Investing in research : a proposal to strengthen the agricultural, food, and environmental system / / Board on Agriculture, National Research Council

• Pubblicazione: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1989
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (167 p.)
• Disciplina: 630/.7973
• Soggetto topico: Agriculture - Research grants - United States; Food - Research grants - United States; Natural resources - Management - Research grants - United States; Agriculture - Research - United States - Finance; Food - Research - United States - Finance; Natural resources - Management - Research - United States - Finance
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-155).
• Nota di contenuto: Investing in Research -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Investing in Research -- 1 Executive Summary -- URGENCY FOR CHANGE -- Competitiveness -- Human Health and Well-Being -- Natural Resources and the Environment -- New Knowledge -- THE PROPOSAL -- An Expanded Public Investment -- Program Areas and Scientific Scope -- Grant Types -- Attention to Multidisciplinary Research -- Strengthening Institutions and Human Resources -- Size and Duration of Support -- RATIONALE FOR THE PROPOSAL -- A Federal Initiative -- A 500 Million Increase -- Support with New Money -- The Central Role of USDA -- Competitive Grants -- FISCAL REALITIES -- Trade-Offs -- Redirection within the USDA Research Budget -- Reinvesting Subsidy Savings -- Federal Investment -- Investing Now -- CONCLUSION -- 2 The Proposal -- AN EXPANDED PUBLIC INVESTMENT -- PROGRAM AREAS AND SCIENTIFIC SCOPE -- TYPES OF GRANTS -- ATTENTION TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH -- STRENGTHEN INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RESOURCES -- SIZE AND DURATION OF SUPPORT -- NOTES -- 3 Rationale for the Proposal -- A FEDERAL INITIATIVE -- State Sector -- Private Sector -- Level of Effort -- Prospects for Growth -- Focus of Private Sector R& -- D -- Diffusion of R& -- D Results -- Federal Sector -- A 500 MILLION INCREASE -- Investing in Agriculture -- Adequacy of Funding -- Size and Duration of Grants -- Number and Size of Grants by Type -- Availability of Scientists -- SUPPORT WITH NEW MONEY -- Consequences of the Lack of R& -- D Growth -- State-Federal Partnership -- Fiscal Realities -- Trade-Offs -- Redirection within the USDA Research Budget -- Investment of Subsidy Savings -- Investment Using Non-USDA Funds -- Investment Now -- A CENTRAL ROLE FOR USDA -- Linkages with ARS -- Linkages with State Agricultural Experiment Stations -- Linkages with the Cooperative Extension Service. ; Linkages with Other Federal Agencies -- THE ROLE OF COMPETITIVE GRANTS -- Federal R& -- D Funding Mechanisms -- Intramural Funding -- Formula Funding -- Special Grants -- Competitive Grants -- FY 1988 Distribution of Funds -- The Advantages of Competitive Grants -- Responsiveness and Flexibility -- Talent and Openness -- Balance among Funding Mechanisms -- ATTENTION TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH -- STRENGTHEN INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RESOURCES -- NOTE -- 4 Challenges Facing the Research System -- COMPETITIVENESS AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE -- International Agricultural Trade and Markets -- Policy Context -- Issues -- National Economic Performance -- Needing and Using Policy -- Developing New Uses and Markets for Agricultural and Forest Products -- Developing Value-Added Products -- Reducing Producer and Processor Costs -- Challenges -- HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING -- Designing Food Products for Improved Health -- Challenges -- Food Safety -- Pestecide Residues -- Challenges -- Microbiological Contamination -- Challenges -- Risk Assessment and Management -- Challenges -- NATURAL RESOURCES STEWARDSHIP -- Water Quality and Quantity -- Challenges -- Challenges -- Soil Resources -- Challenges -- Global Atmospheric Change -- Challenges -- Biological and Genetic Diversity -- Challenges -- Ecosystem Structure and Function -- Challenges -- Pests and Pesticides -- Challenges -- Waste Management -- Challenges -- 5 Program Areas and Scientific Opportunities -- PROGRAM AREAS -- PLANT SYSTEMS -- Genetics and Diversity -- Plant Developmental Biology -- Energy, Carbon Metabolism, and Minerals -- Plant and Pest Interactions -- Ecology and Plant Populations -- Waste Management -- Plant Production Economics -- ANIMAL SYSTEMS -- Cellular Growth and Development -- Genetics and Reproduction -- Molecular Basis of Disease -- Uses of Animal Wastes. ; Animal Production Systems and Economics -- NUTRITION, FOOD QUALITY, AND HEALTH -- New Dimensions of Nutritional and Food Sciences -- Food Contaminants and Microbial Hazards -- Food Biotechnology -- Designing Foods for Optimal Nutrition and Safety -- Quality Specifications, Processing, and Health -- Packaging and Distribution Methods -- NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- Water Quality and Water Management -- Quality and Productivity of Soils and Land Use -- Effect of Environment on Agricultural Productivity -- Atmospheric and Climatic Change -- Biological and Genetic Diversity -- Forests, Rangelands, and Wildlife -- Development of a Land Ethic -- ENGINEERING, PRODUCTS, AND PROCESS -- Water Quality and Management -- Sensors -- Computing and Information Management -- Bioengineering -- Bioprocessing -- Innovation in Equipment Manufacturing -- Production Efficiency and Resource Conservation -- MARKETS, TRADE, AND POLICY -- Markets and Trade -- Technological Innovation and Value-Added Products -- Economic Performance -- Rural Development -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROGRAM AREAS AND RECOGNIZED PRIORITIES -- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SIX MAJOR PROGRAM AREAS, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES, AND NATIONAL PRIORITIES -- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BUDGET PRIORITIES -- Responding to USDA's Missions -- Strengthening the Science and Technology Infrastructure -- Targeting National Priorities -- Supporting Major Science and Technology Initiatives -- CONCLUSION -- 6 Institutional and Administrative Issues -- PROGRAM'S LOCATION IN USDA -- Option I: Major Unit within the Office of Science and Education -- Option II: Retention within the Cooperative State Research Service -- Option III: Creation of a Separate Institute -- PROGRAM TRANSITIONS -- Program Planning and Advisory Committees -- The Peer Review Process -- Administrative Changes. ; NEED TO MANAGE FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY SUCCESS -- PROGRAM EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY -- Appendixes -- A Public and Private Sector Programs and Funding Trends -- Federal R& -- D Expenditures by Agency and Area of Science -- Research Shares by Area of Science -- U.S. Department of Agriculture Expenditure Levels, Trends, and Priorities -- Major Shifts in USDA Budget Priorities -- Overview of the Publicly Funded R& -- D System -- Agricultural Research Service -- Economic Research Service -- U.S. Forest Service -- State Agricultural Experiment Stations -- Competitive Research Grants Office -- Extension Service -- Combined USDA Funding Trends -- Higher Education Activities in USDA -- B Private Sector Research Activities and Prospects -- Private R& -- D Support By Area Of Technology -- Trends In Public And Private Sector Research Focus -- Private Sector Capacity To Increase R& -- D -- Pesticide Industry -- Seed Industry -- Fertilizer Industry -- Machinery -- Livestock Industry -- Veterinary Services -- Factors Influencing Private Sector R& -- D -- Corporate Consolidation -- C Setting and Acting Upon Budget Priorities -- Current Priority-Setting Mechanisms -- Congressional Budget Actions -- Specificity of Program Guidance by the U.S. Congress Through the Appropriations Process -- D Statements of Program Objectives and Funding Response -- Agricultural Research Service -- Joint Council for Food and Agricultural Sciences -- Users Advisory Board -- Agency Budget Recommendations -- Agricultural Research Service -- Cooperative State Research Service -- Economic Research Service -- Extension Service -- U.S. Forest Service -- Human Nutrition Information Service -- National Agricultural Research Committee -- A Review of the Impact of Priority-Setting Mechanisms on Budget Allocations -- References.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book provides an analysis of funding for agricultural research in the United States and presents a proposal to strengthen this system. Its premise is that a judicious but substantial increase in research funding through competitive grants is the best way to sustain and strengthen the U.S. agricultural, food, and environmental system. The proposal calls for an increased public investment in research; a broadened scientific scope and expanded program areas of research; and four categories of competitively awarded grants, with an emphasis on multidisciplinary research.
• Titolo autorizzato: Investing in research
• ISBN: 9786610214235; 9781280214233; 1280214236; 9780309535977; 0309535972; 9780585149035; 0585149038
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910965523903321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II