- Examples of lowest state -- Available moist enthalpy -- General and approximate relationships -- Examples of available moist enthalpy -- Moist processes of energy conversion -- Introduction -- Saturated reference state -- Saturated humidity profile -- Minimum precipitation -- Temperature profile -- Effect of baroclinity -- Effect of horizontal humidity gradient -- Surface pressure change -- Available enthalpy of reference state -- Threshold static instability -- Equivalent baroclinic and barotropic entropies -- Equivalent thermo-static entropy level -- Available enthalpy in the atmosphere -- Introduction -- In the Northern Hemisphere -- Distributions in winter and summer -- Relation to extratropical cyclones -- Relation to blocking systems -- In the Southern Hemisphere -- Development of low system -- Baroclinic entropy. ; Zonal mean distributions -- Least thermodynamic entropy production -- The highest static stabilities -- Available moist enthalpy in the atmosphere -- Introduction -- Distribution of moist energy sources -- Relation to storm tracks -- Tropical and extratropical tropospheres -- Relation to thunderstorms -- Relation to precipitation -- Relation to tropical cyclones -- A case of typhoon recurvature -- Introduction -- Typhoon Orchid recurvature -- Subtropical cyclones -- Threshold surface temperature -- Energy budget -- Self-feeding mechanism -- A case of explosive cyclone -- Introduction -- Energy steering mechanism -- Baroclinic entropy distribution -- Low-level moist jet -- Self-feeding mechanism -- States of maximum thermodynamic entropy -- Introduction -- Heat-death ideal gas -- Heat-death geophysical air mass -- Heat-death atmosphere -- Kinetic-death atmosphere -- Isentropic atmosphere -- Example -- Comparison with heat-death atmosphere -- Energy conservation constraint -- Kinetic equilibrium state -- General expressions -- In statically stable atmosphere -- In statically unstable atmosphere -- Principle of extremal entropy productions -- Energetics of linear disturbance development -- Introduction -- Conversion of available enthalpy -- Method A -- Method B -- Growth of linear disturbances -- Energy constraint equation -- Time-dependent expression -- Alternative expression -- Numerical procedures -- Eady wave development -- Evaluation equations -- Examples -- Synoptic geostrophic wave development -- Development of blocking waves -- Wave development in stratosphere -- Energetics of moving parcels -- Introduction -- Linear atmosphere -- The thermal structure -- Slope of isentropic surface -- Slope of isobaric surface -- External forces on a parcel -- Adiabatic buoyancy oscillations -- Horizontal processes -- Slantwise static instability. ; Slantwise lapse rate -- Slantwise adiabatic lapse rate -- Slantwise circulation instability -- Height of slantwise convection -- Slantwise buoyancy oscillations -- Primary air engine -- Introduction -- Primary air engine -- Assumed cycle -- General parcel energy equation -- Relation to external work -- Adiabatic primary air engine -- Bernoulli's equation -- Extended parcel theory -- Kinetic energy created on open paths -- On vertical paths -- On isentropic surfaces -- On upward sloping paths -- On downward sloping paths -- Dry air engines -- Introduction -- Joule air engine -- Joule cycle -- Condition of doing positive work -- Examples of kinetic energy generation -- Entropy productions -- Efficiency of Joule engine -- Energetics of baroclinic waves -- The baroclinic waves -- Kinetic energy generation -- Kinetic energy generation in a system -- Carnot air engine -- Kinetic energy generation -- Efficiency of Carnot engine -- Dependence on working substance -- Equilibrium air engine -- Equilibrium cycle -- Examples -- Entropy productions and efficiency -- Wet air engines -- Introduction -- Primary wet engine -- Kinetic energy generation -- Examples -- Semi- wet Joule engine -- Kinetic energy generation -- Condition of producing kinetic energy -- Efficiency -- Thermodynamic entropy production -- Perfect storm and negative storm -- Perfect storms -- Negative storms -- Development of negative storm -- Coupling mechanism -- Cross sections of a tropospheric river -- Height of tropical tropopause -- Low- and high-level convection -- Low-level convection -- High-level convection -- Multiple semi-wet Joule engine -- Wet Joule engine -- Kinetic energy generation -- Efficiency -- Thermodynamic entropy production -- Polytropic mixing processes -- Introduction -- Lateral entrainment rate -- Heat capacity of mixing -- Polytropic potential temperature. ; Effect of entrainment on dry engines.
• Sommario/riassunto: There are large-scale fluid systems in the gravity field, such as the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, which posses some features different from those of classical thermodynamic systems. For example, the oceans and atmosphere possess in homogeneous melt equilibrium states with the same amount of mass and energy. The zeroth law of classical thermodynamics can be applied for the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems, and the irreversible variations may not be explained only by the change of classical thermodynamic entropy. Therefore, there has been a need for a new theory to study the particular systems. This book introduces a new science, called large-scale inhomogeneous thermodynamics, to study the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems. The first eight chapters of the book illustrate the basic theories of inhomogeneous thermodynamics. Special attention is paid to the differences between the irreversible processes in a classical thermodynamic system and an inhomogeneous thermodynamic system. New physical concepts and relationships are introduced to study irreversible processes in the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems which the classical thermodynamics fails to explain. With the new theories introduced, we are able to estimate more realistically how much the kinetic energy is created everyday in, for example, the Earth's atmosphere and oceans and improve greatly the predictions for development and movement of atmospheric set disturbances such as hurricanes and tornadoes. Examples are given in the book, together with the successful interpretation of the climatological distributions of the baroclinic storm tracks, blockings, tropical cyclones and thunderstorms in the troposphere. The energyconversions, related to different floor patterns, are studied by the theory of air engines in which the p-V diagrams are different from those studied in the classical thermodynamics and maybe interesting to engineering. In particular, a new reversible heat engine is forwarded to study the mean meridional circulations in the atmosphere. The Carnot engine is only an example of the new reversible engine. The important conditions for the development of super storms, such as the low-temperature inversion and vertical winds hear, may be interpreted by the air engine theory. The effect of entrainment and detrainment in convective processes is studied by the polytropic mixing theory. Some other applications, such as in the frontogenesis, slantwise convection and multi-equilibrium states of the atmosphere, are also demonstrated. The last two chapters are devoted to the study of uncertainties in current weather and climate prediction models related to various error sources. The predictability and chaos of various physical systems are also discussed. Most of the chapters are original. As the new theories are more rigorous and the applications are more successful than in the old theories, this book brings the current science to a higher level. The problem solved in the book could not be solved before. This book is unique and it is supported solidly and by the actual data from observations. It will essential reading for professional people, and should be accepted by readers at different levels, as it is concerned more with physical philosophies other than mathematics. The mathematics is given in the easy-to-understand form. understanding. The book should be used as a text book for the students ofmeteorology, oceanography, geophysics and environmental sciences. It also provides a good reference source for those working in and studying hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and other physics subjects.
• Titolo autorizzato: Large-scale inhomogeneous thermodynamics
• ISBN: 1-904602-83-5; 1-4237-2308-2
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910967556903321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II